SQL:ORACLE DATABASE

TRAINER: MOHAMMAD RIZA WASHIQ

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DATA

Data is a raw fact which describes the attributes of an entity.

DATABASE

Database is a place where we can store the data in a systematic & organized manner.

Basic Operations performed on Database are;

1. Create / Insert
2. Read / Retrieve
3. Update / Modify
4. Delete / Modify

Generally known as “C R U D” operations.

DBMS (Database Management System)

• This is a software we use to maintain & manage the database.

• It provides two factors:
▪ Security
▪ Authorization
• We use Query Language to communicate with DBMS.

RDBMS (Relational Database Management System)

• It is a type of DBMS software where we store the data in the form of tables.
• We use SQL (Structured Query Language) to communicate with RDBMS.
• RDBMS follows the theory of “Relational Model”.

Relational Model

It is a theory designed by a Data Scientist named E.F. Codd which says that data should be stored in
the form of tables.

Rules of E.F. Codd

1. The data stored in the cell must be a single value data.

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2. In RDBMS, we store everything in the form of tables including meta data (The details about
the data are meta data).
3. According to E.F. Codd, we can store data in multiple tables. If needed, we can establish
connection between two tables using key attributes.
4. We can validate the data entered into the table in 2 steps,
a. By assigning datatypes.
b. By assigning constraints.

DATATYPES

Datatypes are used to determine what type or kind of data will be stored in particular memory
location.

Datatypes in SQL

1. CHAR
2. VARCHAR
3. NUMBER
4. DATE
5. LARGE OBJECT
a. Character Large Object (CLOB)
b. Binary Large Object (BLOB)

Note: SQL is not a case sensitive.

CHAR

It is a datatype in which we can store characters from A-Z, a-z, 0-9 & special characters (#, $, ...)

Syntax:
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• The maximum character we can store in CHAR datatype is 2000.

• There is wastage of memory in CHAR datatype.
• CHAR is also known as ‘Fixed Length Memory Allocation’.

VARCHAR

In VARCHAR, we can pass arguments like A-Z, a-z, 0-9 & special characters (#, $, ...)

Syntax:

• The maximum character we can store in VARCHAR datatype is 2000.

• In VARCHAR, there is no wastage of memory.
• VARCHAR is also known as ‘Variable Length Memory Allocation’.

VARCHAR2

It is an updated version of VARCHAR & we can store upto 4000 characters.

NUMBER

• It is a datatype which is used to store the numbers.

• We can pass 2 arguments (PRECISION & SCALE)

Syntax:
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DATE

Syntax: DATE

The 2 oracle specified date formats are:

a. ‘DD-MON-YY’ (MON, denotes the first 3 characters of the month)

b. ‘DD-MON-YYYY’

Dates should always be enclosed within single quotes.

Example: ’06-SEP-87’ or, ’06-SEP-1987’

LARGE OBJECT

a. CLOB (Character Large Object)

This is used to store the characters upto 4GB of size.
Syntax: CLOB

b. BLOB (Binary Large Object)

This is used to store binary number of images, videos, files, etc. upto 4GB size.
Syntax: BLOB

CONSTRAINTS

Constraints are the conditions that are assigned on a particular column to validate the data.

Types of Constraints

1. UNIQUE
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2. NOT NULL
3. CHECK
4. PRIMARY KEY
5. FOREIGN KEY

UNIQUE

It is a constraint that is assigned to a particular column which cannot accept the repeated values.

NOT NULL

It is a constraint we assign to a particular column which cannot be a NULL or, records which are
mandatory.

CHECK

It is a constraint we assign for a particular column for extra validation.

PRIMARY KEY

• It is a constraint we assign to a particular column to identify the records uniquely from the
table.
• Primary Key must be unique & it cannot be a NULL.
• It is better to have only one primary key in table.

FOREIGN KEY

• It is a constraint we assign to a column to establish connection between two tables.

• Foreign Key need not be unique & it can be NULL.
• Only primary key can become a foreign key in another table.
• We can have any number of foreign keys in a table.

ATTRIBUTES

1. KEY ATTRIBUTES / CANDIDATE KEY

2. NON-KEY ATTRIBUTE
3. PRIME-KEY ATTRIBUTE
4. NON-PRIME KEY ATTRIBUTE
5. COMPOSITE KEY ATTRIBUTE
6. SUPERKEY ATTRIBUTE
7. FOREIGN KEY ATTRIBUTE

KEY ATTRIBUTES/ CANDIDATE KEY

An attribute which is used to identify a record uniquely from the table is called Key Attribute.

NON-KEY ATTRIBUTE

All the attributes except Key Attributes are referred as Non-Key Attributes.

PRIME KEY ATTRIBUTES

Among the Key Attributes, an attribute is chosen to be the main attribute to identify the record
uniquely from the table.
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NON-PRIME KEY ATTRIBUTE

All the key attributes except Prime-Key Attribute is referred as Non-Prime Key Attribute.

COMPOSITE KEY ATTRIBUTE

It is a combination of two or more Non-Key Attributes, which is used to identify the record uniquely
from the table.

SUPER KEY ATTRIBUTE

It is the set of all the key attributes.

STATEMENTS IN SQL

1. Data Definition Language (DDL)

2. Data Manipulation Language (DML)
3. Transaction Control Language (TCL)
4. Data Control Language (DCL)
5. Data Query Language (DQL)

DATA QUERY LANGUAGE (DQL)

• This statement is used to retrieve the data from database.

• There are 4 statements:
1. SELECT
2. PROJECTION
3. SELECTION
4. JOINS

SELECT

This statement is used to retrieve the data from database & display it.
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PROJECTION

• This statement is used to retrieve the data from the database by selecting only column.
• All the values in the column will be selected by default.

SELECTION

This statement is used to retrieve the data from database by selecting both columns as well as records.

JOINS

This statement is used to retrieve the data from multiple tables simultaneously.

NOTE:

• ‘FROM’ clause starts the execution.

• ‘FROM’ clause, we can pass table name as an argument.
• The job of ‘FROM’ clause is to go to the database & search for the table & put the table under
execution.
• ‘SELECT’ clause executes after the execution of ‘FROM’ clause.
• For ‘SELECT’ clause, we can pass asterisk (*), column name & expressions as an argument.
• The job of ‘SELECT’ clause is to go to the table which is under execution & select the data &
display.
• ‘SELECT’ clause is responsible for the result table.
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Q1. WAQTD job & salary of all the employees?

SELECT JOB, SAL

FROM EMP;

NOTE:

If we want to display more than one column, we have to separate the columns by using comma (,).

Q2. WAQTD name & job of all the employees?

SELECT ENAME, JOB

FROM EMP;

NOTE:

We have to write the same column name or the table name i.e., present in the database.

Q3. WAQTD all the details from EMP table?

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, JOB, SAL, MGR, COMM, HIREDATE, DEPTNO

FROM EMP;

or,

SELECT *

FROM EMP;
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ASTERISK (*): It is used “To select all the columns”.

SEMI-COLON (;): It is used to determine “The end of the statement”.

Q3. WAQTD the tables present in the database?

SELECT *

FROM TAB;

Q4. WAQTD name & salary given to all the employees?

SELECT ENAME, SAL

FROM EMP;

Q5. WAQTD employee ID & department no. of all the employees in EMP table?

SELECT EMP NO., DEPT NO.

FROM EMP;

Q6. WAQTD employee name & hire date of all the employees?

SELECT ENAME, HIREDATE

FROM EMP;

Q7. WAQTD name & designation of all the employees?

SELECT ENAME, JOB

FROM EMP;

Q8. WAQTD name & annual salary given to all the employees?

SELECT ENAME, SAL*12

FROM EMP;

Q9. WAQTD name & half-term salary of all the employees?

SELECT ENAME, SAL*6

FROM EMP;

Q10. WAQTD name, salary & salary with 25% hike?

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25
SELECT ENAME, SAL, SAL + *SAL
100

FROM EMP;

Q11. WAQTD name, salary & also salary with 12% deduction?
12
SELECT ENAME, SAL, SAL – 100*SAL

FROM EMP;

Syntax:

SELECT */ [DISTINCT] COLUMN_NAME/ EXPRESSIONS [ALIAS]

FROM TABLE_NAME;

Order of Execution:

1. FROM
2. SELECT

EXPRESSIONS

A statement which gives us result is known as expressions.

Expressions consists of 2 types:

1. Operand

Operand consists of 2 types:

A. COLUMN_NAME
B. Literals (Direct Values)

Literals are of 3 types:

a. Number literals
b. Character literals
c. Date literals
2. Operators

NOTE:

‘Character Literal’ & ‘Date literal’ should be enclosed within single quotes.

ALIAS

• It is an alternative name given to a column or, an expression in the result table.

• Alias name can be used with or, without using ‘AS’ keyword.
• Alias name should be a single word or, a string enclosed within double quotes.
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• Alias is not mandatory but recommended to provide.

For Example:

SAL*12 AS ANNUALSAL or, SAL*12 ANNUALSAL

SAL*12 AS ANNUAL_SAL or, SAL*12 ANNUAL_SAL

SAL*12 AS “ANNUAL SAL” or, SAL*12 “ANNUAL SAL”

NOTE:

To display all the details of the table along with other column of different attribute we use the
following,

SELECT TABLE_NAME.*, EXPRESSION [ALIAS]

For Example:

Q12. WAQTD all the details of an employee along with the annual salary?

SELECT EMP.*, SAL*12 ANNUAL_SAL

FROM EMP;

DISTINCT

• To remove repeated values or, duplicated values in result table, we use ‘DISTINCT’ clause.
• For DISTINCT clause, we can pass COLUMN_NAME or, an expression as an argument.
• DISTINCT clause should be used as the first argument in the SELECT clause.
• We can pass multiple columns for DISTINCT clause.
• It removes the combination of duplicates from all the columns.

Q13. WAQTD only different salaries given to employees?

SELECT DISTINCT SAL

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FROM EMP;

Q14. WAQTD the different designations that are present in the employee table?

SELECT DISTINCT JOB

FROM EMP;

Q15. WAQTD different Department number as well as salaries that are present in the table?

SELECT DISTINCT DEPTNO., SAL

FROM EMP;

SELECTION

• ‘WHERE’ clause is used to filter the records.

• ‘WHERE’ clause executes Row-by-Row.
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• We can pass filter condition to the ‘WHERE’ clause.

• We can pass multiple conditions to ‘WHERE’ clause using logical operators.

Syntax:

SELECT */ [DISTINCT] COLUMN_NAME/ EXPRESSIONS [ALIAS]

FROM TABLE_NAME

WHERE <FILTER_CONDITIONS>;

Order of Execution:

1. FROM
2. WHERE
3. SELECT

Q16. WAQTD details of an employee working as a ‘SALESMAN’?

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB=’SALESMAN’;

Q17. WAQTD names of an employee working in department number 20?

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO =20;

Q18. WAQTD details of an employee who are earning more than Rs.3000?

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL>3000;

Q19. WAQTD all the details of an employee along with the annual salary if the annual salary is more
than Rs.14000?

SELECT EMP.*, SAL*12 ANNUAL_SAL

FROM EMP
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WHERE SAL*12 > 14000;

NOTE:

We can not write the ALIAS NAME in WHERE clause.

Q20. WAQTD name, designation & salary of ‘SCOTT’?

SELECT ENAME, JOB, SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME=’SCOTT’;

Q21. WAQTD names of an employee working as a ’MANAGER’?

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB=’MANAGER’;

Q22. WAQTD names of an employee hired after 1982?

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE>=’01-JAN-1983’;

Q23. WAQTD details of an employee who are working as a ‘CLERK’ & earning less than 1000?

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB=’CLERK’ AND

SAL<1000;
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OPERATORS

• Arithmetic Operator (+, -, *, /)

• Comparison Operator (=, !=)
• Relational Operator (<, >, <=, >=)
• Logical Operator (AND, OR, NOT)
• Concatenation Operator (||)
• Special Operator (IN, NOT IN, BETWEEN, NOT BETWEEN, LIKE, NOT LIKE, IS, IS NOT)
• Sub-query (ALL, ANY, EXISTS, NOT EXISTS)

LOGICAL OPERATOR

‘AND’ OPERATOR (Binary Multiplication)

• ‘AND’ operator returns TRUE If both the conditions are TRUE.

• ‘AND’ operator should always be used between conditions.

‘OR’ OPERATOR (Binary Addition)

• ‘OR’ operator returns TRUE If any one of the conditions is satisfied.

• ‘OR’ operator should always be used between conditions.

Q24. WAQTD details of an employee working as a ‘MANAGER’ & earning less than Rs.1500?

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB=’MANAGER’ AND

SAL<1500;

Q25. WAQTD names of an employee working as a ‘SALESMAN’ in department no. 30?

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB=’SALESMAN’ AND

DEPTNO=30;

Q26. WAQTD details of an employee working as a ‘MANAGER’ or earning less than Rs.2000.

SELECT *
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FROM EMP

WHERE JOB=’MANAGER’ OR

SAL<2000;

Q27. WAQTD names of an employee working in department 10, 20.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO=10 OR

DEPTNO=20;

Q28. WAQTD all the details along with annual salary if employee is working as ‘SALESMAN’ &
earning less than Rs.1250 & annual salary more than Rs.14,000.

SELECT EMP.*, SAL*12 ANNUAL_SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB=’SALESMAN’ AND

SAL<1250 AND

SAL*12>14000;

Q29. WAQTD details of an employee working as a ‘MANAGER’ in department no. 30.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB=’MANAGER’ AND

DEPTNO=30;

Q30. WAQTD details of an employee as an ‘ANALYST’ & earning Rs.3000.

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SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB=’ANALYST’ AND

SAL<3000;

Q31. WAQTD names of an employee working as a ‘CLERK’ & hired before 1981.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB=’CLERK’ AND

HIREDATE<=’31-DEC-1980’;

Q32. WAQTD details of an employee working as a ‘PRESIDENT’ or earning more than Rs.3000.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB=’PRESIDENT’ OR

SAL>3000;

Q33. WAQTD names of an employee hired after 1982 into department no. 20.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE>=’01-JAN-1983’ AND

DEPTNO=20;

Q34. WAQTD all the details of an employee along with the annual salary if employee working as a
’CLERK’ in department no. 20 & annual salary must be less than Rs.15000.

SELECT EMP.*, SAL*12 ANNUAL_SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB=’CLERK’ AND

DEPTNO=20 AND

SAL*12<15000;

Q35. WAQTD details of an employee working as ‘PRESIDENT’ or ‘SALESMAN’ or ‘ANALYST’.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB=’PRESIDENT’ OR

JOB=’SALESMAN’ OR
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JOB=’ANALYST’;

Q36. WAQTD names of an employee hired after 1981 & earning more than Rs.2000.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE>=’01-JAN-1981’ AND

SAL>2000;

Q37. WAQTD details of an employee working as ‘ANALYST’ or working in department no. 10.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB=’ANALYST’ OR

DEPTNO=10;

Q38. WAQTD names of an employee hired after 1981 & before 1987.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE>=’01-JAN-1982’ AND

HIREDATE<=’31-DEC-1986’;

Q39. WAQTD names of an employee hired in the year 1982.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE>=’01-JAN-1982’ AND

HIREDATE<=’31-DEC-1982’;

‘IN’ OPERATOR

‘IN’ operator is a multi-valued operator in which we can pass multiple values at RHS.

• ‘IN’ operator returns TRUE If any one of the conditions is satisfied.

• ‘IN’ operator allows the value present at the LHS to be compared with all the value present at
RHS.

Syntax:

COLUMN_NAME/ EXPRESSION IN (V1, V2, V3, ……., Vn);

Q40. WAQTD details of an employee working in department no. 10,20,30,40,50,60.

SELECT *
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FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO IN (10,20,30,40,50,60);

Q41. WAQTD names of an employee working as ‘MANAGER’ or ‘SALESMAN’ or ‘ANALYST’.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB IN (‘MANAGER’, ‘SALESMAN’, ‘ANALYST’);

‘NOT IN’ OPERATOR

‘NOT IN’ operator is similar to ‘IN’ operator but it rejects the value instead of selecting it.

Syntax:

COLUMN_NAME/ EXPRESSION NOT IN (V1, V2, V3, ……, Vn)

Q42. WAQTD details of an employee excluding the employees working in department no. 10 or 20.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO NOT IN (10,20);

Q43. WAQTD details of an employee working in department no. 20 or 30 except ‘SALESMAN’ or

‘CLERK’.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO IN (20,30) AND

JOB NOT IN (‘SALESMAN’, ‘CLERK’);

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‘BETWEEN’ OPERATOR

We use ‘BETWEEN’ operator whenever we have a range.

• ‘BETWEEN’ operator works including the range values.

• The range cannot be interchanged.

Syntax:

COLUMN_NAME / EXPRESSIONS BETWEEN LOWER_RANGE AND HIGHER_RANGE;

Q44. WAQTD details of an employee hired in the year 1982.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE BETWEEN ’01-JAN-1982’ AND ’31-DEC-1982’;

Q45. WAQTD name & hire date of an employee hired after 1981 & before 1987.

SELECT ENAME, HIREDATE

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE BETWEEN ’01-JAN-1982’ AND ’31-DEC-1986’;

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Q46. WAQTD details of an employee earning more than Rs.200 and hired after 1982.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL>200 AND

HIREDATE>=’01-JAN-1983’;

‘LIKE’ OPERATOR

‘LIKE’ operator is used whenever we need to “Match the pattern”.

Syntax:

COLUMN_NAME/ EXPRESSION LIKE ‘PATTERN_TO_MATCH’;

To achieve the pattern matching we use special characters such as

1. PERCENTILE (%): It can accept any character any number of times or, no character.
2. UNDERSCORE ( _ ): It can accept any character but only once.

Q47. WAQTD details of an employee whose name starts with ‘S’.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘S%’;

Q48. WAQTD details of an employee whose name ends with ‘S’.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘%S’;

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Q49. WAQTD details of an employee who are having exactly 5 characters.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘_ _ _ _ _’;

Q50. WAQTD names of an employee whose name does not start with ‘S’.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME NOT LIKE ‘S%’;

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Q51. WAQTD employee name if the employee having character ‘A’ in the second place.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘_A%’;

Q52. WAQTD details of an employee having ‘A’ in 2nd last place.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘%A_’;

Q53. WAQTD details of an employee having ‘S’ in the last place.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘%S’;

Q54. WAQTD names of an employee having ‘E’ in the 4th place.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘_ _ _E%’;

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Q55. WAQTD names of an employee having character ‘A’ in first place & ‘S’ in the last place.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘A%S’;

Q56. WAQTD name, salary if they were hired in the year 82.

SELECT ENAME, SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE LIKE ‘%82’;

Q57. WAQTD name, salary if they are earning 3 digits salary.

SELECT ENAME, SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL LIKE ‘_ _ _’;

Q58. WAQTD details of an employee who are having character ‘A’ in first place or employees if they
are having character ‘S’ in the last place.

SELECT *
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FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘A%’ OR

ENAME LIKE ‘%S’;

Q59. WAQTD names of an employee if they were having ‘A’ in the first place & working in
department no. 10 or 20.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘A%’ AND

DEPTNO IN (10,20);

Q60. WAQTD name, salary if they are earning 4 digits salary.

SELECT ENAME, SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL LIKE ‘_ _ _ _’;

Q61. WAQTD names of an employee, hire date if they are hired in the year 81 & earning salary more
than Rs.2000.

SELECT ENAME, HIREDATE

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE LIKE ‘%82’ AND

SAL>2000;

Q62. WAQTD details of an employee if they having string ‘MAN’ in their job.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB LIKE ‘%MAN%’;

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Q63. WAQTD details of an employee if they are having ‘A’ in first place, ‘D’ in second place & ‘S’ in
last place in their names.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘AD%S’;

Q64. WAQTD names of an employee working in department no. 30 or 40 & earning more than 2000.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO IN (30,40) AND

SAL >2000;

Q65. WAQTD details of an employee working as ‘SALESMAN’ or ‘CLERK’ or ‘MANAGER’ in

department no. 10.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB IN (‘SALESMAN’, ‘CLERK’, ‘MANAGER’) AND

DEPTNO=10;

Q66. WAQTD details of an employee working as ‘SALESMAN’ or ‘MANAGER’ in department no. 20

or 30 & hired in the year 83.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB IN (‘SALESMAN’, ‘MANAGER’) AND

DEPTNO IN (20,30) AND

HIREDATE BETWEEN ’01-JAN-83’ AND ’31-DEC-83’; [or, HIREDATE LIKE ‘%83’;]

Q67. WAQTD details of an employee working as ‘SALESMAN’ or ‘PRESIDENT’ in department no. 20

& hired after 1983.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB IN (‘SALESMAN’, ‘PRESIDENT’) AND

DEPTNO=20 AND

HIREDATE>=’01-JAN-1984’;

Q68. WAQTD all details of an employee along with annual salary if annual salary is more than 14000
& working as ‘SALESMAN’ or ‘ANALYST’ in department no. 20 or 30 & hired in the year 1982.

SELECT EMP.*, SAL*12 ANNUAL_SAL

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FROM EMP

WHERE SAL*12>14000 AND

JOB IN (‘SALESMAN’, ‘ANALYST’) AND

DEPTNO IN (20,30) AND

HIREDATE LIKE ‘%1982’;

Q69. WAQTD details of an employee working in department no. 20 or 30 & hired after 1981 before
1988.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO IN (20,30) AND

HIREDATE BETWEEN ’01-JAN-1982’ AND ’31-DEC-1987’;

Q70. WAQTD names of an employee working in department no. 10 or 20 except ‘MANAGER’ or

‘ANALYST’ & hired after 1981 except the employees hired in the year 1987.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO IN (10,20) AND

JOB NOT IN (‘MANAGER’, ‘ANALYST’) AND

HIREDATE>=’01-JAN-1982’ AND

HIREDATE NOT BETWEEN ’01-JAN-1987’ AND ’31-DEC-1987’;

Q71. WAQTD all the details of an employee along with annual salary if the annual salary is more
than Rs.15000 in department 10 or 20 except employees hired in the year 1982.

SELECT EMP.*, SAL*12 ANNUAL_SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL*12>15000 AND

DEPTNO IN (10,20) AND

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HIREDATE NOT BETWEEN ’01-JAN-1982’ AND ’31-DEC-1982’;

Q72. WAQTD all the detail of an employee hired after 1980 before 1988 except the employees hired
in the year 1982.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE BETWEEN ’01-JAN-1981’ AND ’31-DEC-1987’ AND

HIREDATE NOT BETWEEN ’01-JAN-1982’ AND ’31-DEC-1982’; [or, HIREDATE NOT LIKE ‘%82’;]

‘IS’ OPERATOR

‘IS’ operator is used only to compare with NULL.

Syntax:

COLUMN_NAME/ EXPRESSION IS NULL;

Q73. WAQTD names of an employee who doesn’t get any commission.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE COMM IS NULL;

Q74. WAQTD names of an employee who doesn’t get any salary.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL IS NULL;

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Q75. WAQTD names of an employee who gets commission.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE COMM IS NOT NULL;

Q76. WAQTD names of an employee working as a ‘’PRESIDENT or ‘MANAGER’ except the employees
working in department no. 30 & hired after 1980 before 1987 except the employees hired in the
year 1982 & employees must be earning more than Rs.3000 & name has second character as ‘I’ &
he does not get any commission.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB IN (‘PRESIDENT’, ‘MANAGER’) AND

DEPTNO NOT IN 30 AND

HIREDATE BETWEEN ’01-JAN-1981’ AND ’31-DEC-1986’ AND

HIREDATE NOT LIKE ’%82’ AND

SAL>3000 AND

ENAME LIKE ‘_I%’ AND

COMM IS NULL;

Q77. WAQTD names of an employee working as ‘SALESMAN’ or ‘CLERK’ in department no. 20 or 30

& hired in the month of September & earns the commission of Rs.1400 & name has 2nd character ‘A’
& 2nd last character ‘I’.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB IN (‘SALESMAN’, ‘CLERK’) AND

DEPTNO IN (20,30) AND

HIREDATE LIKE ‘%SEP’ AND

COMM=1400 AND
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ENAME LIKE ‘_A%I_’;

FUNCTIONS

It is a list of instructions that are used to perform the specific task.

Function

In-built User defined

Function Function

Single-row Multi-row
Function Function

SINGLE-ROW FUNCTION

• Single-row function executes row-by-row.

• It takes one input executes & generates one output, then goes to the next.
• If we pass ‘n’ number of inputs to single-row function, it returns ‘n’ number of output.

There are some commonly used Single-row Functions listed Below:

• DUAL: It is a dummy table that is present in all the database to perform any operations.
• LOWER (): This function is used to convert the string from uppercase to lowercase.

Syntax: LOWER (‘STRING’)

Example: SELECT LOWER (‘HI! NISHA’)

FROM DUAL; //output: hi! nisha

• UPPER (): This function is used to convert the string from lowercase to uppercase.

Syntax: UPPER (‘string’)

Example: SELECT UPPER (‘hi! nisha’)

FROM DUAL; //output: HI! NISHA

• INITCAP (): This function is used to convert the initial characters into uppercase.

Syntax: INITCAP (‘STRING’)

Example: SELECT INITCAP (‘HI! NISHA’)

FROM DUAL; //output: Hi! nisha

• REVERSE (): This function is used to reverse a string.

Syntax: REVERSE (‘STRING’)

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Example: SELECT REVERSE (‘HI! NISHA’)

FROM DUAL; //output: AHSIN !IH

• LENGTH (): This function is used to find the number of characters in a given string.

Syntax: LENGTH (‘STRING’)

Example: SELECT LENGTH (‘HI! NISHA’)

FROM DUAL; //output: 9

• SUBSTR (): This function is used to extract the part of the string from the given original string.

Syntax: SUBSTR (‘ORIGINAL_STRING’, POSITION, [LENGTH])

Example: -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
B E N G A L U R U

SUBSTR (‘BENGALURU’,1,3) // BEN

SUBSTR (‘BENGALURU’, 3, 2) // NG

SUBSTR (‘BENGALURU’, 1, 1) // B

SUBSTR (‘BENGALURU’, 1) // BENGALURU

SUBSTR (‘BENGALURU’, 10, 2) // _ _

SUBSTR (‘BENGALURU’, 8) // RU

SUBSTR (‘BENGALURU’, -3, 2) // UR

SUBSTR (‘BENGALURU’, -6, 3) // GAL

SUBSTR (‘BENGALURU’, -4) // LURU

• SYSDATE: It is used to find the date present in the system.

Syntax: SELECT SYSDATE

FROM DUAL;

• SYSTIMESTAMP: This function is used to find the date & time along with the time zone.

Syntax: SELECT SYSTIMESTAMP

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FROM DUAL;

• TO_CHAR(): This function is used to convert the given date to string format.

Syntax: TO_CHAR (DATE, ‘FORMAT_MODELS’);

FORMAT TOOLS

1. YEAR
2. YYYY
3. YY
4. MONTH
5. MON
6. MM
7. DAY
8. DY
9. DD
10. D
11. HH24
12. HH12
13. MI
14. SS

• TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘YEAR’) //Twenty Twenty Two

• TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘YYYY’) //2022
• TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘YY’) //22
• TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘MONTH’) //SEPTEMBER
• TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘MON’) //SEP
• TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘MM’) //09
• TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘DAY’) //SATURDAY (NOT RECOMMENDED)
• TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘DY’) //SAT (PREFERRABLE)
• TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘DD’) //10
• TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘D’) //7
• TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘HH24’) //9
• TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘HH12’) //9
• TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘MI’) //32
• TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, ‘SS’) //Prints the current ‘seconds’ time of the system

• INSTR(): This function is used to obtain index value of the substring which is present in the
original string. (Index value- position of the character)

Syntax:

INSTR (‘ORIGINAL_STRING’, ‘SUB_STR’, POSITION, [NTH OCCURENCE])

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Nth OCCURRENCE – Number of times it is present.

Example: B1 A2 N3 A4 N5 A6 //Subscript represents the index value

INSTR (‘BANANA’, ‘A’, 1, 1) //2 > 0

INSTR (‘BANANA’, ‘A’, 1, 2) //4 > 0

INSTR (‘BANANA’, ‘A’, 3, 1) //4 > 0

INSTR (‘BANANA’, ‘N’, 3, 1) //3 > 0

INSTR (‘BANANA’, ‘N’, 4) //5 > 0

INSTR (‘BANANA’, ‘B’, 1) //1 > 0

INSTR (‘BANANA’, ‘NA’, 1, 1) //3 > 0

INSTR (‘BANANA’, ‘AN’, 1, 2) //4 > 0

INSTR (‘BANANA’, ‘Z’, 2, 1) //0 = 0

INSTR (‘BANANA’, ‘A’, 2, 4) //0 = 0

** Here, > 0 (is a condition if occurrence is greater than 0) & = 0 (is a condition if occurrence is equal
to 0).

• NVL (NULL VALUE LOGIC)

It can accept 2 arguments.

In ARG1, we must write a COLUMN_NAME or EXPRESSION that can be NULL.

In ARG2, we must write a value that can be substituted in place of NULL.

If ARG1 is NOT NULL, NVL returns same value present in ARG.

• MOD (): It is a function which is used to find the modulus of a given number.

Syntax: MOD (m, n)

Example:
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• REPLACE (): This function is used to replace the substring with new string in given original
string.
Syntax: REPLACE (‘ORIGINAL_STRING’, ‘SUB_STR’, [‘NEW_STR’])

Example: 1. SELECT REPLACE (‘QSPIDERS’, ‘S’, ‘J’)

FROM DUAL; //output: JSPIDERS

2. SELECT REPLACE (‘QSPIDERS’, ‘Q’)

FROM DUAL; //output: SPIDERS

MULTI-ROW FUNCTION

• Also, known as ‘Group Functions’ or ‘Aggregate Functions’.

• It takes all the inputs at once aggregates (combines) it & generates one output.
• If you provide ‘n’ number of inputs to multi-row function, it returns a single output.

** In interview, interviewer never use the name multi-row function, they will simply ask what is
Group Function.

Note:

• Multi-row functions can accept only a single argument that is a COLUMN_NAME or, an
EXPRESSION.
• MAX () & MIN () functions can be used for all the following datatypes problems. i.e., CHAR,
VARCHAR, NUMBER & DATE.
• SUM () & AVG () functions can only take NUMBER COLUMN as an argument.
• Multi-row functions will ignore the NULL value.
• We can’t use multi-row functions in WHERE clause.
• We can’t use any COLUMN_NAME with multi-row functions in SELECT clause.
• COUNT () is the only multi-row function to which we can pass Asterisk (*) as an argument.

LIST OF MULTI-ROW FUNCTIONS

• MAX ()
• MIN ()
• SUM ()
• AVG ()
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• COUNT ()

Q78. WAQTD the maximum salary in EMP table.

SELECT MAX (SAL)

FROM EMP;

Q79. WAQTD the maximum salary in Department number 10.

SELECT MAX (SAL)

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO=10;

Q80. WAQTD minimum salary in EMP table.

SELECT MIN (SAL)

FROM EMP;

Q81. WAQTD number of employees earning Rs.3000 in Department number 20.

SELECT COUNT (*)

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL>3000 AND

DEPTNO=20;
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Q82. WAQTD number of employees earning more than Rs.3000.

SELECT COUNT (*)

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL>3000;

Q83. WAQTD maximum salary given to the manager.

SELECT MAX (SAL)

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB IN (‘MANAGER’);

Q84. WAQTD number of employees hired in the year 1987.

SELECT COUNT (*)

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE LIKE ‘%1987’;

Q85. WAQTD average salary given to the ‘PRESIDENT’.

SELECT AVG (SAL)

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB IN (‘PRESIDENT’);

Q86. WAQTD number of employees working as a ‘MANAGER’ or, ‘SALESMAN’.

SELECT COUNT (*)

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB IN (‘MANAGER’, ‘SALESMAN’);

Q87. WAQTD number of employees hired in the month of December.

SELECT COUNT (*)

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE LIKE ‘%DEC%’;

Q88. WAQTD maximum salary given to the employee hired in the month of February.

SELECT MAX (SAL)

 P a g e | 37

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE LIKE ‘%FEB%’;

Q89. WAQTD total salary given to an employee who is having two consecutive ‘T’ in their name.

SELECT SUM (SAL)

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘%TT%’;

Q90. WAQTD total salary given to the employees whose name ends with character ‘N’.

SELECT SUM (SAL)

FROM EM

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘%N’;

Q91. WAQTD number of employees whose name starts with character ‘A’.

SELECT COUNT (*)

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘A%’;

Q92. WAQTD number of employees earning more than Rs.3000 in Department number 10 &

Name must start with ‘K’ & ends with ‘G’.

SELECT COUNT (*)

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL>3000 AND

DEPTNO=10 AND

ENAME LIKE ‘K%G’;

‘CONCATENATION’ OPERATOR

This operator is used to join the given two strings.

Q93. WAQTD the output in the following format,

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a. ‘MR. ABC YOUR SALARY IS RS.XYZ’

SELECT ‘MR.’||ENAME||’ YOUR SALARY IS RS.’||SAL

FROM EMP;

b. ‘MR. A YOUR SAL IS RS. B AND YOUR ANNUAL SALARY IS RS.C’

SELECT ‘MR.’||ENAME||’ YOUR SAL IS RS.’||SAL||’ AND YOUR ANNUAL SALARY IS RS.’||SAL*12

FROM EMP;

‘GROUP BY’ CLAUSE

• ‘GROUP BY’ clause is use to group the records.

• It executes row-by-row.
 P a g e | 39

• For ‘GROUP BY’ clause, we can pass COLUMN_NAME or, an EXPRESSION as an argument.
• We can write ‘GROUP BY’ expression along with the multi-row function in ‘SELECT’ clause.

‘GROUP BY’ EXPRESSION

• Any COLUMN_NAME or, an EXPRESSION that is written in ‘GROUP BY’ clause is known as
‘GROUP BY’ expression.
• After the execution of ‘GROUP BY’ clause, it creates group & anything that executes after
‘GROUP BY’ clause executes ‘GROUP-BY-GROUP’.

Syntax:

SELECT GROUP_BY_EXPRESSION / GROUP_FUNCTION

FROM TABLE_NAME

[WHERE <filter-condition>]

GROUP BY COLUMN_NAME / EXPRESSION

Order of Execution:

1. FROM
2. WHERE (if used) [row-by-row]
3. GROUP BY [row-by-row]
4. SELECT [group-by-group]

Q94. WAQTD maximum salary & DEPTNO in each Department number.

SELECT MAX (SAL), DEPTNO

FROM EMP

GROUP BY DEPTNO;

Q95. WAQTD average salary of employees in each job.

SELECT JOB, AVG (SAL)

FROM EMP

GROUP BY JOB;
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Q96. WAQTD number of employees in each Department if the employees are earning more than
Rs.2000.

SELECT COUNT (*), DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL>2000

GROUP BY DEPTNO;

Q97. WAQTD number of employees working in each department except ‘PRESIDENT’.

SELECT COUNT (*), DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB NOT IN (‘PRESIDENT’)

GROUP BY DEPTNO;

Q98. WAQTD number of employees working as ‘MANAGER’ in each department.

SELECT COUNT (*), DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB IN (‘MANAGER’)

GROUP BY DEPTNO;

Q99. WAQTD average salary needed to pay to all the employees excluding the employees working
in department number 20 in each job.
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SELECT AVG (SAL), JOB

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO NOT IN (20)

GROUP BY JOB;

Q100. WAQTD number of employees having character ‘A’ in their name in each job.

SELECT COUNT (*), JOB

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘%A%’

GROUP BY JOB;

‘HAVING’ CLAUSE

• We use ‘HAVING’ clause to filter the group.

• We can pass multi-row function condition in ‘HAVING’ clause.
• It executes group-by-group.
• If you are using ‘HAVING’ clause it must be used after the ‘GROUP BY’ clause.
• ‘HAVING’ clause executes after the execution of ‘GROUP BY’ clause.

Q101. WAQTD number of employees working in each department if there are at least 2 employees
in each department.

SELECT COUNT (*), DEPTNO

FROM EMP

GROUP BY DEPTNO

HAVING COUNT (*)>=2;

Q102. WAQTD total salary needed to pay all the employees in each job.

SELECT SUM (SAL), JOB

FROM EMP
 P a g e | 42

GROUP BY JOB;

Q103. WAQTD number of employees & average salary needed to pay the employees whose salary
is greater than Rs.2000 in each department.

SELECT COUNT (*), AVG (SAL), DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL>2000

GROUP BY DEPTNO;

Q104. WAQTD number of employees & total salary given to all the salesman in each department.

SELECT COUNT (*), SUM (SAL), DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB IN (‘SALESMAN’)

GROUP BY DEPTNO;

Q105. WAQTD number of employees with their maximum salaries in each job.

SELECT COUNT (*), MAX (SAL), JOB

FROM EMP

GROUP BY JOB;

Q106. WAQTD maximum salaries given to an employee working in each department

SELECT MAX (SAL), DEPTNO

FROM EMP

GROUP BY DEPTNO;

Q107. WAQTD number of times salaries are present in employee table.

SELECT COUNT (*), SAL

FROM EMP

GROUP BY SAL;

Q108. WAQTD the number & total salary needed to pay all employees in each department if there
are at least 4 employees in each department.

SELECT COUNT (*), SUM (SAL), DEPTNO

FROM EMP

GROUP BY DEPTNO

HAVING COUNT (*)>=4;

Q109. WAQTD number of employees earning salary more than Rs.1200 in each job & the total salary
needed to pay employee of each job must exceed Rs.3800
 P a g e | 43

SELECT COUNT (*), JOB

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL>1200

GROUP BY JOB

HAVING SUM (SAL)>3800;

Q110. WAQTD DEPTNO & number of employees working only if there are 2 employees working in
each department as Manager.

SELECT COUNT (*), DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB IN (‘MANAGER’)

GROUP BY DEPTNO

HAVING COUNT (*) = 2;

Q111. WAQTD to display repeated salaries in the EMP table.

SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

GROUP BY SAL

HAVING COUNT (*) >= 2; [or, COUNT (*) > 1;]

Q112. WAQTD the hire date which are repeated in EMP table.
 P a g e | 44

SELECT HIREDATE

FROM EMP

GROUP BY HIREDATE

HAVING COUNT (*) > 1;

‘ORDER BY’ CLAUSE

It is used to sort the records in ascending or descending order.

• ‘ORDER BY’ clause must be written as last clause in the statement.

• ‘ORDER BY’ clause executes after the ‘SELECT’ clause.
• By default, ‘ORDER BY’ clause sort the records in ascending order.
• We can pass COLUMN_NAME or EXPRESSION as an argument in ‘ORDER BY’ clause.
• We can pass ALIAS name in ‘ORDER BY’ clause.

Syntax:

SELECT GROUP_BY_EXPRESSION / GROUP_FUNCTION

FROM TABLE_NAME

[WHERE <filter-condition>]

[GROUP BY COLUMN_NAME / EXPRESSION]

[HAVING <group_filter_condition>]

ORDER BY COLUMN_NAME [ASC] / [DESC];

Order of Execution:

1. FROM
2. WHERE [if used] (row-by-row)
3. GROUP BY [if used] (row-by-row)
4. HAVING [if used] (group-by-group)
5. SELECT (group-by-group)
6. ORDER BY

Q113. WAQTD salary in descending order.

SELECT SAL
 P a g e | 45

FROM EMP

ORDER BY SAL DESC;

Q114. WAQTD annual salary in ascending order.

SELECT SAL*12 ANNUALSAL

FROM EMP

ORDER BY ANNUALSAL ASC;

SUB-QUERY

A query written inside another query is known as Sub-query.

Why should we go for sub-queries?

Case 1. Whenever we have the unknown values, we go for sub-queries.

 P a g e | 46

Working Procedure

• Here, we will be having minimum of 2 queries.

▪ Outer query
▪ Inner query / Sub-query
• Inner query will execute first & generate the output.
• The output generated by the inner query will be given as input to the outer query.
• The outer query will execute & generate the output.
• This output will be the result.
• By this we can say, the outer query is dependent on inner query.

TYPES OF SUB-QUERY

1. Single-row Sub-query
2. Multi-row Sub-query

SINGLE-ROW SUB-QUERY

If, inner query returns exactly one output to the outer query, we call it as Single-row Sub-query.

MULTI-ROW SUB-QUERY

• If, inner query returns more than one output to the outer query, we call it as Muti-row Sub-
query.
• We can achieve multi-row sub-query by using ‘ALL’ & ‘ANY’ operator.
 P a g e | 47

Q115. WAQTD names of an employee who are earning less than ‘ADAMS’.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘ADAMS’);

Q116. WAQTD details of an employee who are working in same department as that of ‘KING’.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM DEPT

WHERE ENAME = ‘KING’);

Q117. WAQTD details of an employee who are working in same designation as that of ‘SCOTT’.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB IN (SELECT JOB

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = ‘SCOTT’);

Q118. WAQTD name & hire date of an employee hired after ‘FORD.’
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SELECT ENAME, HIREDATE

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE > (SELECT HIREDATE

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘FORD’);

Q119. WAQTD details of an employee earning more than ‘JONES’ & less than ‘KING’.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘JONES’) AND

SAL < (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘KING’);

Q120. WAQTD names of an employee who are working as a ‘MANAGER’ & earning more than
‘CLARK’.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = ‘MANAGER’ AND

SAL > (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘CLARK’);

Q121. WAQTD details of an employee working as a ‘SALESMAN’ in same department as that of

‘JONES’.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = ‘SALESMAN’ AND

DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘JONES’);

Q122. WAQTD no. of employee working as ‘PRESIDENT’ in same department of that of ‘KING’.

SELECT COUNT (*)

 P a g e | 49

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = ‘PRESIDENT’ AND

DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘KING’);

Q123. WAQTD maximum salary given to the employee working as ‘CLERK’ in the same department
as that of ‘SMITH’.

SELECT MAX (SAL)

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = ‘CLERK’ AND

DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘SMITH’);

Q124. WAQTD name of an employee earning more than ‘JONES’ but less than ‘KING’.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘JONES’) AND

SAL < (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘KING’);

Q125. WAQTD no. of employees hired in the month of ‘APRIL’ in the same department as that of
‘SCOTT’.

SELECT COUNT (*)

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE LIKE ‘%APR%’ AND

DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘SCOTT’);

Q126. WAQTD name of an employee working as ‘MANAGER’ in same department as that of

‘MARTIN’.
 P a g e | 50

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = ‘MANAGER’ AND

DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘MARTIN’);

Q127. WAQTD name of an employee hired after ‘JAMES’ before ‘SCOTT’.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE > (SELECT HIREDATE

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘JAMES’) AND

HIREDATE < (SELECT HIREDATE

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘SCOTT’);

Q128. WAQTD name of an employee working as a ‘MANAGER’ in same department as that of ‘KING’
& earning more than ‘MILLER’.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = ‘MANAGER’ AND

DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘KING’) AND

SAL > (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘MILLER’);

Q129. WAQTD no. of employees working as a ‘CLERK’ in same department as that of ‘ADAMS’ &
hired in the year 1980.

SELECT COUNT (*)

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = ‘CLERK’ AND

DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

 P a g e | 51

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘ADAMS’) AND

HIREDATE LIKE ‘%80’;

Q130. WAQTD ENAME of employees earning more than ‘ADAMS’.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘ADAMS’);

Q131. WAQTD ENAME, SAL of the employee earning less than ‘KING’.

SELECT ENAME, SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL < (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘KING’);

Q132. WAQTD ENAME, DEPT of the employees if they are working in the same department as
‘JONES’.

SELECT ENAME, DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘JONES’);

Q133. WAQTD ENAME, JOB of all the employees working in the same designation as ‘JAMES’.

SELECT ENAME, JOB

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB IN (SELECT JOB

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘JAMES’);

Q134. WAQTD EMPNO, ENAME along with ANNUALSAL of all the employees if their ANNUALSAL is
greater than ‘WARD’ annual salary.

SELECT EMPNO, ENAME, SAL*12 ANNUALSAL

FROM EMP
 P a g e | 52

WHERE SAL*12 > (SELECT SAL*12

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘WARD’);

Q135. WAQTD ENAME, HIREDATE of the employees if they are hired before ‘TURNER’.

SELECT ENAME, HIREDATE

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE < (SELECT HIREDATE

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘TURNER’);

Q136. WAQTD ENAME, HIREDATE of the employees if they are hired after the ‘PRESIDENT’.

SELECT ENAME, HIREDATE

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE > (SELECT HIREDATE

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = ‘PRESIDENT’);

Q137. WAQTD ENAME & SAL of the employees if they are earning SAL less than the employee whose
EMPNO is 7839.

SELECT ENAME, SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL < (SELECT SAL

 P a g e | 53

FROM EMP

WHERE EMPNO = 7839);

Q138. WAQTD all the details of an employee if the employees are hired before ‘MILLER’.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE < (SELECT HIREDATE

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘MILLER’);

Q139. WAQTD ENAME & EMPNO of the employees if employees are earning more than ‘ALLEN’.

SELECT ENAME, EMPNO

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘ALLEN’);

Q140. WAQTD no. of employees hired after ‘KING’.

SELECT COUNT (*)

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE > (SELECT HIREDATE

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘KING’);

Q141. WAQTD total salary given to the employees working in the same department as of ‘WARD’.

SELECT SUM (SAL) TOTALSAL

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘WARD’);

Q142. WAQTD ENAME & SAL of the employees who are earning more than ‘MILLER’ but less than
‘ALLEN’.

SELECT ENAME, SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > (SELECT SAL

 P a g e | 54

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘MILLER’) AND

SAL < (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘ALLEN’);

Q143. WAQTD ENAME & SAL of the employees who are earning more than Rs.1000 but less than
Rs.3000.

SELECT ENAME, SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > 1000 AND

SAL < 3000;

Q144. WAQTD all the detail of the employees working in department 20 & working in the same
designation as ‘SMITH’.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB IN (SELECT JOB

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO = 20) AND

JOB IN (SELECT JOB

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘SMITH’);

Q145. WAQTD all the details of an employee working as ‘MANAGER’ in the same department as
that of ‘TURNER’.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = ‘MANAGER’ AND

DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘TURNER’);

Q146. WAQTD ENAME & HIREDATE of an employees hired after 1980 & before ‘KING’.

SELECT ENAME, HIREDATE

FROM EMP
 P a g e | 55

WHERE HIREDATE >= ’01-JAN-1981’ AND

HIREDATE < (SELECT HIREDATE

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘KING’);

Q147. WAQTD ENAME & SAL along with annual salary for all employees whose SAL is less than
‘BLAKE’ or employees earning more than 3500.

SELECT ENAME, SAL, SAL*12 ANNUALSAL

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL < (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘BLAKE’) OR

SAL > 3500;

Q148. WAQTD all the details of employees who earn more than ‘SCOTT’ but less than ‘KING’.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘SCOTT’) AND

SAL < (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘KING’);

 P a g e | 56

Q149. WAQTD ENAME of the employees whose name starts with ‘A’ & works in the same
department as ‘BLAKE’.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘A%’ AND

DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘BLAKE’);

Q150. WAQTD ENAME & COMM if employees earn commission & work in the same designation as
‘SMITH’.

SELECT ENAME, COMM

FROM EMP

WHERE COMM IS NOT NULL AND

JOB IN (SELECT JOB

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘SMITH’);

Q151. WAQTD details of all the employees working as ‘CLERK’ in the same department as ‘TURNER’.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = ‘CLERK’ AND

DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘TURNER’);

Q152. WAQTD ENAME, SAL & JOB of the employees whose annual salary is more than ‘SMITH’ &
less than ‘KING’.

SELECT ENAME, SAL, JOB

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL*12 > (SELECT SAL*12

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘SMITH’) AND

SAL*12 < (SELECT SAL*12

FROM EMP
 P a g e | 57

WHERE ENAME = ‘KING’);

Case 2. Whenever the data to be found & condition to be executed are present in different tables, we
go for sub-queries.
 P a g e | 58

Q132. WAQTD department name of ‘TURNER’.

SELECT DNAME

FROM DEPT

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘TURNER’);

Q133. WAQTD location of an employee whose name is ‘MILLER’.

SELECT LOC

FROM DEPT

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘MILLER’);

Q134. WAQTD names of the employee working in ‘NEW YORK’.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM DEPT

WHERE LOC = ‘NEW YORK’);

Q135. WAQTD number of employees working in ‘RESEARCH’ department.

SELECT COUNT (*)

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM DEPT

WHERE DNAME = ‘RESEARCH’);

Q136. WAQTD location of an employee whose name ends with character ‘E’.

SELECT LOC

FROM DEPT

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘%E’);

Q137. WAQTD names of an employee earning more than ‘MILLER’ in ‘ACCOUNTING’ department.
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SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘MILLER’) AND

DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM DEPT

WHERE DNAME = ‘ACCOUNTING’);

Q138. WAQTD name of an employee working as a ‘MANAGER’ in ‘DALLAS’.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = ‘MANAGER’ AND

DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM DEPT

WHERE LOC = ‘DALLAS’);

Q139. WAQTD name of an employee working in same designation as that of ‘CLARK’ in ‘CHICAGO’.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM DEPT

WHERE LOC = ‘CHICAGO’) AND

JOB IN (SELECT JOB

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘CLARK’);

Q140. WAQTD no. of employees working in same designation as that of ‘KING’ in ‘NEW YORK’ &
hired in the year 1981.

SELECT COUNT (*)

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE LIKE ‘%81’ AND

DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM DEPT
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WHERE LOC = ‘NEW YORK’) AND

JOB IN (SELECT JOB

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘KING’);

Q141. WAQTD names of an employee working as an ‘ANALYST’ in same department as that of

‘JONES’ & his location must have 2 consecutive ‘L’.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = ‘ANALYST’ AND

DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM DEPT

WHERE LOC LIKE ‘%LL%’) AND

DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘JONES’);

Q142. WAQTD names of an employee who is earning the maximum salary.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL = (SELECT MAX (SAL)

FROM EMP);

Q143. WAQTD names of an employee who is earning the minimum salary.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL = (SELECT MIN(SAL)

FROM EMP);
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Q144. WAQTD name of an employee who was hired first.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE = (SELECT MIN(HIREDATE)

FROM EMP);

NESTED SUB-QUERY

• A sub-query written inside another sub-query is known as Nested sub-query.

• We can nest up to 255 sub-queries.

Q145. WAQTD names of an employee who is earning second maximum salary.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL = (SELECT MAX (SAL)

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL < (SELECT MAX (SAL)

FROM EMP));

Q146. WAQTD name of an employee earning third minimum salary.

SELECT ENAME
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FROM EMP

WHERE SAL = (SELECT MIN (SAL)

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > (SELECT MIN (SAL)

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > (SELECT MIN (SAL)

FROM EMP)));

Q147. WAQTD location of an employee earning second minimum salary.

SELECT LOC

FROM DEPT

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL IN (SELECT MIN (SAL)

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > (SELECT MIN (SAL)

FROM EMP)));
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Q148. WAQTD name of an employee earning fourth minimum salary.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL = (SELECT MIN (SAL)

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > (SELECT MIN (SAL)

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > (SELECT MIN (SAL)

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > (SELECT MIN (SAL)

FROM EMP))));

Q149. WAQTD name of an employee earning third maximum salary.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL = (SELECT MAX (SAL)

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL < (SELECT MAX (SAL)

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL < (SELECT MAX (SAL)

FROM EMP)));

Q150. WAQTD details of an employee who are earning more than all the ‘SALESMAN’.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL = ALL (SELECT MAX (SAL)

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = ‘SALESMAN’);

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Q151. WAQTD name & salary of an employee if they are earning more than at least a ‘MANAGER’.

SELECT ENAME, SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > ANY (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = ‘MANAGER’);

Q152. WAQTD names of an employee hired after all the ‘MANAGER’ & earning more than all the
‘CLERK’.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE = ALL (SELECT HIREDATE

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = ‘MANAGER’) AND

SAL > ALL (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = ‘CLERK’);

Q153. WAQTD DNAME of the employees whose name is ‘SMITH’.

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SELECT DNAME

FROM DEPT

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME='SMITH');

Q154. WAQTD DNAME & LOC of the employee whose ENAME is ‘KING’.

SELECT DNAME, LOC

FROM DEPT

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME='KING');

Q155. WAQTD LOC of the employee whose employee number is 7902.

SELECT LOC

FROM DEPT

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE EMPNO = 7902);

Q156. WAQTD DNAME & LOC along with DEPTNO of the employee whose name ends with ‘R’.

SELECT DNAME, LOC, DEPTNO

FROM DEPT

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME LIKE '%R');

Q157. WAQTD DNAME of the employee whose designation is ‘PRESIDENT’.

SELECT DNAME

FROM DEPT

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = 'PRESIDENT');

Q158. WAQTD names of the employee working in a ‘ACCOUNTING’ department.

SELECT ENAME
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FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM DEPT

WHERE DNAME = 'ACCOUNTING');

Q159. WAQTD ENAME & salaries of the employee who are working in the location ‘CHICAGO’.

SELECT ENAME, SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM DEPT

WHERE LOC = 'CHICAGO');

Q160. WAQTD details of the employee working in ‘SALES’.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM DEPT

WHERE DNAME = 'SALES');

Q161. WAQTD details of the employee along with annual salary if employees are working in ‘NEW
YORK’.

SELECT EMP.*, SAL*12 ANNUALSAL

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM DEPT

WHERE LOC = 'NEW YORK');

Q162. WAQTD names of employee working in ‘OPERATIONS’ department.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM DEPT

WHERE DNAME = 'OPERATIONS');

Q163. WAQTD names of the employees earning more than ‘SCOTT’ in ‘ACCOUNTING’ department.

SELECT ENAME
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FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = 'SCOTT') AND

DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM DEPT

WHERE DNAME = 'ACCOUNTING');

Q164. WAQTD details of the employees working as the ‘MANAGER’ in the location ‘CHICAGO’.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = 'MANAGER' AND

DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM DEPT

WHERE LOC = 'CHICAGO');

Q165. WAQTD ENAME & SAL of the employees earning more than ‘KING’ in the department
‘ACCOUNTING’.

SELECT ENAME, SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘KING’) AND

DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM DEPT

WHERE DNAME = ‘ACCOUNTING’);

Q166. WAQTD details of the employees working as ‘SALESMAN’ in the department ‘SALES’.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = ‘SALESMAN’ AND

DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM DEPT

WHERE DNAME = ‘SALES’);

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Q167. WAQTD ENAME, SAL, JOB, HIREDATE of the employees working in ‘OPERATIONS’ department
& hired before ‘KING’.

SELECT ENAME, SAL, JOB, HIREDATE

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM DEPT

WHERE DNAME = ‘OPERATIONS’) AND

HIREDATE < (SELECT HIREDATE

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘KING’);

Q168. WAQTD display all the details of an employee whose department name ending ‘S’.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM DEPT

WHERE DNAME LIKE ‘%S’);

Q169. WAQTD DNAME of the employees whose name has character ‘A’ in it.

SELECT DNAME

FROM DEPT

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME LIKE ‘%A%’);

Q170. WAQTD DNAME & LOC of the employees whose salary is Rs.800.

SELECT DNAME, LOC

FROM DEPT

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL = 800);

Q171. WAQTD DNAME of the employees who earn commission.

SELECT DNAME

FROM DEPT
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WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE COMM IS NOT NULL);

Q172. WAQTD LOC of the employees if they earn commission in department 40.

SELECT LOC

FROM DEPT

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE COMM IS NOT NULL) AND

DEPTNO = 40;

Q173. WAQTD details of the employees hired after all the ‘CLERKS’.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE > ALL (SELECT HIREDATE

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = ‘CLERK’);

Q174. WAQTD ENAME & HIREDATE of employees hired before all the ‘MANAGER’S.

SELECT ENAME, HIREDATE

FROM EMP

WHERE HIREDATE < ALL (SELECT HIREDATE

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = ‘MANAGER’);

Q175. WAQTD details of the employees working as ‘CLERK’ & hired before at least a ‘SALESMAN’.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = ‘CLERK’ AND

HIREDATE < ANY (SELECT HIREDATE

FROM EMP

WHERE JOB = ‘SALESMAN’);

**EMPLOYEE-MANAGER RELATIONSHIP BASED QUERY

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Q176. WAQTD ‘SMITH’ reporting manager’s name.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE EMPNO IN (SELECT MGR

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘SMITH’);

Q177. WAQTD name of ‘ALLEN’ managers.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE EMPNO IN (SELECT MGR

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘ALLEN’);

Q178. WAQTD SAL of ‘ADAMS’ manager.

SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE EMPNO IN (SELECT MGR

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘ADAMS’);

Q179. WAQTD name of ‘ADAMS’ manager’s manager.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE EMPNO IN (SELECT MGR

FROM EMP

WHERE EMPNO IN (SELECT MGR

FROM EMP
 P a g e | 71

WHERE ENAME = ‘ADAMS’));

Q180. WAQTD LOC of ‘JONES’ manager.

SELECT LOC

FROM DEPT

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE EMPNO IN (SELECT MGR

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘JONES’));

Q181. WAQTD DNAME of ‘SMITH’ manager’s manager.

SELECT DNAME

FROM DEPT

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE EMPNO IN (SELECT MGR

FROM EMP

WHERE EMPNO IN (SELECT MGR

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘SMITH’)));

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Q182. WAQTD names of the employees reporting to ‘BLAKE’.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE MGR IN (SELECT EMPNO

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘BLAKE’);

Q183. WAQTD number of employees reporting to ‘KING’.

SELECT COUNT (*)

FROM EMP

WHERE MGR IN (SELECT EMPNO

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘KING’);

Q184. WAQTD details of an employee reporting to ‘JONES’.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE MGR IN (SELECT EMPNO

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘JONES’);

 P a g e | 73

Q185. WAQTD names of an employee reporting to ‘BLAKE’ manager.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE MGR IN (SELECT MGR

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘BLAKE’);

Q186. WAQTD names of an employee who are earning more than ‘ADAMS’ manager.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE EMPNO IN (SELECT MGR

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘ADAMS’));

Q187. WAQTD DNAME of ‘ADAMS’ manager’s manager.

SELECT DNAME

FROM DEPT

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM EMP

WHERE EMPNO IN (SELECT MGR

FROM EMP

WHERE EMPNO IN (SELECT MGR

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘ADAMS’)));

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Q188. WAQTD number of employees reporting to ‘FORD’ manager.

SELECT COUNT (*)

FROM EMP

WHERE MGR IN (SELECT MGR

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘FORD’);

JOINS

It is used to retrieve the data from multiple tables simultaneously.

TYPES OF JOINS

1. Cartesian Join or, Cross Joins

2. Inner Join or, Equijoin
3. Outer Join
a. Left outer join
b. Right outer join
c. Full outer join
4. Self-Join
5. Natural Join

CARTESIAN JOIN

• In cartesian join, the records from table 1 will merge with all the records of table 2.
• Number of Columns in resultant table will be the summation of Column 1 & Column 2.
• Number of records in resultant table will be the product of records present in Table 1 & Table
2.
• In cartesian join, we will be getting error records.

Syntax:
 P a g e | 75

1. ANSI: SELECT COLUMN_NAME

FROM TABLE_NAME1 CROSS JOIN TABLE_NAME2;

2. ORACLE: SELECT COLUMN_NAME

FROM TABLE_NAME1, TABLE_NAME2;

INNER JOIN

• We use inner joins to obtain the matched records or, the records which are in pair.
• We use join condition to obtain the matched records.
Join Condition: It is a condition in which we merge two tables to get the matched records.

Example: EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO

Syntax:

1. ANSI: SELECT COLUMN_NAME

FROM TABLE_NAME1 INNER JOIN TABLE_NAME2;
ON <JOIN_CONDITION>;
Example: SELECT *
FROM EMP INNER JOIN DEPT
ON EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO;

2. ORACLE: SELECT COLUMN_NAME

FROM TABLE_NAME1, TABLE_NAME2;
WHERE <JOIN_CONDITION>;
Example: SELECT *
FROM EMP, DEPT
WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO;

QUESTIONS BASED ON JOINS & SUB-QUERY

Q189. WAQTD ENAME, DNAME of all the employees.

SELECT ENAME, DNAME

FROM EMP, DEPT

WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO;

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Q190. WAQTD ENAME, SAL & LOC of all the employees.

SELECT ENAME, SAL, LOC

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO;

Q191. WAQTD ENAME, DEPTNO & DNAME of all the employees.

SELECT ENAME, D.DEPTNO, DNAME

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO;

Q192. WAQTD ENAME, DEPTNO & DNAME of employees working in DEPTNO 20.

SELECT ENAME, E.DEPTNO, DNAME

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

DEPTNO = 20;

Q193. WAQTD ENAME, DNAME of employees who are earning less than Rs.2000.

SELECT ENAME, DNAME

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

SAL < 2000;

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Q194. WAQTD ENAME, LOC of employees working in ‘DALLAS’.

SELECT ENAME, LOC

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

LOC = ‘DALLAS’;

Q195. WAQTD ENAME, SAL & DNAME of employees whose name starts with character ‘A’ & DNAME
ends with character ‘S’.

SELECT ENAME, SAL, DNAME

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO

ENAME LIKE ‘A%’ AND

DNAME LIKE ‘%S’;

Q196. WAQTD ENAME, SAL, DNAME of all the employees who are earning more than ‘SCOTT’ in
‘ACCOUNTING’ department.

SELECT ENAME, SAL, DNAME

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

SAL > (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘SCOTT’) AND

DEPT = ‘ACCOUNTING’;

Q197. WAQTD number of employees hired before ‘ALLEN’ in ‘RESEARCH’ department using joins.

SELECT COUNT (*)

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

HIREDATE <= (SELECT HIREDATE

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘ALLEN’) AND

DEPT = ‘RESEARCH’;

Q198. WAQTD maximum SAL given to the employees working in same designation as that of ‘BLAKE’
in ‘DALLAS’.

SELECT MAX (SAL)

 P a g e | 78

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

JOB IN (SELECT JOB

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘BLAKE’) AND

LOC = ‘DALLAS’;

Q199. WAQTD ENAME, HIREDATE & DNAME of employees hired in the month of ‘FEB’ & his DNAME
must have second character as ‘A’.

SELECT ENAME, HIREDATE, DNAME

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

HIREDATE LIKE ‘%FEB%’ AND

DNAME LIKE ‘_A%’;

Q200. WAQTD ENAME earning more than ‘MILLER’ in ‘NEW YORK’ using both Sub-query & joins.

Sub-Query Method:

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL > (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘MILLER’) AND

DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM DEPT

WHERE LOC = ‘NEW YORK’);

Join Method:

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

SAL > (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘MILLER‘) AND

LOC = ‘NEW YORK’;

 P a g e | 79

Q201. WAQTD ENAME & DNAME of employee who is having exactly 4 characters in his name & his
DNAME should have 2 consecutive 'CC'.

SELECT ENAME, DNAME

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

ENAME LIKE ‘_ _ _ _’

DNAME LIKE ‘%CC%’;

Q202. WAQTD DNAME, ENAME & LOC of employees hired before 1981 in ‘DALLAS’.

SELECT DNAME, ENAME, LOC

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

HIREDATE <= ’31-JAN-1980’ AND

LOC = ‘DALLAS’;

Q203. WAQTD ENAME, JOB, LOC of employees working in same designation as that of ‘JONES’ in
‘CHICAGO’.

SELECT ENAME, JOB, LOC

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

JOB IN (SELECT JOB

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘JONES’) AND

LOC = ‘CHICAGO’;

Q204. WAQTD ENAME, LOC of employees who is searching same SAL as that of ‘SCOTT‘ in ‘DALLAS’
& he was hired in the month of ‘DEC’.

SELECT ENAME, LOC

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

SAL = (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘SCOTT’) AND

LOC = ‘DALLAS’ AND

HIREDATE LIKE ‘%DEC%’;

 P a g e | 80

Q205. WAQTD ENAME, DNAME of employees whose designation ends with string ‘MAN’ & his name
must have 2 consecutive ‘LL’.

SELECT ENAME, DNAME

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

JOB LIKE ‘%MAN’ AND

ENAME LIKE ‘%LL%’;

Q206. WAQTD ENAME, DEPTNO & DNAME of employees working in same designation as that of
‘SMITH’ in ‘NEW YORK’.

SELECT ENAME, D.DEPTNO, DNAME

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

JOB IN (SELECT JOB

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘SMITH’) AND

LOC = ‘NEW YORK’;

Q207. WAQTD ENAME & DNAME of employees hired after 1980 into ‘RESEARCH’ department &
working as an ‘ANALYST’.

SELECT ENAME, DNAME

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

HIREDATE >= ’01-JAN-1981’ AND

DEPT = ‘RESEARCH’ AND

JOB = ‘ANALYST’;

Q208. WAQTD ENAME, SAL, LOC of employees whose SAL ends with 50 in ‘CHICAGO’ & his name
must start with ‘M’ & ends with ‘N’.

SELECT ENAME, SAL, LOC

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

SAL LIKE ‘%50’ AND

LOC = ‘CHICAGO’ AND

ENAME LIKE ‘M%’ AND ENAME LIKE ‘%N’;

 P a g e | 81

Q209. WAQTD ENAME, DNAME of employees earning less than ‘JAMES’ & must be hired in the year
1980 in ‘DALLAS’.

SELECT ENAME, DNAME

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

SAL < (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘JAMES’) AND

HIREDATE LIKE ‘%80’ AND

LOC = ‘DALLAS’;

Q210. WAQTD ENAME & DEPTNO & DNAME of employees working as ‘SALESMAN’ or ‘MANAGER’
in DEPTNO 20 or 30 & he must be earning more than ‘WARD’ in ‘SALES’ or ‘RESEARCH’ department
& he must get commission.

SELECT ENAME, D.DEPTNO, DNAME

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

JOB IN (‘SALESMAN’, ‘MANAGER’) AND

E.DEPTNO IN (20,30) AND

SAL > (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘WARD’) AND

DNAME IN (‘SALES’, ‘RESEARCH’) AND

COMM IS NOT NULL;

Q211. WAQTD ENAME of the employees & their LOC of all the employees.

SELECT ENAME, LOC

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO;

Q212. WAQTD DNAME & SAL for all the employee working in ‘ACCOUNTING‘ department.

SELECT DNAME, SAL

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

DNAME = ‘ACCOUNTING’;
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Q213. WAQTD DNAME & ANNUALSAL for all employees whose SAL is more than Rs.2340.

SELECT DNAME, SAL*12 ANNUALSAL

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

SAL > 2340;

Q214. WAQTD ENAME & DNAME for employees having character ‘A’ in their DNAME.

SELECT ENAME, DNAME

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

DNAME LIKE ‘%A%’;

Q215. WAQTD ENAME & DNAME for all the employees working as ‘SALESMAN’.

SELECT ENAME, DNAME

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

JOB IN (‘SALESMAN’);

Q216. WAQTD DNAME & JOB for all the employees whose JOB & DNAME starts with character ‘S’.

SELECT DNAME, JOB

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

JOB LIKE ‘S%’ AND

DNAME LIKE ‘S%’;

Q217. WAQTD DNAME & MGR for employees reporting to 7839.

SELECT DNAME, MGR

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

MGR = 7839;

Q218. WAQTD DNAME & HIREDATE for employees hired after 83 into ‘ACCOUNTING’ or ‘RESEARCH’
department.

SELECT DNAME, HIREDATE

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

 P a g e | 83

HIREDATE >= ’01-JAN-1984’ AND

DNAME IN (‘ACCOUNTING’, ‘RESEARCH’);

Q219. WAQTD ENAME & DNAME of the employees who are getting COMM in DEPTNO 10 or 30.

SELECT ENAME, DNAME

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

COMM IS NOT NULL AND

E.DEPTNO IN (10, 30);

Q220. WAQTD DNAME & EMPNO for all the employees whose EMPNO are (7839, 7902) & are
working in LOC = ‘NEW YORK’.

SELECT DNAME, EMPNO

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

EMPNO IN (7839, 7902) AND

LOC = ‘NEW YORK’;

Q221. WAQTD ENAME & DNAME who are earning more than ‘SMITH’.

SELECT ENAME, DNAME

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

SAL > (SELECT SAL

FROM EMP

WHERE ENAME = ‘SMITH’);

SELF-JOIN

It is used to join the same two tables or, the table itself.

Why do we use self-join?

If the data to be selected & condition to be executed are present in same table but different records
we go for self-join.
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Syntax:

1. ANSI: SELECT COLUMN_NAME

FROM TABLE_NAME T1 JOIN TABLE_NAME T2;
ON <JOIN_CONDITION>;
Example: SELECT *
FROM EMP E1 JOIN EMP E2
ON E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO;

2. ORACLE: SELECT COLUMN_NAME

FROM TABLE_NAME T1, TABLE_NAME T2;
WHERE <JOIN_CONDITION>;
Example: SELECT *
FROM EMP E1, EMP E2
WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO;

QUESTIONS BASED ON SELF-JOIN

Q222. WAQTD employees SAL & managers SAL.

SELECT E1.SAL EMP_SAL, E2.SAL MGR_SAL

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO;

 P a g e | 85

Q223. WAQTD employees name & managers name of if employee is working in DEPTNO 20.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E1.DEPTNO = 20;

Q224. WAQTD employee name, manager’s name if manager is working as ‘PRESIDENT’.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E2.JOB = ‘PRESIDENT’;

Q225. WAQTD employee name, employee SAL, manager name, manager SAL if employee is earning
less than 1000.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, E1.SAL EMP_SAL, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME, E2.SAL MGR_SAL

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E1.SAL < 1000;

Q226. WAQTD employee name, employee HIREDATE, manager’s name, manager’s HIREDATE if
employees is hired after 1980 & manager hired before 1987.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, E1.HIREDATE EMP_HIRED, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME, E2.HIREDATE

MGR_HIRED
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FROM EMP E1, EMP E2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E1.HIREDATE >= ‘01-JAN-1981’ AND

E2.HIREDATE <= ’31-DEC-1986’;

Q227. WAQTD name of the employee & his manager’s name if employee is working as ‘CLERK’.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E1.JOB = ‘CLERK’;

Q228. WAQTD ENAME, MGR designation if manager is working in DEPTNO 10 or 20.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, E2.JOB MGR_JOB

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E2.DEPTNO IN (10,20);

Q229. WAQTD employee name & manager name if employee is hired before 1982.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E1.HIREDATE <= ’31-DEC-1981’;

Q230. WAQTD employee name, manager’s name if employee & manager both earn more than 2300.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E1.SAL > 2300 AND E2.SAL > 2300;

Q231. WAQTD employee name, employee SAL, manager name, manager SAL if employee is
earning more than his manager.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, E1.SAL EMP_SAL, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME, E2.SAL MGR_SAL

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E1.SAL > E2.SAL;

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Q232. WAQTD employee name, employee HIREDATE, manager name, manager HIREDATE if
employee is hired before his manager.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, E1.SAL EMP_SAL, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME, E2.SAL MGR_SAL

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E1.HIREDATE < E2.HIREDATE;

Q233. WAQTD employee name & his managers name if employee is hired in the year 1980 and
manager is hired in the year 1981.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E1.HIREDATE LIKE ‘%80’ AND

E2.HIREDATE LIKE ‘%81’;

Q234. WAQTD employee name & managers name if employee & manager both hired in the year
1987.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E1.HIREDATE LIKE ‘%87’ AND

E2.HIREDATE LIKE ‘%87’;

Q235. WAQTD employee name & manager name if employee & manager both hired in the month
of DEC.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E1.HIREDATE LIKE ‘%DEC%’ AND

E2.HIREDATE LIKE ‘%DEC%’;

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Q236. WAQTD employee name & manager name if employee is earning more than 2900 &
manager is earning more than 3000.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E1.SAL > 2900 AND

E2.SAL > 3000;

Q237. WAQTD employee name, manager name If employee is working as ANALYST & manager is
working as actual manager.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E1.JOB = ‘ANALYST’ AND

E2.JOB = ‘MANAGER’;

Q238. WAQTD employee name & manager’s name if employee is earning less than 1000 &
manager in department number 30.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E1.SAL < 1000 AND

E2.DEPTNO = 30;

Q239. WAQTD employee name, employee LOC, manager’s name, & manager’s LOC.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME, D1.LOC EMP_LOC, D2.LOC MGR_LOC

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2, DEPT D1, DEPT D2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

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E1.DEPTNO = D1.DEPTNO AND

E2.DEPTNO = D2.DEPTNO;

Q240. WAQTD employee name, employee LOC, manager name, manager LOC if employee is
working as a ‘CLERK’ & manager is working in ‘DALLAS’.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME, D1.LOC EMP_LOC, D2.LOC MGR_LOC

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2, DEPT D1, DEPT D2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E1.DEPTNO = D1.DEPTNO AND

E2.DEPTNO = D2.DEPTNO AND

E1.JOB='CLERK' AND D2.LOC='DALLAS';

Q241. WAQTD employee name, employee LOC, manager name, manager LOC if employee working
as ‘SALESMAN’ in ‘SALES’ department & manager is working as actual manager in ‘CHICAGO’.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, D1.LOC EMP_LOC, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME, D2.LOC MGR_LOC

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2, DEPT D1, DEPT D2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E1.DEPTNO = D1.DEPTNO AND

E2.DEPTNO = D2.DEPTNO AND

E1.JOB = ‘SALESMAN’ AND D1.DNAME = ‘SALES‘ AND

E2.JOB = ‘MANAGER’ AND D2.LOC = ‘CHICAGO’;

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Q242. WAQTD employee name, employee DNAME, manager name, manager DNAME if employee
is hired in the year 81 working as ‘CLERK’ & manager working in ‘SALES’ department.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, D1.DNAME EMP_DNAME, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME, D2.DNAME

MGR_DNAME

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2, DEPT D1, DEPT D2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E1.DEPTNO = D1.DEPTNO AND

E2.DEPTNO = D2.DEPTNO AND

E1.HIREDATE LIKE ‘%81’ AND E1.JOB = ‘CLERK’ AND D2.DNAME = ‘SALES’;

Q243. WAQTD employee name, employee LOC, manager name, manager LOC if employee is
working in DEPTNO 10 or 20 and hired after 1982 & manager is working as actual manager in
‘RESEARCH’ department.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, D1.LOC EMP_LOC, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME, D2.LOC MGR_LOC

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2, DEPT D1, DEPT D2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E1.DEPTNO = D1.DEPTNO AND

E2.DEPTNO = D2.DEPTNO AND

E1.DEPTNO IN (10,20) AND E1.HIREDATE >= ’01-JAN-1983‘ AND

E2.JOB = ‘MANAGER’ AND D2.DNAME = ‘RESEARCH’;

Q244. WAQTD employee name, employee LOC, manager name, manager LOC if employee is hired
after ‘JONES’ into ‘SALES’ department & manager is earning less than ‘KING’ in ‘CHICAGO’.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, D1.LOC EMP_LOC, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME, D2.LOC MGR_LOC

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2, DEPT D1, DEPT D2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E1.DEPTNO = D1.DEPTNO AND

E2.DEPTNO = D2.DEPTNO AND

E1.HIREDATE = (SELECT E1.HIREDATE

FROM EMP E1

WHERE E1.ENAME = ‘JONES’) AND D1.DNAME = ‘SALES‘ AND

E2.SAL < (SELECT E2.SAL

FROM EMP E2

WHERE E2.ENAME = ‘KING’) AND D2.LOC = ‘CHICAGO’;

 P a g e | 91

Q245. WAQTD employee name, employee DNAME, manager name, manager DNAME if employee
is earning more than ‘ALLEN’ in ‘ACCOUNTING’ department & manager is working as a
‘PRESIDENT’ in ‘NEW YORK’.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, D1.DNAME EMP_DNAME, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME, D2.DNAME

MGR_DNAME

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2, DEPT D1, DEPT D2

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E1.DEPTNO = D1.DEPTNO AND

E2.DEPTNO = D2.DEPTNO AND

E1.SAL > (SELECT E1.SAL

FROM EMP E1

WHERE E1.NAME = ‘ALLEN’) AND D1.DNAME = ‘ACCOUNTING’ AND

D2.JOB = ‘PRESIDENT’ AND D2.LOC = ‘NEW YORK’;

Q246. WAQTD employee name, manager name, along with manager’s manager name.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME, E3.ENAME MGR_MGR_NAME

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2, EMP E3

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E2.MGR = E3.EMPNO;

Q247. WAQTD DEPTNO & 2nd maximum SAL in each department.

SELECT A.DEPTNO DEPT_NAME, MAX(A.SAL) MAX_SAL

FROM EMP A, EMP B

 P a g e | 92

WHERE A.DEPTNO=B.DEPTNO AND

A.SAL<B.SAL

GROUP BY A.DEPTNO

ORDER BY A.DEPTNO;

Q248. WAQTD employee name, manager name, manager’s manager name along with their
DNAME.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME, E3.ENAME MGR_MGR_NAME, D1.DNAME,

D2.DNAME, D3.DNAME

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2, EMP E3, DEPT D1, DEPT D2, DEPT D3

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E2.MGR = E3.EMPNO AND

E1.DEPTNO = D1.DEPTNO AND

E2.DEPTNO =D2.DEPTNO AND

E3.DEPTNO = D3.DEPTNO;
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Q249. WAQTD employee name, managers name & manager’s manager name along with their
DNAME if employee is earning more than 1000 & manager earns more than ‘ALLEN’ & Manager’s
manager working in ‘NEW YORK’ or ‘CHICAGO’.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME, E3.ENAME MGR_MGR_NAME, D1.DNAME

EMP_DNAME, D2.DNAME MGR_DNAME, D3.DNAME MGR_MGR_DNAME

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2, EMP E3, DEPT D1, DEPT D2, DEPT D3

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E2.MGR = E3.EMPNO AND

E1.DEPTNO = D1.DEPTNO AND

E2.DEPTNO =D2.DEPTNO AND

E3.DEPTNO = D3.DEPTNO AND

E1.SAL > 1000 AND

E2.SAL > (SELECT E2.SAL

FROM EMP E2

WHERE E2.ENAME = ‘ALLEN’) AND

D3.LOC IN (‘NEW YORK’, ‘CHICAGO’);

Q250. WAQTD employee name, managers name & manager’s manager name along with their LOC
if the employees hired before ‘MARTIN’ & manager working in ‘ACCOUNTING’ or ‘SALES’
department & manager’s manager earning SAL more than ‘SMITH’.

SELECT E1.ENAME EMP_NAME, E2.ENAME MGR_NAME, E3.ENAME MGR_MGR_NAME, D1.LOC

EMP_LOC, D2.LOC MGR_LOC, D3.LOC MGR_MGR_LOC

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2, EMP E3, DEPT D1, DEPT D2, DEPT D3

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E2.MGR = E3.EMPNO AND

E1.DEPTNO = D1.DEPTNO AND

E2.DEPTNO = D2.DEPTNO AND

E3.DEPTNO = D3.DEPTNO AND

E1.HIREDATE < (SELECT E1.HIREDATE

FROM EMP E1

WHERE E1.ENAME = ‘MARTIN’) AND

D2.DNAME IN (‘ACCOUNTING’, ‘SALES’) AND

E3.SAL > (SELECT E3.SAL

FROM EMP E3
 P a g e | 94

WHERE E3.ENAME = ‘SMITH’);

OUTER JOIN

In outer join, we get the matched records along with the unmatched records.

• LEFT OUTER JOIN: In left outer join, we get the unmatched records along with the matched
records from left table.

SELECT *
FROM EMP E, DEPT D
WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO (+)

Syntax:

ANSI: SELECT COLUMN_NAME

FROM TABLE_NAME1 LEFT [OUTER] JOIN TABLE_NAME2
ON <JOIN_CONDITION>;
Example: SELECT *
FROM EMP E LEFT OUTER JOIN DEPT D
ON E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO;

ORACLE: SELECT COLUMN_NAME

FROM TABLE_NAME1, TABLE_NAME2
WHERE TABLE_NAME1.COLUMN_NAME = TABLE_NAME2.COLUMN_NAME (+);
Example: SELECT *
FROM EMP E, DEPT D
WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO (+);

• RIGHT OUTER JOIN: It is used to get the unmatched records along with the matched records
from right table.
 P a g e | 95

SELECT *
FROM EMP E, DEPT D
WHERE E.DEPTNO (+) = D.DEPTNO;

Syntax:

ANSI: SELECT COLUMN_NAME

FROM TABLE_NAME1 RIGHT [OUTER]
JOIN TABLE_NAME2
ON <JOIN_CONDITION>;
Example: SELECT *
FROM EMP E RIGHT OUTER JOIN DEPT D
ON E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO;

ORACLE: SELECT COLUMN_NAME

FROM TABLE_NAME1, TABLE_NAME2
WHERE TABLE_NAME1.COLUMN_NAME (+) = TABLE_NAME2.COLUMN_NAME;
Example: SELECT *
FROM EMP E, DEPT D
WHERE E.DEPTNO (+) = D.DEPTNO;

• FULL OUTER JOIN: It is used to get the unmatched records along with the matched records
from both the table.
 P a g e | 96

Syntax:

ANSI: SELECT COLUMN_NAME

FROM TABLE_NAME1 FULL [OUTER] JOIN TABLE_NAME2
ON <JOIN_CONDITION>;
Example: SELECT *
FROM EMP E FULL OUTER JOIN DEPT D
ON E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO;

NATURAL JOIN

• In Natural Join, we won’t be writing any join condition.

• If there are similar columns between 2 table, we will be getting the output of inner join.
• If there are no similar columns, we will be getting the output of cartesian join.

**Why do we go for Natural Join?

Whenever we don’t know the structure of a table we go for natural join.

Syntax:
 P a g e | 97

ANSI: SELECT COLUMN_NAME

FROM TABLE_NAME1 NATURAL JOIN TABLE_NAME2;

Example: 1. SELECT *

FROM EMP NATURAL JOIN DEPT;

2. SELECT *

FROM EMP NATURAL JOIN SALGRADE;

PSEUDO-COLUMN

Pseudo Column is the false columns that are present in each & every table & it must be called Explicitly.

TYPES OF PSEUDO-COLUMN

• ROWID
• ROWNUM

ROWID: ROWID is an 18-digit address in which records are present or, stored in a memory.

NOTE:

• ROWID is one of the ways to access or, delete the record.

• ROWID is unique.
• ROWID is generated at the time of insertion of records.
• ROWID cannot be inserted, updated or deleted.
• Empty table will not be having ROWID.
• ROWID is static in nature (constant).
• ROWID can be used to identify a record uniquely from the table when there is no key attribute
or primary key.

ROWNUM

ROWNUM acts as serial number to the result table.

• ROWNUM is used as record number that is assigned to the result table.

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• ROWNUM is dynamic in nature (Keeps on changing).

• ROWNUM is generated at the time of execution.
• ROWNUM always starts with 1.
• ROWNUM cannot be duplicated.
• ROWNUM gets incremented after it is assigned.
• ROWNUM changes because it depends on the result table.

Q251. WAQTD the first five records from EMP table.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE ROWNUM <= 5;

Q252. WAQTD first three records from EMP table.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE ROWNUM <=3;

Q253. WAQTD the first seven records from EMP table.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE ROWNUM <=7;

Q254. WAQTD the first record from EMP table.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE ROWNUM = 1;

Q255. WAQTD the first four records from EMP table.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE ROWNUM <=4;

Q256. WAQTD 3rd record from EMP table. (Conceptual Question)

 P a g e | 99

a. To make ROWNUM as static.

b. Change the ROWNUM to any other name by using alias SLNO.

c. Use this sub-query in FROM clause of outer query.

d. In the outer query, use the alias name in the condition.

 P a g e | 100

SELECT *

FROM (SELECT ROWNUM AS SLNO, EMP.*

FROM EMP)

WHERE SLNO = 3;

Q257. WAQTD 5th record from the EMP table.

SELECT *

FROM (SELECT ROWNUM SLNO, EMP.*

FROM EMP)

WHERE SLNO = 5;

Q258. WAQTD ENAME, SAL from 7th record.

SELECT ENAME, SAL

FROM (SELECT ROWNUM SLNO, EMP.*

FROM EMP)

WHERE SLNO = 7;

Q259. WAQTD 1st, 3rd, 5th, & 8th records from EMP table.

SELECT *

FROM (SELECT ROWNUM SLNO, EMP.*

FROM EMP)

WHERE SLNO IN (1, 3, 5, 8);

Q260. WAQTD ENAME of 8th, 7th & 6th record.

SELECT ENAME
 P a g e | 101

FROM (SELECT ROWNUM, EMP.*

FROM EMP)

WHERE SLNO IN (8, 7, 6);

Q261. WAQTD top 3 records from the EMP table.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE ROWNUM <=3;

Q262. WAQTD last 3 records from EMP table. (Important)

SELECT *

FROM (SELECT ROWNUM SLNO, EMP.*

FROM EMP

ORDER BY SLNO DESC)

WHERE ROWNUM<=3;

Q263. WAQTD 3rd maximum salary. (Using ROWNUM method)

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Syntax for Nth MAX(SAL)

SELECT SAL

FROM (SELECT ROWNUM SLNO, SAL

FROM (SELECT DISTINCT SAL

FROM EMP

ORDER BY SAL DESC))

WHERE SLNO = N;

Syntax for Nth MIN(SAL)

SELECT SAL

FROM (SELECT ROWNUM SLNO, SAL

FROM (SELECT DISTINCT SAL

 P a g e | 103

FROM EMP

ORDER BY SAL ASC))

WHERE SLNO = N;

Q264. WAQTD 7th minimum salary.

SELECT SAL

FROM (SELECT ROWNUM SLNO, SAL

FROM (SELECT DISTINCT SAL

FROM EMP

ORDER BY SAL ASC))

WHERE SLNO = 7;

Q265. WAQTD name of an employee who is getting 5th Minimum salary.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL IN (SELECT SAL

FROM (SELECT ROWNUM SLNO, SAL

FROM (SELECT DISTINCT SAL

FROM EMP

ORDER BY SAL ASC))

WHERE SLNO = 5);

Q266. WAQTD names of an employee who are earning 2nd maximum salary.

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP

WHERE SAL IN (SELECT SAL

 P a g e | 104

FROM (SELECT ROWNUM SLNO, SAL

FROM (SELECT DISTINCT SAL

FROM EMP

ORDER BY SAL DESC))

WHERE SLNO = 2);

Q267. WAQTD DNAME of an employee earning 4th minimum salary.

SELECT DNAME

FROM EMP, DEPT

WHERE EMP.DEPTNO = DEPT.DEPTNO AND

SAL IN (SELECT SAL

FROM (SELECT ROWNUM SLNO, SAL

FROM (SELECT DISTINCT SAL

FROM EMP

ORDER BY SAL ASC))

WHERE SLNO = 4);

DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML)

There are 3 statements in DML:

1. INSERT
2. UPDATE
3. DELETE

Here, BONUS table has no records.

Consider this BONUS table, as an example. INSERT, UPDATE & DELETE the records in SQL.

BONUS

ENAME JOB SAL COMM

HARSH SALESMAN 5000 300
BHUVI MANAGER 7000 200
HARDIK CLERK 3000 0
NAWAZ PRESIDENT 9000 500
 P a g e | 105

INSERT

INSERT is used to enter the records to a particular table.

Syntax:

1. INSERT INTO TABLE_NAMES VALUES (V1, V2, V3, ……, VN);

Example: INSERT INTO BONUS VALUES (‘HARSH’, ‘SALESMAN’, 5000, 300);

2. INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME (COL1, COL2, COL3, ……, COLN)

VALUES (V1, V2, V3, ……., VN);

Example: INSERT INTO BONUS (ENAME, JOB, SAL, COMM)

VALUES (‘BHUVI’, ‘MANAGER’, 7000, 200);

Use COMMIT at the end, to save the inserted values of the table. If not used, the inserted data in the
table gets erased once SQL is closed.

3. INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME (COL1, COL2, COL3, ……, COLN)

VALUES (&COL1, &COL2, &COL3, ……, &COLN);

Example: INSERT INTO BONUS (ENAME, JOB, SAL, COMM)

VALUES (&ENAME, &JOB, &SAL, &COMM);

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UPDATE

UPDATE is used to update the existing records of a table.

Syntax:
 P a g e | 107

UPDATE TABLE_NAME

SET COL1 = V1, COL2 = V2, ……, COLN = VN

[WHERE <FILTER_CONDITION>]

Example: UPADTE BONUS

SET SAL = 4000

WHERE ENAME = ‘HARSH’;

DELETE

DELETE is used to delete the records from a table.

Syntax:

DELETE

FROM TABLE_NAME

[WHERE <FILTER_CONDITION>];

Example: DELETE

FROM BONUS

WHERE ENAME = ‘NAWAZ’;

 P a g e | 108

Q268. WAQTD maximum salary of employee working as ‘PRESIDENT’ OR ‘SALESMAN’ OR,

‘MANAGER’ & earning more than FORD & his name must end with character ‘G’ or, ‘S’ & working in
‘NEW YORK’.

SELECT MAX(SAL)

FROM EMP E, DEPT D

WHERE E.DEPTNO = D.DEPTNO AND

E.JOB IN (‘PRESIDENT’, ‘SALESMAN’, ‘MANAGER’) AND

E.SAL > (SELECT E.SAL

FROM EMP E

WHERE E.ENAME = ‘FORD’) AND

E.ENAME LIKE ‘%G’ OR E.ENAME LIKE ‘%S’ AND

D.LOC = ‘NEW YORK’;

Q269. WAQTD DNAME of employees whose SLNO is 7.

SELECT DNAME

FROM DEPT

WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO

FROM (SELECT ROWNUM SLNO, EMP.*

FROM EMP)

WHERE SLNO = 7);

 P a g e | 109

Q270. WAQTD name of employees working as ‘SALESMAN’ in same DEPT as that of BLAKE & he gets
commission & his MANAGER hired in month of ‘MAY’ in ‘CHICAGO’ & manager’s manager earning
more than ‘SCOTT’ in ‘NEW YORK’.

SELECT E1.ENAME

FROM EMP E1, EMP E2, EMP E3, DEPT D1, DEPT D2, DEPT D3

WHERE E1.MGR = E2.EMPNO AND

E2.MGR = E3.EMPNO AND

E1.DEPTNO = D1.DEPTNO AND

E2.DEPTNO = D2.DEPTNO AND

E3.DEPTNO = D3.DEPTNO AND

E1.JOB = ‘SALESMAN’ AND

E1.DEPTNO IN (SELECT E1.DEPTNO

FROM EMP E1

WHERE E1.ENAME = ‘BLAKE’) AND

E1.COMM IS NOT NULL AND E2.HIREDATE LIKE ‘%MAY%’ AND D2.LOC = ‘CHICAGO’ AND

E3.SAL > (SELECT E3.SAL

FROM EMP E3

WHERE E3.ENAME = ‘SCOTT’ AND

D3.LOC = ‘NEW YORK’);

DATA DEFINATION LANGUAGE (DDL)

There are 5 statements:

1. CREATE
2. RENAME
3. ALTER
4. TRUNCATE
5. DROP
 P a g e | 110

CREATE

It is used to create a table.

Syntax:

CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME

COLUMN_NAME_1 DATATYPE NOT NULL/ [NULL],

COLUMN_NAME_2 DATATYPE NOT NULL/ [NULL],

COLUMN_NAME_n DATATYPE NOT NULL/ [NULL],

CONSTRAINT CONSTRAINT_REF_NAME UNIQUE (COLUMN_NAME),

CONSTRAINT CONSTRAINT_REF_NAME CHECK (CONDITIONS),

CONSTRAINT CONSTRAINT_REF_NAME PRIMARY KEY (COLUMN_NAME),

CONSTRAINT CONSTRAINT_REF_NAME FOREIGN KEY (COLUMN_NAME),

REFRENCES PARENT_TABLE_NAME (COLUMN_NAME)

);

Let’s CREATE a table named STUDENT,

CREATE TABLE STUDENT

SID NUMBER (3) NOT NULL,

NAME VARCHAR (40) NOT NULL,

BRANCH VARCHAR (30) NOT NULL,

PERC NUMBER (3) NOT NULL,

CONSTRAINT PERCCH CHECK (PERC>0),

CONSTRAINT SIDPK PRIMARY KEY (SID)

);
 P a g e | 111

To Describe the COLUMN_NAMES of a table.

RENAME

It is used to change the name of a table.

Syntax:

RENAME CURENT_TABLE_NAME TO NEW_TABLE_NAME;

Example: RENAME STUDENT TO STUD;

ALTER

It is a statement which is used to modify the table.

Syntax:

1. TO ADD A COLUMN:
ALTER TABLE_NAME
ADD COLUMN_NAME DATATYPE [NULL/NOT NULL];

Example: ALTER TABLE STUD

ADD MOBILENO NUMBER (0) NOT NULL;
 P a g e | 112

2. TO DROP A COLUMN:
ALTER TABLE TABLE_NAME
DROP COLUMN_NAME;

Example: ALTER TABLE STUD

DROP COLUMN MOBILENO;

3. TO CHANGE THE DATATYPE:

ALTER TABLE TABLE_NAME
MODIFY COLUMN_NAME NEW_DATATYPE;

Example: ALTER TABLE STUD

MODIFY NAME VARCHAR (30);

4. TO CHANGE THE NOT NULL CONSTRAINT:

ALTER TABLE TABLE_NAME
MODIFY COLUMN_NAME EXISTING DATATYPE NULL/ NOT NULL;

Example: ALTER TABLE STUD

MODIFY BRANCH VARCHAR (10) NULL;

5. TO RENAME THE COLUMN:

ALTER TABLE TABLE_NAME
RENAME COLUMN CURRENT_NAME TO NEW_NAME;

Example: ALTER TABLE STUD

RENAME MOBILENO TO MOB_NO;

TRUNCATE

It is used to delete all the records from a table permanently.

Syntax:

TRUNCATE TABLE TABLE_NAME;

DROP

It is used to drop a table.

Syntax:

DROP TABLE TABLE_NAME

1. TO RECOVER THE TABLE (ONLY IN ORACLE):

 P a g e | 113

Syntax:

FLASHBACK TABLE TABLE_NAME

TO BEFORE DROP

[RENAME TO NEW_NAME];

2. TO DROP THE TABLE FROM RECYCLE BIN

Syntax:

PURGE TABLE TABLE_NAME;

TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE (TCL)

There are 3 statements:

1. COMMIT
2. SAVEPOINT
3. ROLLBACK

COMMIT

It is used to save the records.

Syntax: COMMIT;

SAVEPOINT

It is used to give the checkpoint to a particular operation.

Syntax: SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT_NAME;

ROLLBACK

It is used as a UNDO operation.

Syntax: ROLLBACK;

ROLLBACK TO
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It is used to go to the particular SAVEPOINT.

Syntax: ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT_NAME;

DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE (DCL)

It has 2 statements:

1. GRANT
2. REVOKE

GRANT

It is used to give the permission to another database to access the data.

Syntax:

GRANT SQL_STATEMENTS ON TABLE_NAME

TO USER_NAME;

Example: GRANT SELECT ON EMPLOYEES

TO SCOTT;

REVOKE

It is used to take back that permission.

Syntax:

REVOKE SQL_STATEMENTS ON TABLE_NAME

FROM USER_NAME;

Example: REVOKE SELECT ON EMPLOYEES

FROM SCOTT;

Q271. WAQTD first character of names of all the employees.

SELECT SUBSTR (ENAME, 1, 1)

FROM EMP;
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Q272. WAQTD first 3 characters of the name of all the employees.

SELECT SUBSTR (ENAME, 1, 3)

FROM EMP;

Q273. WAQTD details of an employee whose name starts with character ‘A’ using single row
function.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE SUBSTR (ENAME, 1, 1) = ‘A’;

Q274. WAQTD details of an employee whose designation ends with character ‘N’.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE SUBSTR (JOB, -1, 1) = ‘N’;

Q275. WAQTD names of an employee whose name starts with character ‘A’ or ‘S’

SELECT ENAME

FROM EMP
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WHERE SUBSTR (ENAME, 1, 1) IN (‘A’, ‘S’);

***Q276. WAQTD details of an employee whose name starts with vowels.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE SUBSTR (ENAME, 1, 1) IN (‘A’, ‘E’, ‘I’, ‘O’, ‘U’);

Q277. WAQTD names of an employee along with number of characters they are having in their
name.

SELECT ENAME, LENGTH (‘ENAME’)

FROM EMP;

Q278. WAQTD number of employees having exactly 4 characters in his name using single row
function.

SELECT COUNT (*)

FROM EMP

WHERE LENGTH (ENAME) = 4;

Q279. WAQTD name in uppercase, designation in lowercase if their name has five characters &
getting 3-digit salary.

SELECT UPPER (ENAME), LOWER (JOB)

FROM EMP

WHERE LENGTH (ENAME) = 5 AND LENGTH (SAL) = 3;

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**Q280. WAQTD first character & last character of employee name in uppercase & rest of the
characters in lowercase.

SELECT UPPER(SUBSTR(ENAME,1,1)) || LOWER(SUBSTR(ENAME,2,LENGTH(ENAME)-2)) ||

UPPER(SUBSTR(ENAME,-1,1))

FROM EMP;

**Q281. WAQTD first half of employee name in uppercase & second half in lowercase & reverse.

SELECT UPPER(SUBSTR(ENAME,1,2)) || REVERSE(LOWER(SUBSTR(ENAME,3,LENGTH(ENAME)-1)))

FROM EMP;

Q282. WAQTD details of an employee hired on SATURDAY.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE TO_CHAR (HIREDATE, ‘DY’) = ‘SAT’;

Q283. WAQTD details of an employee hired on FRIDAY, SATURDAY & SUNDAY.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE TO_CHAR (HIREDATE, ‘DY’) IN (‘FRIDAY’, ‘SATUDAY’, ‘SUNDAY’);

Q284. WAQTD details of an employee hired in a month of OCTOBER, NOVEMBER & DECEMBER.
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SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE TO_CHAR (HIREDATE, ‘MON’) IN (‘OCT’, ‘NOV’, ‘DEC’);

OR,

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE TO_CHAR (HIREDATE, ‘MM’) IN (10, 11, 12);

Q285. WAQTD details of an employee if their name having character ‘A’ using Single Row
Function.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE INSTR (ENAME, ‘A’, 1, 1) > 0;

Q286. WAQTD details of an employee who is having at least two ‘A’ in his name using single row
function.

SELECT *

FROM EMP

WHERE INSTR (ENAME, ‘A’, 1, 2) > 0;

Q287. WAQTD total salary given to each employee.

SELECT ENAME, SAL, COMM, SAL+NVL (COMM, 0)

FROM EMP;

Explanation of Execution:

1600 + NVL (300, 0) = 1600 + 300 = 1900

5000 + NVL (NULL, 0) = 5000 + 0 = 5000

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1500 + NVL (0,0) = 1500 + 0 = 1500

FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCY

Let us consider the relation ‘R’ with 2 attributes ‘X’ & ‘Y’ respectively in which attribute ‘X’
determines attribute ‘Y’.

OR, in other words, ‘Y’ is dependent on ‘X’, there exists Functional Dependency.

R → {X, Y}

X→Y

Y is dependent on X.

TYPES OF FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCY

1. Total Functional Dependency

2. Partial Functional Dependency
3. Transitive Functional Dependency

TOTAL FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCY

If all the attribute in a relation is determined by a single attribute which is a Key Attribute, then there
exists Total Functional Dependency.

Example: Let us consider, a relation with 4 attributes A, B, C & D.

In which ‘A’ is a Key Attribute.

R → {A, B, C, D}

A→B
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A→C

A→D

There exists Total Functional Dependency.

A → {B, C, D}

PARTIAL FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCY

For a partial functional dependency to exists their must a Composite Key Attribute.

One of the Attribute in Composite Key relation determines another attribute separately & this is
known as Partial Functional Dependency.

Example: Let us consider a relation ‘R’ with 4 attributes A, B, C & D.

In which ‘A’ & ‘B’ are Composite Key Attributes.

R → {A, B, C, D}

(A, B) → (C, D)

B → {C}

There exists Partial Functional Dependency.

TRANSITIVE FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCY

If an attribute is determined by a non-key attribute which in turn is determined by a Key Attribute,

then there exists Transitive Functional Dependency.

Example: Let us consider a relation with 4 attributes A, B, C & D.

In which ‘A’ is a Key Attribute.

R → {A, B, C, D}

A→B

D→C

A→D

A→C

There exists Transitive Functional Dependency.

***DIFERRENCE BETWEEN TRUNCATE, DROP & DELETE

TRUNCATE DROP DELETE

1. TRUNCATE is used to DROP is used to delete the DELETE is used to delete a
delete all the records from table. particular record from a
a table permanently. table.
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2. We can’t get back the table We can get back the table We can get back the
that is truncated. that is dropped by using records that is deleted by
FLASHBACK. using ROLLBACK.
3. SYNTAX: SYNTAX: SYNTAX:
TRUNCATE TABLE DROP TABLE table_name DELETE
table_name FROM TABLE
WHERE [conditions]

***NORMALIZATION

• It is process of reducing a larger table into smaller table.

• In order to remove the redundancy & anomaly by identifying their functional dependency.

LEVELS OF NORMAL FORM

1. First Normal Form (1NF)

2. Second Normal Form (2NF)
3. Third Normal Form (3NF)
4. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)

NOTE:

A table is said to be normalized, if we reduce the table to 3rd normal form.

1NF

A table is said to be in 1st Normal Form, if it satisfies the following conditions

• A table should not consist of multi-valued data.

• A table should not have Duplicate or, Repeated values.

R → {EMPNO, ENAME, SAL, COMM, DEPTNO, DNAME, LOC}

2NF

A table is said to be in 2nd normal form, if it satisfies the following conditions

• A table should be in 1st normal form.

• The table should not have partial functional dependency.
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NOTE:

If the table consists of partial functional dependency, then the attributes responsible are removed
from the table.

3NF

A table is said to be in 3rd normal form, if it satisfies the following conditions

• A table should be in 2nd normal form.

• The table should not have transitive functional dependency.

NOTE:

If the table consists of transitive functional dependency, then the attributes responsible are
removed from the table.
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