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Exper ie n ce
PSYCHOLOGY THIRD EDITION

LAURA A. KING
3
Sleep Disorders 141
Dreams 143
Sensation and 3 Psychoactive Drugs 146
Uses of Psychoactive Drugs 146
Perception 84 Types of Psychoactive Drugs 147
4 Hypnosis 157
The Nature of Hypnosis 157
1 How We Sense and Perceive the World 85 Explaining Hypnosis 158
The Processes and Purposes of Sensation and Perception 85 Uses of Hypnosis 159
Sensory Receptors and the Brain 87 5 Meditation 160
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Can We Feel the Future? 90 Mindfulness Meditation 160
Thresholds 91 Lovingkindness Meditation 161
Perceiving Sensory Stimuli 93 INTERSECTION: Consciousness and Social Psychology: Can
Sensory Adaptation 95 Lovingkindness Meditation Reduce Prejudice? 162
2 The Visual System 96 The Meditative State of Mind 162
The Visual Stimulus and the Eye 96 PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Meditation at Work 163
Visual Processing in the Brain 101 Getting Started with Meditation 163
Color Vision 102
SUMMARY 164
Perceiving Shape, Depth, Motion, and Constancy 104
KEY TERMS 165
3 The Auditory System 110 ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 165

5
The Nature of Sound and How We Experience It 110
Structures and Functions of the Ear 110
Theories of Hearing 112
Auditory Processing in the Brain 114
Localizing Sound 114
4 Other Senses 115 Learning 166
The Skin Senses 116
The Chemical Senses 118
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Why Salt Is the Salt
of the Earth 119
1 Types of Learning 167
INTERSECTION: Emotion and Sensation: What Do Feelings
Smell Like? 121 2 Classical Conditioning 169
The Kinesthetic and Vestibular Senses 121 Pavlov’s Studies 169
Classical Conditioning in Humans 173
SUMMARY 123 PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Marketing Between
KEY TERMS 124 the Lines 176
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 124 INTERSECTION: Learning and Social Psychology: Can Classical

4
Conditioning Help Us Understand the Meaning of Life? 177
3 Operant Conditioning 178
Defining Operant Conditioning 178
Thorndike’s Law of Effect 179
Skinner’s Approach to Operant Conditioning 180
States of Consciousness 125 Shaping 180
Principles of Reinforcement 181
Applied Behavior Analysis 188
4 Observational Learning 189
1 The Nature of Consciousness 126
Defining Consciousness 127 5 Cognitive Factors in Learning 191
Consciousness and the Brain 127 Purposive Behavior 191
Theory of Mind 128 Insight Learning 192
Levels of Awareness 128 6 Biological, Cultural, and Psychological Factors in Learning 194
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: On Second Thought, Biological Constraints 194
Is Conscious Reflection Required for Moral Behavior? 130 Cultural Influences 196
2 Sleep and Dreams 133 Psychological Constraints 196
Biological Rhythms and Sleep 133 CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Do Learning Styles Matter
Why Do We Need Sleep? 134 to Learning? 197
Stages of Wakefulness and Sleep 136 SUMMARY 199
Sleep Throughout the Life Span 139 KEY TERMS 200
Sleep and Disease 140 ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 200

C on t en t s // vii
6
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Is There a Link Between
Creative Genius and Psychopathology? 255
3 Intelligence 256
Memory 201 Measuring Intelligence 257
Genetic and Environmental Influences
on Intelligence 260
Extremes of Intelligence 262
INTERSECTION: Educational Psychology and Social
1 The Nature of Memory 202
Psychology: Do Teachers Have Stereotypes
2 Memory Encoding 203 About Gifted Children? 264
Attention 203 Theories of Multiple Intelligences 266
Levels of Processing 204
4 Language 268
Elaboration 204
The Basic Properties of Language 268
Imagery 205
Language and Cognition 269
3 Memory Storage 207 Biological and Environmental Influences on Language 271
Sensory Memory 207 Language Development over the Life Span 273
Short-Term Memory 208
Long-Term Memory 211 SUMMARY 276
KEY TERMS 277
4 Memory Retrieval 219 ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 277
Serial Position Effect 219

8
Retrieval Cues and the Retrieval Task 220
Special Cases of Retrieval 222
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Can Children Be Reliable
Eyewitnesses to Their Own Abuse? 226
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Using Psychological
Research to Improve Police Lineups 228 Human Development 278
5 Forgetting 229
Encoding Failure 230
Retrieval Failure 230
INTERSECTION: Cognitive Psychology and Social 1 Exploring Human Development 279
Psychology: If We Can Forgive, Does That Help Research Methods in Developmental Psychology 279
Us Forget? 233 How Do Nature and Nurture Influence Development? 280
Do Early Experiences Rule Us for Life? 280
6 Tips from the Science of Memory—for Studying
Nature, Nurture, and You 281
and for Life 234
Three Domains of Development 282
Organizing, Encoding, Rehearsing, and Retrieving
Course Content 235 2 Physical Development 283
Autobiographical Memory and the Life Story 236 Prenatal Physical Development 283
Keeping Memory Sharp 237 Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood 285
Physical Development in Adolescence 288
SUMMARY 238 Physical Development in Adulthood 290
KEY TERMS 240
3 Cognitive Development 294

7
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 240
Cognitive Development from Childhood
into Adulthood 294
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: The Joy of the Toy 299
Cognitive Processes in Adulthood 300
Thinking, Intelligence, 4 Socioemotional Development 302
and Language 241 Socioemotional Development in Infancy 302
INTERSECTION: Developmental and Social
Psychology: Is Attachment an Enduring
Aspect of Life? 304
1 The Cognitive Revolution in Psychology 242 Erikson’s Theory of Socioemotional Development 305
2 Thinking 244 CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Is Parenthood Associated
Concepts 245 with Happiness? 312
Problem Solving 245 5 Gender Development 314
Reasoning and Decision Making 248 Biology and Gender Development 314
Thinking Critically and Creatively 252 Cognitive Aspects of Gender Development 315
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Help Wanted: Critical Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development 315
and Creative Thinkers 253 Nature and Nurture Revisited: The John/Joan Case 316

viii // Co nte n ts
6 Moral Development 317 5 Motivation and Emotion: The Pursuit of Happiness 358
Kohlberg’s Theory 317 Biological Factors in Happiness 358
Critics of Kohlberg 318 Obstacles in the Pursuit of Happiness 358
Moral Development in a Socioemotional Happiness Activities and Goal Striving 359
Context 318
SUMMARY 360
7 Death, Dying, and Grieving 319 KEY TERMS 361
Terror Management Theory: A Cultural Shield ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 361
Against Mortality 320

10
Kübler-Ross’s Stages of Dying 320
Bonanno’s Theory of Grieving 321
Carving Meaning Out of the Reality
of Death 321
8 Active Development as a Lifelong Process 322
SUMMARY 323 Personality 362
KEY TERMS 324
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 324

1 Psychodynamic Perspectives 363

9
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory 363
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Defense Mechanisms
and the Psychology of Hypocrisy 366
Motivation Psychodynamic Critics and Revisionists 368
Evaluating the Psychodynamic Perspectives 370
and Emotion 325
2 Humanistic Perspectives 371
Maslow’s Approach 371
Rogers’s Approach 372
Evaluating the Humanistic Perspectives 373
1 Theories of Motivation 326
3 Trait Perspectives 374
The Evolutionary Approach 326
Trait Theories 374
Drive Reduction Theory 326
The Five-Factor Model of Personality 375
Optimum Arousal Theory 327
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Is There One Really
2 Hunger and Sex 328 Great Personality? 378
The Biology of Hunger 328 Evaluating the Trait Perspectives 380
Obesity 330
4 Personological and Life Story Perspectives 381
The Biology of Sex 332
Murray’s Personological Approach 381
Cognitive and Sensory/Perceptual Factors
The Life Story Approach to Identity 382
in Sexuality 333
Evaluating the Life Story Approach
Cultural Factors in Sexuality 334
and Similar Perspectives 383
Sexual Behavior and Orientation 335
5 Social Cognitive Perspectives 383
3 Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory 384
in Everyday Life 340
Mischel’s Contributions 385
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs 340
Evaluating the Social Cognitive Perspectives 387
Self-Determination Theory 341
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: What Motivates 6 Biological Perspectives 388
Suicide Bombers? 342 Personality and the Brain 388
Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Motivation 344 Personality and Behavioral Genetics 391
Self-Regulation: The Successful Pursuit of Goals 344 Evaluating the Biological Perspectives 391
INTERSECTION: Motivation and Behavior Genetics: 7 Personality Assessment 392
Why Do We Procrastinate? 346 Self-Report Tests 392
4 Emotion 347 INTERSECTION: Personality and Neuroscience:
Biological Factors in Emotion 347 How Do the Brain's Hemispheres Complete
Cognitive Factors in Emotion 350 a Questionnaire? 394
Behavioral Factors in Emotion 352 Projective Tests 395
Sociocultural Factors in Emotion 353 Other Assessment Methods 396
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Expressing Ourselves
SUMMARY 397
Online: The Psychology of Emoticons 355
KEY TERMS 398
Classifying Emotions 355
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 398
Adaptive Functions of Emotions 356

C on t en t s // ix
11
Social Anxiety Disorder 446
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 447
OCD-Related Disorders 447
Social Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 448
Psychology 399 PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: The Psychological Wounds
of War 449
3 Disorders Involving Emotion and Mood 450
Depressive Disorders 450
1 Defining Social Psychology 400
Bipolar Disorder 453
Features of Social Psychology 400
4 Eating Disorders 454
2 Social Cognition 402
Anorexia Nervosa 454
Person Perception 402
Bulimia Nervosa 455
Attribution 404
INTERSECTION: Clinical Psychology and Emotion: Does
The Self as a Social Object and Social Comparison 406
Positive Emotion Play a Role in Anorexia Nervosa? 456
Attitudes 406
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa: Causes
Persuasion 408
and Treatments 456
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Making the Sale! 409
Binge-Eating Disorder 457
3 Social Behavior 410 Binge-Eating Disorder: Causes and Treatments 457
Altruism 410
5 Dissociative Disorders 458
Aggression 413
Dissociative Amnesia 459
4 Close Relationships 417 Dissociative Identity Disorder 459
Attraction 417
6 Schizophrenia 461
Love 418
Symptoms of Schizophrenia 462
Models of Close Relationships 419
Causes of Schizophrenia 463
5 Social Influence and Group Processes 420
7 Personality Disorders 466
Conformity and Obedience 420
Antisocial Personality Disorder 466
INTERSECTION: Social Psychology and Cross-Cultural
Borderline Personality Disorder 468
Psychology: Why Are Some Nations More Conforming
Than Others? 422 8 Suicide 469
Group Influence 425 9 Combatting Stigma 472
Social Identity 427 Consequences of Stigma 472
Prejudice 429 Overcoming Stigma 474
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Why Does a Cell Phone Look
Like a Gun? 431 SUMMARY 474
Improving Intergroup Relations 432 KEY TERMS 476
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 476

13
SUMMARY 434
KEY TERMS 435
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 435

12
Therapies 477
Psychological
Disorders 436
1 Approaches to Treating Psychological Disorders 478
The Psychological Approach to Therapy 478
The Biological Approach to Therapy 478
1 Defining and Explaining Abnormal Behavior 437 The Sociocultural Approach to Therapy 480
Three Criteria of Abnormal Behavior 437
2 Psychotherapy 481
Culture, Context, and the Meaning of Abnormal Behavior 438
Central Issues in Psychotherapy 481
Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorders 438
Psychodynamic Therapies 483
Classifying Abnormal Behavior 440
Humanistic Therapies 485
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Does Everyone
Behavior Therapies 486
Have ADHD? 442
Cognitive Therapies 488
2 Anxiety and Anxiety-Related Disorders 443 PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Seeking Therapy?
Generalized Anxiety Disorder 443 There Is Probably an App for That 491
Panic Disorder 444 Therapy Integrations 491
Specific Phobia 445

x // Co nt e n ts
3 Biological Therapies 492 4 Toward a Healthier Mind (and Body):
Drug Therapy 493 Controlling Stress 520
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Are Antidepressants Better Stress and Its Stages 520
Than Placebos? 495 Stress and the Immune System 521
Antipsychotic Drugs 496 Stress and Cardiovascular Disease 522
Electroconvulsive Therapy 496 Stress and Cancer 523
Psychosurgery 498 Cognitive Appraisal and Coping with Stress 524
Strategies for Successful Coping 525
4 Sociocultural Approaches and Issues in Treatment 499
Stress Management Programs 526
Group Therapy 499
Family and Couples Therapy 500 5 Toward a Healthier Body (and Mind): Behaving as If Your Life
Self-Help Support Groups 501 Depends upon It 527
Community Mental Health 502 Becoming Physically Active 527
Cultural Perspectives 502 Eating Right 529
INTERSECTION: Clinical and Cultural Psychology: PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Environments That Support
How Can Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Work Across Active Lifestyles 530
Different Belief Systems? 503 INTERSECTION: Health Psychology and Cognition: Can
Mindless Processing Enhance Healthy Eating? 532
SUMMARY 505 Quitting Smoking 532
KEY TERMS 506 Practicing Safe Sex 533
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 506

14
6 Psychology and Your Good Life 534
SUMMARY 535
KEY TERMS 536
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 536
Health HUMAN DEVELOPMENT (CHRONOLOGICAL APPROACH)
Psychology 507  McGRAW-HILL EDUCATION PSYCHOLOGY APA
DOCUMENTATION STYLE GUIDE

1 Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine 508

The Biopsychosocial Model 508
Connections Between Mind and Body 509
2 Making Positive Life Changes 510
Theoretical Models of Change 510
The Stages of Change Model 510
3 Resources for Effective Life Change 514
Motivation 514 ■ Glossary G-1
Social Relationships 515
Religious Faith 516 ■ References R-1
Personality Characteristics 517 ■ Name Index NI-1
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: How Powerful Is the Power
of Positive Thinking? 519 ■ Subject Index SI-1

C on t en t s // xi
preface
Experience Psychology
Some Students Take Psychology . . .
Others Experience It!
Informed by student data, Experience Psychology helps students understand and appre-
ciate psychology as an integrated whole. The personalized, adaptive learning program,
thought-provoking examples, and interactive assessments help students see psychology
in the world around them and experience it in everyday life. Experience Psychology is
about, well, experience—our own behaviors; our relationships at home and in our
communities, in school, and at work; and our interactions in different learning environ-
ments. Grounded in meaningful real-world contexts, Experience Psychology’s contem-
porary examples, personalized author notes, and applied exercises speak directly to
students, allowing them to engage with psychology and to learn verbally, visually, and
experientially—by reading, seeing, and doing. Function is introduced before dysfunc-
tion, building student understanding by looking first at typical, everyday behavior
before delving into the less common—and likely less personally experienced—rare and
abnormal behavior. Experience Psychology places the science of psychology, and the
research that helps students see the academic foundations of the discipline, at the
forefront of the course.
With the learning system of Experience Psychology, students do not just “take” psy-
chology but actively experience it.

Experience a Personalized Approach

How many students think they know everything about introductory psychology but strug-
gle on the first exam?

A PERSONALIZED EXPERIENCE THAT LEADS TO IMPROVED

LEARNING AND RESULTS
Students study more effectively with SmartBook.
■ Make It Effective. Powered by LearnSmart®, SmartBook makes study time as produc-
tive and efficient as possible. It identifies and closes knowledge gaps through a con-
tinually adapting reading experience that introduces personalized learning resources
at the precise moment needed. This ensures that every minute spent with SmartBook
is the most value-added minute possible. The result? More confidence, better grades,
and greater success.

xii // P r ef ace
■ Make It Informed. Real-time reports quickly identify the concepts that require more
attention from individual students—or the entire class. SmartBook detects the content
a student is most likely to forget and brings it back to improve long-term knowledge
retention.

PERSONAL NOTES FROM THE AUTHOR THAT PROMOTE UNDERSTANDING

Experience Psychology, emphasizes a personal approach, with an abundance of per-
sonal pedagogical “asides” communicated directly by author Laura King to stu-
dents to guide their understanding and stimulate their interest as they read. Adaptation, adaptability, and
Some of these helpful notes highlight important terms and concepts; others adapt: Psychologists use these
prompt students to think critically about the complexities of the issues; still terms when referring to the ability
others encourage students to apply what they have learned to their prior to function in a changing world.
reading or to a new situation. These mini-conversations between the author and
the reader help develop students’ analytical skills for them to carry and apply well
beyond their course.

Experience the Power of Data

Experience Psychology harnesses the power of data to improve the instructor and stu-
dent experiences.

BETTER DATA, SMARTER REVISION,

IMPROVED RESULTS
For this new edition, data were analyzed to THE HEAT MAP STORY
identify the concepts students found to be the APPRECIATING THE POWER OF STUDENT DATA
most difficult, allowing for expansion upon
the discussion, practice and assessment of STEP 1. Over the course of three years, data
challenging topics. The revision process for a points showing concepts that caused
students the most difficulty were anonymously
new edition used to begin with gathering
collected from Connect Psychology’s LearnSmart
information from instructors about what they for Experience Psychology, 2e.
would change and what they would keep.
Experts in the field were asked to provide
comments that pointed out new material to STEP 2. The data from LearnSmart was provided to
add and dated material to review. Using all the author in the form of a Heat Map, which
these reviews, authors would revise the mate- graphically illustrated “hot spots” in the text
rial. But now, a new tool has revolutionized that impacted student learning.
that model.
McGraw-Hill Education authors now have
access to student performance data to analyze STEP 3. Laura King used the Heat Map data to refine
and to inform their revisions. This data is the content and reinforce student comprehension
anonymously collected from the many stu- in the new edition. Additional quiz questions
dents who use LearnSmart, the adaptive and assignable activities were created for use
learning system that provides students with in Connect Psychology to further support
student success.
individualized assessment of their own prog-
ress. Because virtually every text paragraph
is tied to several questions that students
RESULT: Because the Heat Map gave Laura King
answer while using LearnSmart, the specific
empirically-based feedback at the paragraph
concepts with which students are having the and even sentence level, she was able to develop
most difficulty are easily pinpointed through the new edition using precise student data that
empirical data in the form of a “heat map” pinpointed concepts that caused students the
report. most difficulty.

Preface // xiii
 PERSONALIZED GRADING, ON THE GO, MADE EASIER
Connect InsightTM is a one-of-kind visual analytics dashboard—now available for both
instructors and students—that provides at-a-glance information regarding student perfor-
mance. The immediate analysis from Connect Insight empowers students and helps
instructors improve class performance efficiently and effectively.
■ Make It Intuitive. Instructors and students receive instant, at-a-glance views of per-
formance matched with student activity.
■ Make It Dynamic. Connect Insight puts real-time analytics in the user’s hands for a
just-in-time approach to teaching and learning.
■ Make It Mobile. Connect Insight is available on demand wherever and whenever
needed.

Experience an Emphasis
on Critical Thinking
Experience Psychology stimulates critical reflection
and analysis. The Challenge Your Thinking fea-
C h a ll e n g e cious Reflect
YOUR THINKING
ion
tures involve students in debates relevant to find-
ings from contemporary psychological research.
ought, Is Cons
On Second Th d for Moral Behavior? 2012; Thought-provoking questions encourage examina-
Require tions might lead
to nicer behavior
(Dawes & others,
showed that, while
that automatic reac
tion of the e­ vidence on both sides of a debate or
ies
r an iceberg. An ple, a series of stud e money with another
2011). For exam
arine traveling unde One crew- Zaki & Mitchell, to be selfish or shar on were more
of a military subm that allowed them much deliberati

S
en. playing a game
am is the captain el with limited oxyg ining oxygen decision without 2012).
onbo
member
ard expl
is
osio
mort
n has left the vess
ally injur
Sam
ed. He will certa
and his crew to
inly die.
surv ive.
The
The
rema
only way to save
pers on, peop le who made their
gene rous
Similarly,
(Ran
peop
d,
le
Greene, & Nowak,
who were instructed to
more generous
issue. For example, the Challenge in the “Thinking,
for h were
Intelligence, and Language” chapter asks students
enou gh hunc
in the sub is not injured follow their first to think
to shoot dead the were instructed
his crew is for Sam than those who
for Sam to kill him? gh carefully. Such
crewman. Is it okay their decisions throu times, automatic
to reflect on whether there is a link between cre-
ma,
this moral dilem est that, at
As you consider resu lts sugg moral
ct the two kinds
of selfish but reflect
see if you can dete d—at reactions are not
matic and controlle
ative genius and psychopathology while “Social
processes—auto migh t involve goodness. choi ces must rely on
mati c reac tion our mora l
work. Your auto g the Perhaps s and
the thought of killin emotional processe
outright horror at gh, you both automatic ly, we have
processes. Sure
crewmember. As
might consider that
you reflect, thou
killing that man
man will die, but
makes
man y
slower reflective
thes e two ways of processin
in important thing
g because they
s we do, Psychology’s” Challenge prompts them to con-
rational sense: One both play a role
sider how ethnicity might influence the tendency
n illustrates va &
d. This conclusio what is right (Kole
others will be save that considers including deciding Nich ols, 2011). Under-
l stanc e, one ; Mall on &
a utilitarian mora test num ber. others, 2012 mati c and controlled
grea auto
to misperceive harmless objects (such as wallets,
for the of
the greatest good standing the roles behavior
Jon Haidt (2001) l judgment and
Social psychologist el of moral processes in mora acter of
l-intuitionist mod into the very char
proposed a socia offers a glimpse
car keys, and cell phones) as handguns.
often
g. The mod el claims that we an natu re itself.
reas onin c, hum
l deci sion s based on automati If you wou ld like to explore and
make mora ive,
morality, check
out
. From this perspect
emotional reactions h to reflect on your own ted by
is used not so muc rg, a website crea
conscious thought fy them www.yourmorals.o , where
sions, but to justi social psychologists
Haidt and other
s
reach those deci mora l dilem mas, © Naypong/iS
tock/Getty Image
learn more about
after the fact. Rese
arch using
men ts nts, parti cipa te in surveys, and
n that mora l judg assessme
like Sam’s, has show l processes and auto- 2; you can take self-
invo lve emo tiona s thou ght (Gre ene & Haidt, 200 how “mo ral minds” work.
often ful consciou indi-
matic reactions,
rather than care that are active while
the brain regions
k, 2014 ). Indeed, amygdala) are often Think?
Lai, Haidt, & Nose
onal moral dilem
mas (such as the
& Greene, 2014; What Do You faced?
viduals resolve pers c emo tiona l reactions (Shenhav the last moral
dilemma you
automati ■ What was
those involved in to be mor- solv e it?
, 2013). tions less likely How did you
Xue, Wang, & Tang c reac

INTERSECTI
auto mati ans to
are based on we think for hum
Are decisions that ons for the way ■ Why might
it be adaptive
tion with implicati Are automatic s of thinking abou
t moral
a fascinating ques
ally right? That is
about human
impulses essential
natu re itself. Are people natu
ly selfish or can
often assumed that
rally good or bad?
they be kind? Altho
ugh
prosocial behavior—
tradi tiona lly
that is, behavior
c
have two way
dilem mas ?

Emotion and Se
ON
ride one’s automati
ns
What Do Feelin ation:
psychologists have the ability to over
rs—is based on recent research
suggests
that benefits othe 200 8), more
(DeWall & others,
selfi sh inter ests
gs Smell Like?

F
or man y species, it is
behavior. adaptive to
reasoning and members of a
group. Such call send out alarm calls to
ain of moral the ways
is in the dom ing focused on noises. Sometim s do not always women smelled
recent research al decision mak es involve the pads (along
a great deal of
Historically, psy
cho logi sts
g infl
Experience Psychology’s Intersection
interested in mor
uen ced moral judg
men t (Ko
role
hlberg, 1981).
of con
However,
scious reflecti
on
when faced with they involve smells. For exa
release chemic a hungry pred
als that inform ator, a nervous
other fish in its
mple,
fish might
while various
measured faci
measures wer
al muscle acti
with some unu
e taken. First, sed “control pad
the researchers s”)
reasonin stion the Your Unfortunately vity to see if the precisely
that conscious
sions conform
see Challenge
features are also designed to spark critical
e begun to que for these pote school to esc ed women’s facial
ut this work, ape to the
e rece ntly scientists hav mor e abo markable sen
se of smell. So,
ntial snacks, sha
rks also have
. they emitted the emotions the
men wer
expres-
mor To read a re- sweat. Results e exp
showed that wom eriencing while
al dilemmas. warning signals, when a fish sen more likely to
in resolving mor members of its ds out chemic show a fear face en’s faces wer
thought. Showcasing studies in different
fear. In nonhum school (and sha al more likely to when smelling e
an animals, suc rks) can smell
Thinking. way to commun h “chemosigna the show
sweat. In addition a disgust face while smelling
the fear sweat
and
icat ls” provide a quic
mans do not hav e alarms. It has long been k sniffing the fear
, the heart rate
s for the wom
the disgust

areas of psychological research that focus

e chemosigna assumed that swe at. en wer
us to smell a cert ls, that our emo hu- sweat influenc Finally, the emo e higher while
ain way to othe tions do not cau ed the type of tion associated
scio usn ess (Wyatt, 2003). rs se women were sniffing that occ with the
// Sta tes of Con However, rese more likely to urred. For fear
on the same topic, the Intersections shed
APTER 4 has begun to arch take a big sec sweat,
130 // C H suggest that our ond whiff of the
emotions may but for disgust swe sweat,
affect the odo at, the second
4/24/15 1:38 PM emit. In particul rs we sniff was muc
light on the links between, and the recip-
ar, our sweat h sma ller.
smell different may the smelling port Imp ortantly,
when we are ion of the stud
afraid. In one feeling was a double- y
study, particip blind procedu
ants
rocal influences of, this exciting work,
who smelled meaning that re,
the sweat exc neither the wom
130 by people who reted nor en
25-165.indd were afraid wer the researcher
kin61965_ch04_1 runn
more cautiou e study knew whi ing the
s than those who
and they raise provocative questions for smelled sweat
through physica
excreted by peo
l activity (Zho
ple
which, and only
knew that the
ch pads were
the researcher
odors in the pad
u&
student reflection and class discussion.
Chen, 2009). were from diffe s
rent kinds of swe
In several stud Of cou rse, if they kne at.
ies, Jasper de w what they
Groot and his were smelling
colleagues (de
For example, the selection for the “Moti- & others, 2012; Groot , all of the wom
de Groot, Sem might have bee en
Smeets, 2014) in, & n pret ty disgusted!
have examined You might assu
me that what
vation and Emotion” chapter, “Motiva-
whether the che © Tom Merto people do to
mical signals n/OJO Image
s/Getty Image communicate
ted by a person emit- s SCREAM. But fear is
while feeling a this research
same emotion particular emo ges ts that humans sug-
in another pers tion fosters that
tion and Behavior Genetics: Why Do In one study, the
very warm room
researchers first
, watched one
on who smelled
collected swe
that person’s
at. Men, seated
swe at.
visual, and eve
us that if we wan
n olfa ctor
mals,useseveral
y—to warn of
t to appear calm danger. The stud
cha
, like other ani-
nne ls—auditory,
ings of fear (sce of two film clip in a y reminds
We Procrastinate?” prompts students to nes s meant to fost we might ame and cool even
from the televisio from the movie The Shining) er feel- let them smell
nd “Never let
them see you under duress
,
n show Jackas or sweat” to “An
tucked into thei s), while absorbe disgust (scenes your sweat, eith
er.” d never
r armpits. The nt pads were
think about whether genes can predis- needed for the
second part of
se pads were
then frozen unti
the study. In that
second part,
l

pose individuals to procrastinate.

\\ What other emotion
s cause
us to smell different
to others?
Th e Ki ne st he
tic an d Ve st ib ul
You know the
difference betw
ar Se ns es
up. To perform een walking and
even the simples running and betw
t act of motor een
kinesthetic sens
es
a book off a shel
f or getting up coordination, such lying down and sitting
Senses that prov dinate informa out of a chair, as reaching out
ide tion from ever the brain must to take
information abou give you informa y part of the bod constantly rece
movement, post
t tion about you y. Your body has ive and coor-
to maintain bala r movement and two
ure,
nce. The kinesth orientation in spac kinds of senses that
xiv // P r ef ace
and orientatio
n. and orientation. etic senses prov e, as well as help
The vestibular ide information
about moveme you vestibular sense
sense provides nt, posture, Sense that provides informa-
information abo
ut balance and tion
movement. mov about balance and
ement.

Oth er Sen ses

// 121
 involvement in complex, integrative functions. typed patterns of
behavior such as
walking, sleeping,
FOREBRAIN You try to understand what all of these terms and parts of the brain and turning to at-
mean. You talk with friends and plan a party for this weekend. You remember that it tend to a sudden
has been 6 months since you went to the dentist. You are confident you will do well on noise.
the next exam in this course. All of these experiences and millions more would not be
In addition,
forebrain the Psychological Inquiry features draw students into analyzing and inter-
possible without the forebrain, the brain’s largest division and its most forward part.
The brain’s largest division Before we explore the structures and function of the forebrain, let’s stop for a moment
preting figures andpart.photos by embedding a range of critical thinking questions in selected
and its most forward
and examine how the brain evolved. The brains of the earliest vertebrates were smaller
and simpler than those of later animals. Genetic changes during the evolutionary process
captions. were responsible for the development of more complex brains with more parts and more
interconnections (Brooker & others, 2015; Simon, 2015). Figure 12 compares the brains
of a rat, cat, chimpanzee, and human. In both the chimpanzee’s brain and (especially)
the human’s brain, the hindbrain and midbrain structures are covered by a forebrain
structure called the cerebral cortex. The human hindbrain and midbrain are similar to

PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY
Cerebral
cortex

Cerebral cortex
Cerebellum Cerebellum Cerebral cortex

Brain Cerebral cortex

stem Cerebellum
Brain stem

Cerebellum
Brain stem
Brain stem

Rat Cat Chimpanzee Human

FIGURE 12 The Brain in Different Species This figure compares the brain of a rat, a cat, a chimpanzee, and a human being. As you
examine the illustrations, remember that each organism’s brain is adapted to meet different environmental challenges. > What structures are similar
across the species? > Why do you think there are some common features, and what does this commonality tell us about these brain structures?
> Why don’t rats have a large cerebral cortex? > How might life be different for a rat or a cat with a human brain?

60 // CHAPTER 2 // The Br a in a nd Be ha vio r

Experience an Emphasis
on Active Engagement
kin61965_ch02_041-083.indd 60 4/23/15 2:37 PM

Do It!
Through Do It!, a series of brief, recurring sidebar activities linked to
the text reading, students get an opportunity to test their assumptions Go on a caffeine hunt. Check out the
ingredient lists on your favorite
and learn through hands-on exploration and discovery. Reinforcing that
beverages, snacks, and painkillers.
the science of psychology requires active participation, Do It! selections Which of these contain caffeine? You
include, for example, an exercise on conducting an informal survey to might be surprised by how much
observe and classify behaviors in a public setting, as well as an activity caffeine you consume every day
guiding students on how to research a “happiness gene.” Such exercises without even knowing it.
provide vibrant and involving experiences that get students thinking as
psychologists do.
Concept Clips help students comprehend some of the most difficult ideas in introduc-
tory psychology. Colorful graphics and stimulating animations describe core concepts in
a step-by-step manner, engaging students and aiding in retention. Concept Clips can be
used as a presentational tool in the classroom or for student assessment.

Preface // xv
Visit https://testbankfan.com
now to explore a rich
collection of testbank or
solution manual and enjoy
exciting offers!
 Through the connection of psychology to students’ own lives, concepts become more
relevant and understandable. Powered by McGraw-Hill Education’s Connect Psychology,
NewsFlash exercises tie current news stories to key psychological principles and learn-
ing objectives. After interacting with a contemporary news story, students are assessed
on their ability to make the link between real life and research findings. Many cases are
revisited across chapters, encouraging students to consider multiple perspectives.

Experience the Course

You Want to Teach
The Instructor Resources have been updated to reflect changes to the new edition; these
can be accessed by faculty through Connect Psychology. Resources include the test bank,
instructor’s manual, PowerPoint presentation, and image gallery.

Easily rearrange chapters, combine material, and quickly upload content you have writ-
ten, such as your course syllabus or teaching notes, using McGraw-Hill Education
Create. Find the content you need by searching through thousands of leading McGraw-
Hill Education textbooks. Arrange your book to fit your teaching style. Create even
allows you to personalize your book’s appearance by selecting the cover and adding your
name, school, and course information. Order a Create book, and you will receive a
complimentary print review copy in three to five business days or a complimentary
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cation empowers you to teach your students your way: http://create.mheducation.com

Capture lessons and lectures in a searchable format for use in traditional, hybrid,
®
“flipped classes” and online courses by using Tegrity (http://www.tegrity.com). Its
personalized learning features make study time efficient, and its affordability brings
this benefit to every student on campus. Patented search technology and real-time
Learning Management System (LMS) integrations make Tegrity the market-leading
solution and service.

Simple
McGraw-Hill Education Campus (www.mhcampus.com) provides faculty with true
Seamless
single sign-on access to all of McGraw-Hill Education’s course content, digital tools, and
other high-quality learning resources from any LMS. This innovative offering allows for
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secure and deep integration, enabling seamless access for faculty and students to any of
McGraw-Hill Education’s course solutions, such as McGraw-Hill Education Connect®
(all-digital teaching and learning platform), McGraw-Hill Education Create (state-of-the-art
custom-publishing platform), McGraw-Hill Education LearnSmart (online adaptive study
tool), and Tegrity (fully searchable lecture-capture service).
McGraw-Hill Education Campus includes access to McGraw-Hill Education’s entire
content library, including ebooks, assessment tools, presentation slides, multimedia con-
tent, and other resources. McGraw-Hill Education Campus provides instructors with
open, unlimited access to prepare for class, create tests/quizzes, develop lecture material,
integrate interactive content, and more.

xvi // P r ef ace
Chapter-by-Chapter Changes
Experience Psychology, Third Edition, includes important new material while content
was streamlined where possible; each chapter is up-to-date to capture the latest trends
and findings in the field. The key content changes, chapter by chapter, include but are
not limited to the following:

CHAPTER 1: THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY

■ New discussion of psychological research on the real versus the virtual (online) world.
■ New explanation of the concept of operational definition.
■ New, more detailed explanation of negative and positive correlations.
■ Updated research on the long-term impact of positive emotions.
■ New content on random assignment in the context of research.
■ New, more detailed explanation of independent versus dependent variables.
■ New Intersection feature: “Personality Psychology and Social Psychology: Does
Being with Others Lead to Happiness or Is It the Other Way Around?”
■ New discussion of correlational versus experimental research designs.
■ New material on ethics and the potential unforeseen impact of research on subjects.
■ Updated Challenge Your Thinking selection: “Is It Ethical to Use Deception in Research?”

CHAPTER 2: THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR

■ New discussion of the way changes in the brain can produce unexpected changes in
a person.
■ Expanded explanation of efferent neurons.
■ Expanded explanation of the impact reinterpretation has on stress levels in challenging
situations.
■ Expanded explanation of the parallels between the action of morphine and endorphins.
■ New research covering the impact of oxytocin on new fathers.
■ New information on fMRI studies of the brain at rest.
■ New Intersection feature: “Neuroscience and Emotion: How Does the Brain Recognize
What Is Funny?”
■ New information on the association cortex.
■ Updated coverage of athletes and brain injury.
■ Updated research on neurogenesis.
■ Updated findings from the Human Genome Project on the number of genes in humans.
■ New coverage of the genome-wide association method to identify genetic variations
linked to particular diseases.
■ New explanation of the genotype to phenotype process.

CHAPTER 3: SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

■ New research on using virtual reality to combat phantom limb pain.
■ New discussion and figure on top-down and bottom-up processing.

Preface // xvii
 ■ New discussion of sustained attention and executive attention.
■ New examples of timbre.
■ New Intersection selection: “Emotion and Sensation: What Do Feelings Smell Like?”

CHAPTER 4: STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

■ Updated research on brain–computer interfaces.
■ New research on metacognition and the metacognitive experience.
■ Updated research on how the brain functions to produce consciousness.
■ New Challenge Your Thinking feature: “On Second Thought, Is Conscious Reflection
Required for Moral Behavior?”
■ Updated research on the impact sleep has on memory, other cognitive processes, and
immune system functioning.
■ New research on dreaming as a form of mind wandering.
■ New research on adolescent drug use.
■ New data on cigarette smoking rates.
■ New discussion of increased rates of marijuana use and legalization of medical mar-
ijuana in some states.
■ Updated discussion of meditation and meditative practices.
■ New Intersection selection: “Consciousness and Social Psychology: Can Lovingkind-
ness Meditation Reduce Prejudice?”

CHAPTER 5: LEARNING
■ New introduction about the complex skills and learning of service dogs.
■ New Intersection feature: “Learning and Social Psychology: Can Classical Conditioning
Help Us Understand the Meaning of Life?”
■ New tip on distinguishing operant from classical conditioning.
■ Expanded explanation of negative reinforcement.

CHAPTER 6: MEMORY
■ Updated treatment of the concept of priming.
■ Updated discussion of memories related to traumatic events.
■ Updated discussion of errors related to eyewitness testimony.
■ New Intersection selection: “Cognitive Psychology and Social Psychology: If We Can
Forgive, Does That Help Us Forget?”

CHAPTER 7: THINKING, INTELLIGENCE, AND LANGUAGE

■ New research on the effectiveness of effortful reflection compared with intuitive
­decision making.
■ New coverage of loss aversion.
■ New Challenge Your Thinking feature: “Is There a Link Between Creative Genius
and Psychopathology?”
■ New coverage of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.

xviii // Pr efa ce
■ New research on the effect of childhood experiences on IQ.
■ New coverage related to identifying gifted children.
■ New Intersection selection: “Educational Psychology and Social Psychology: Do
Teachers Have Stereotypes About Gifted Children?”
■ New thinking about general intelligence and the analytical skills measured by IQ tests.

CHAPTER 8: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

■ New chapter opener about the quick-tempered childhood of Albert Einstein.
■ New marginal note explaining cross-sectional versus longitudinal research designs.
■ New research on alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
■ Updated discussion of the problems of preterm infants.
■ New research on the difficulties of early-maturing girls.
■ Updated findings on context-induced brain plasticity and the adolescent brain.
■ New section on nativist views of cognitive development and what infants bring with
them into the world.
■ All new sections on cognitive processes in early, middle, and late adulthood.
■ New section on the cultural context of parenting.
■ Extensively revised treatment of socioemotional development in late adulthood,
including an examination of Carstensen’s socioemotional selectivity theory.
■ New Intersection feature: “Developmental and Social Psychology: Is Attachment an
Enduring Aspect of Life?”
■ New section with updated research on marriage and families.
■ Updated Challenge Your Thinking selection: “Is Parenthood Associated with
­Happiness?”

CHAPTER 9: MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

■ New chapter opener about Medal of Honor Recipient William Kyle Carpenter
■ Updated data on obesity.
■ New discussion of the psychological factors related to hunger and mindless eating.
■ New material and research on gender differences in sexuality and attitudes about
casual sex.
■ Coverage of new developments related to same-sex marriage legislation.
■ New material on self-regulation, impulsivity, and procrastination.
■ New Intersection feature: “Motivation and Behavior Genetics: Why Do We Pro-
crastinate?”
■ New research on compound facial expressions.
■ New discussion and research on gender and emotions.

CHAPTER 10: PERSONALITY

■ New chapter opener about childhood friends reuniting in adulthood.
■ Expanded explanation of Freud’s view of sex as anything pleasurable.

Preface // xix
 ■ New margin note on remembering the difference between ego and id.
■ Coverage of new research on conscientiousness and its link with grade point averages
versus other personality traits.
■ New Challenge Your Thinking selection: “Is There One Really Great Personality?”
■ New research on delay of gratification in early childhood and its link with body mass
index in later life.
■ New coverage of the MMPI-2-RF and how it differs from the MMPI-2.
■ Expanded discussion of face validity for measures of the big five personality traits.
■ New Intersection feature: “Personality and Neuroscience: How Do the Brain’s
­Hemispheres Complete a Questionnaire?”

CHAPTER 11: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

■ New chapter organization that moves from dyads, to ever larger social contexts.
■ New presentation of the definition of social psychology and the extraordinarily social
quality of our species.
■ New discussion of the distinction between social psychology and sociology.
■ All new discussion of the broad range of topics researched in social psychology and
its overlap with other areas of psychology.
■ Expanded discussion of the bystander effect.
■ Expanded and updated information on first impressions, stereotypes, and stereotype
threat.
■ Updated research on positive illusions.
■ New discussion and example of altruism, with updated research.
■ New discussion and research on the psychological factors involved in altruism.
■ Updated research on the role of hormones on aggressive behavior and vice versa.
■ New research on the impact of love in young adults: increased depression and anxiety
but better sleep quality.
■ New discussion of the awkwardness involved in openly discussing race in the United
States and the problems with labels.
■ New Challenge Your Thinking feature: “Why Does a Cell Phone Look Like a Gun?”

CHAPTER 12: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

■ New chapter opener describing the life stories of people suffering from schizophrenia
and other psychological disorders.
■ Explanation of the vulnerability-stress hypothesis as it relates to the development of
psychological disorders.
■ Information on the Affordable Care Act coverage for psychological disorders.
■ Extensively updated Challenge Your Thinking selection on ADHD.
■ New research on the involvement of neurotransmitters and the limbic system in OCD.
■ Updated discussion of biological factors related to depressive disorders.
■ New data on suicide rates among adolescents compared with emerging adults.
■ Updated section on psychological factors that contribute to suicide.

xx // Pr ef ace
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
brutal indifference to other people’s tastes that characterizes the British
nation. Why did he not ask old James, who was standing there doing
nothing? Yet what was I to do? There were the ladies looking on, among
them Edelgard, motionless, leaving me to my fate, though if either of us
knows anything about dogs it is she who does. Jellaby had got the beast by
the collar, so I thought perhaps holding him by the tail would do. It was true
it was the merest stump, but at least it was at the other end. I therefore
grasped it, though with no little trouble, for, for some unknown reason, just
as my hand approached it, it began to wag.
“No, no—catch hold of the collar. He’s all right, he won’t do anything to
you,” said Jellaby, grinning and keeping his wounded hand well away from
him while the nondescripts ran to fetch water.
The brute was quiet for a moment, and under the circumstances I do think
Edelgard might have helped. She knows I cannot bear dogs. If she had held
his head I would not have minded going on holding his tail, and at home she
would have made herself useful as a matter of course. Here, however, she
did nothing of the sort, but stood tearing up a perfectly good, clean
handkerchief into strips in order, forsooth, to render that assistance to Jellaby
which she denied her own husband. I did take the dog by the collar, there
being no other course open to me, and was thankful to find that he was too
tired and too much hurt to do anything to me. But I have never been a dog
lover, carefully excluding them from my flat in Storchwerder, and selling the
one Edelgard had had as a girl and wanted to saddle me with on her
marriage. I remember how long it took, she being then still composed of
very raw material, to make her understand I had married her and not her
Dachshund. Will it be believed that her only answer to my arguments was a
repeated parrot-like cry of “But he is so sweet!” A feeble plea, indeed, to set
against the logic of my reasons. She shed tears, I remember, in quantities
more suited to fourteen than twenty-four (as I pointed out to her), but later
on did acknowledge, in answer to my repeated inquiries, that the furniture
and carpets were, no doubt, the better for it, though for a long time she had a
tendency which I found some difficulty in repressing, to make tiresomely
plaintive allusions to the fact that the buyer (I sold the dog by auction) had
chanced to be a maker of sausages and she had not happened to meet the dog
since in the streets. Also, until I spoke very seriously to her about it, for
months she would not touch anything potted, after always having been
particularly fond of this type of food.
 I soon found myself alone and unheeded with Jellaby’s dog, while Jellaby
himself, the flattered centre of the entire body of ladies, was having his
wound dressed. My wife washed it, Jumps held the bucket, Mrs. Menzies-
Legh bound it up, Frau von Eckthum provided one of her own safety pins (I
saw her take it out of her blouse), and Jane lent her sash for a sling. As for
Lord Sigismund, after having seen to his own dog’s wounds (all made by
Jellaby’s dog) he came back and, with truly Christian goodness, offered to
wash and doctor Jellaby’s dog. His attitude, indeed, during these dog-fights
was only one possible to a person of the very highest breeding. Never a word
of reproach, yet it was clear that if Jellaby’s dog had not been there there
would have been no fighting. And he exhibited a real distress over Jellaby’s
wound, while Jellaby, thoroughly thick-skinned, laughed and declared he did
not feel it; which, no doubt, was true, for that sort of person does not, I am
convinced, feel anything like the same amount we others do.
The end of this pleasant Sabbath morning episode was that Jellaby took
his dog to the nearest village containing a veterinary surgeon, and Menzies-
Legh was found in the ditch almost as green as the surrounding leaves
because—will it be believed?—he could never stand the sight of blood!
My hearers will, I am sure, be amused at this. Of course, many Britons
must be the same, for it is unlikely that I should have chanced in those few
days to meet the solitary instance, and I could hardly repress a hearty laugh
at the spectacle of this specimen of England’s manhood in a half fainting
condition because he had seen a scratch that produced blood. What will he
and his kind do on that battle-field of, no doubt, the near future, when the
finest army in the world will face them? It will not be scratches that poor
Menzies-Legh will have to look at then, and I greatly fear for his
complexion.
Everybody ran in different directions in search of brandy. Never have I
seen a man so green. He was, at least, ashamed of himself, and finding I was
a moment alone with him and he not in a condition to get up and go away, I
spoke an earnest word or two about the inevitably effeminating effect on a
man of so much poetry-reading and art-admiring and dabbling in the
concerns of the poor. Not thus, I explained, did the Spartans spend their
time. Not thus did the ancient Romans, during their greatest period, behave.
“You feel the situation of the poor, for instance, far more than the poor feel it
themselves,” I said, “and allow yourself to be worried into alleviating a
wretchedness that they are used to, and do not notice. And what, after all, is
art? And what, after all, is poetry? And what, if you come to that, is
wretchedness? Do not weaken the muscles of your mind by feeding it so
constantly on the pap of either your own sentimentality or the sentimentality
of others. Pull down these artificial screens. Be robust. Accustom yourself to
look at facts without flinching. Imitate the conduct of the modern Japanese,
who take their children, as part of their training, to gaze on executions, and
on their return cause the rice for their dinner to be served mixed with the
crimson juices of the cherry, so that they shall imagine——”
But Menzies-Legh turned yet greener, and fainted away.
 CHAPTER XIII

I AM accustomed punctually to discharge my obligations in what may be

called celestial directions, holding it to be every man’s duty not to put a
millstone round a weaker vessel’s neck by omitting to set a good example.
Also, in the best sense of the word, I am a religious man. Did not Bismarck
say, and has not the saying become part and parcel of the marrow of the
nation, “We Germans fear God and nothing else in the world”? In exactly, I
should say, the same way and degree as Bismarck was, am I religious. At
Storchwerder, where I am known, I go to church every alternate Sunday and
allow myself to be advised and cautioned by the pastor, willing to admit it is
his turn to speak and recognizing that he is paid to do so, but reserving to
myself the right to put him and keep him in his proper place during the
fourteen secular days that divide these pious oases. Before our daily dinner
also I say grace, a rare thing in households where there are no children to
look on; and if I do not, as a few of the stricter households do, conduct
family prayers every day, it is because I do not like them.
There is, after all, a limit at which duty must retire before a man’s
personal tastes. We are not solely machines for discharging obligations. I see
perfectly clearly that it is most good and essential that one’s cook and wife
should pray together, and even one’s orderly, but I do not see that they
require the assistance and countenance of the gentleman of the house while
they do it.
I am religious in the best and highest sense of the word, a sense that soars
far above family prayers, a sense in no way to be explained, any more than
other high things are explainable. The higher you get in the regions of
thought the more dumb you become. Also the more quiescent. Doing, as all
persons of intellect know, is a very inferior business to thinking, and much
more likely to make one hot. But these cool excursions of the intellect are
not to be talked about to women and the lower classes. What would happen
if they too decided to prefer quiescence? For them creeds and churches are
positive necessities, and the plainer and more definite they are the better. The
devout poor, the devout mothers of families, how essential they are to the
freedom and comfort of the rest. The less you have the more it is necessary
that you should be contented, and nothing does this so thoroughly as the
doctrine of resignation. It would indeed be an unthinkable calamity if all the
uneducated and the feeble-minded, the lower classes and the women, should
lose their piety enough to want things. Women, it is true, are fairly safe so
long as they have a child once a year, which is Nature’s way of keeping them
quiet; but it fills me with nothing short of horror when I hear of any
discontent among the male portion of the proletariat.
That these people should have a vote is the one mistake that great and
peculiarly typical German, the ever-to-be-lamented Bismarck, made. To
reflect that power is in the hands of such persons, any power, even the
smallest shred of it, alarms me so seriously that if I think of it on a Sunday
morning, when perhaps I had decided to omit going to church for once and
rest at home while my wife went, I hastily seize my parade helmet and hurry
off in a fever of anxiety to help uphold the pillars of society.
Indeed it is of paramount necessity that we should cling to the Church
and its teaching; that we should see that our wives cling; that we should
insist on the clinging of our servants; and these Sunday morning reflections
occurring to me as I look back through the months to that first Sunday out of
our Fatherland, I seem to feel as I write (though it is now December and
sleeting) the summer breeze blowing over the grass on to my cheek, to hear
the small birds (I do not know their names) twittering, and to see Frau von
Eckthum coming across the field in the sun and standing before me with her
pretty smile and telling me she is going to church and asking whether I will
go too. Of course I went too. She really was (and is, in spite of
Storchwerder) a most attractive lady.
We went, then, together, Jellaby safely away at the veterinary surgeon’s,
Edelgard following behind with the two fledglings, who had achieved an
unusually clean appearance and had more of the budding maiden about them
than I had yet observed, and Lord Sigismund and Mrs. Menzies-Legh
remaining with our patient, who had recovered enough to sit in a low chair
in the shade and be read aloud to. Let us hope the book was virile. But I
greatly doubt it, for his wife’s voice in the peculiar sing-song that seems to
afflict the voice of him who reads verses, zigzagged behind us some way
across the field.
After our vagrant life of the last few days it seemed odd to be walking
respectably along with no horse to lead, presently joining other respectable
persons bent on the same errand. They seemed to know we were the dusty
caravaners who had trudged past the afternoon before, and we were well
stared at. In the church, too, an imposing lady in the pew in front of us sat
sideways in her corner and examined us with calm attention through her eye-
glass both before the service

An imposing lady in the pew in front of us sat sideways in her corner and examined us with
calm attention

began and during it whenever the sitting portions of the ritual were reached.
She was, we afterward discovered, the lady of the manor or chief lady in the
place, and it was in one of her fields we were camping. We heard that
afternoon from the farmer that she had privately visited our camp the
evening before with her bailiff and his dogs and observed us, also with the
aid of her eye-glass, over the hedge as we sat absorbed round our supper,
doubtful whether we were not a circus and ought not instantly to be moved
on. I fancy the result of her scrutiny in church was very satisfactory. She
could not fail to see that here she had to do with a gentleman of noble birth,
and the ladies of the party, in pews concealing their short skirts but
displaying their earrings, were seen to every advantage. I caught her eye so
repeatedly that at last, quite involuntarily, and yielding to a natural instinct, I
bowed—a little, not deeply, out of considerations of time and place. She did
not return my bow, nor did she after that look again, but attended during the
rest of the service to her somewhat neglected devotions.
My hearers will be as much surprised as I was, though not half so tired,
when I tell them that during the greater part of the service I was expected to
remain on my knees. We Germans are not accustomed to our knees. I had
certainly never used mine for praying purposes before; and inquiry later on
elicited the information that the singular nation kneels every night by its
beds before getting into them, and says prayers there too.
But it was not only the kneeling that shocked me (for if you ache and
stiffen how can you properly pray! As Satan no doubt very well knew when
he first put it into their heads to do it)—it was the extraordinary speed at
which the service was run through. We began at eleven, and by a quarter to
twelve we were, so to speak, ejected shriven. No flock can fatten on such a
diet. How differently are the flocks of the Fatherland fed! There they grow
fat indeed on the ample extemporizations of their pastor, or have every
opportunity of doing so if they want to. Does he not address them for the
best part of an hour? Which is not a moment too long for a meal that is to
last seven days.
The English pastor, arrayed in white with two meaningless red ribbons
down his back, preached for seven minutes, providing as I rapidly calculated
exactly one minute’s edification for each day of the week until the following
Sunday. Alas, for the sheep of England! That is to say, alas from the mere
generally humane point of view, but not otherwise alas, for their
disadvantage must always be our gain, and a British sheep starved into
socialism and civil war is almost more valuable to us than a German sheep
which shall be fat with faith.
The pastor, evidently a militant man, preached against the sin of bigotry,
which would have been all very well as far as it went and listened to by me
with the tolerance I am accustomed to bring to bear on pulpit utterances if he
had not in the same breath—there was hardly time for more than one—
called down heaven’s wrath on all who attend the meetings or services of
forms of faith other than the Anglican. These other forms include, as I need
not point out, the Lutheran. Really I found it difficult to suppress a smile at
the poor man’s folly. I longed for Luther (a thing I cannot remember ever to
have done before) to rise up and scatter the blinded gentleman out of his
pulpit. But hardly had I got as far as this in my thoughts than a hurried
benediction, a hasty hymn, a rapid passing round of the English equivalent
for what we call God’s box, ended the service. Genuinely shocked at this
breathlessness—and you, my hearers, who know no other worship than that
leisurely one in Storchwerder and throughout our beloved Prussian land (I
do not allude to Roman Catholics beyond saying, in a spirit of tolerant
humanity, poor things), that worship which fills the entire morning, that
composed and comfortable worship during which you sit almost the whole
time so that no fatigue of the feet or knees shall distract your thoughts from
the matter in hand, you who join sitting in our chorales, slow and dignified
settings of ancient sentiments with ample spaces between the verses for the
thinking of appropriate thoughts in which you are assisted by the meditative
organ, and stand, as men should who are not slaves, to pray, you will, I am
sure, be shocked too—I decided that here no doubt was one of the keys to
the manifest decadence of the British character. Reverence and speed can
never go together. Irreverence in the treatment of its creeds is an inevitable
sign that a nation is well on that downward plane which jerks it at last into
the jaws of (say) Germany. Well, so be it. Though irreverence is undoubtedly
an evil, and I am the first to deplore it, I cannot deplore it as much as I would
if it were not going to be the cause of that ultimate jerking. And what a green
and fruitful land it is! Es wird gut schmecken, as we men of healthy appetite
say.
We walked home—an expression that used to strike me as strangely
ironical when home was only grass and hedges—discussing these things.
That is, I discussed and Frau von Eckthum said Oh? But the sympathy of the
voice, the implied agreement with my views, the appreciation of the way I
put them, the perfect mutual understanding expressed, all this I cannot
describe even if I would to you prejudiced critics.
Edelgard went on ahead with the two young girls. She and I did not at
this point see much of each other, but quite enough. Being human I got tired
sometimes of being patient, and yet it was impossible to be anything else
inside a caravan with walls so thin that the whole camp would have to hear.
Nor can you be impatient in the middle of a field: to be so comfortably you
must be on the other side of at least a hedge; so that on the whole it was best
we should seldom be together.
With Frau von Eckthum, on the other hand, I never had the least desire to
be anything but the mildest of men, and we walked home as harmoniously as
usual to find when we arrived that, though we had in no way lingered, the
active pastor was there before us.
 With what haste he must have stripped off his ribbons and by what short
cuts across ditches he had reached the camp so quickly I cannot say, but
there he was, ensconced in one of the low chairs talking to the Menzies-
Leghs as though he had known them all his life.
This want of ceremony, this immediate familiarity prevailing in British
circles, was a thing I never got used to. With us, first of all, the pastor would
not have come at all, and secondly, once come, he would still have been in
the stage of ceremonious preface when we arrived, and only emerged from
his preliminary apologies to enter into the series of prayers for forgiveness
which would round off his visit. Thus there would be no time so much as to
reach the ice, far less to break it, and I am conservative enough and
aristocratic enough to like ice: it is such an excellent preservative.
Mrs. Menzies-Legh was feeding her invalid with biscuits and milk.
“Have some?” said she to the pastor, holding out a cup of this attractive
beverage without the least preliminary grace of speech.
He took it, for his part, without the least preliminary ceremony of polite
refusal which would call forth equally polite pressure on her side and end
with a tactful final yielding on his; he took it without even interrupting his
talk to Menzies-Legh, and stretching out his hand helped himself to a biscuit,
though nobody had offered him one.
Now what can be the possible future of a nation deliberately discarding
all the barriers of good manners that keep the natural brute in us suppressed?
Ought a man to be allowed to let this animal loose on somebody else’s
biscuit-plate? It seems to me the hedge of ceremony is very necessary if you
would keep it out, and it dwells in us all alike whatever country we may
belong to. In Germany, feeling how near the surface it really is, we are
particular and careful down to the smallest detail. Experience having taught
us that the only way to circumvent it is to make the wire-netting, so to speak,
of etiquette very thick, we do make it thick. And how anxiously we
safeguard our honour, keeping it first of all inside these high and thick nets
of rules, and then holding ourselves ready on the least approach to it to rise
up and shed either our own or (preferably) somebody else’s blood in its
defense. And apart from other animals, the rabbit of Socialism, with its two
eldest children, Division of Property and Free Love, is kept out most
effectually by this netting. Jellabies and their like, tolerated so openly in
Britain, find it difficult to burrow beneath the careful and far-reaching
insistence on forms and ceremonies observed in other countries. Their horrid
doctrines have little effect on such an armour. Not that I am not modern
enough and large minded enough to be very willing to divide my property if
I may choose the person to divide it with. All those Jewish bankers in Berlin
and Hamburg, for instance—when I think of a division with them I see little
harm and some comfort; but to divide with my orderly, Hermann, or with the
man who hangs our breakfast rolls in a bag on the handle of our back door
every morning, is another matter. As for Free Love, it is not to be denied that
there are various things to be said for that too, but not in this place. Let me
return. Let me return from a subject which, though legitimate enough for
men to discuss, is yet of a somewhat slippery complexion, to the English
pastor helping himself to our biscuits, and describe shortly how the same
scene would have unrolled itself in a field in the vicinity of Storchwerder,
supposing it possible that a party of well-born Germans should be camping
in one, that the municipal authorities had not long ago turned them out after
punishing them with fines, and that the pastor of the nearest church had
dared to come hot from his pulpit, and intrude on them.
Pastor, approaching Menzies-Legh and his wife (translated for the nonce
into two aristocratic Germans) with deferential bows from the point at which
he first caught their eyes, and hat in hand:
“I entreat the Herrschaften to pardon me a thousand times for thus
obtruding myself upon their notice. I beg them not to take it amiss. It is in
reality an unexampled shamelessness on my part, but—may I be permitted to
introduce myself? My name is Schultz.”
He would here bow twice or thrice each to the Menzies-Leghs, who after
staring at him in some natural surprise—for what excuse could the man
possibly have?—get up and greet him with solemn dignity, both bowing, but
neither offering to shake hands.
Pastor, bowing again profoundly, and still holding his hat in his hand,
repeats: “My name is Schultz.”
Menzies-Legh (who it must be remembered is for the moment a noble
German) would probably here say under his breath: “And mine, thank God,
is not”—but probably not quite loud enough (being extremely correct) for
the pastor to hear, and would then mention his own name, with its title, Fürst
Graf, or Baron, explaining that the lady with him was his wife.
More bows from the pastor, profounder if possible than before.
 Pastor: “I beseech the Herrschaften to forgive my thus appearing, and
fervently hope they will not consider me obtrusive, or in any way take it
amiss.”
Mrs. Menzies-Legh (now a Gräfin at the least): “Will not the Herr Pastor
seat himself?”
Pastor, with every appearance of being overcome: “Oh, a thousand thanks
—the gracious lady is too good—if I may really be permitted to sit—an
instant—after so shamelessly——”
He is waved by Menzies-Legh, as he still hesitates, with stately courtesy,
into the third chair, into which he sinks, but not until he sees the
Herrschaften are in the act of sinking too.
Mrs. Menzies-Legh, gracefully explaining Menzies-Legh’s greenness and
silence: “My husband is not very well to-day.”
Pastor, with every sign of liveliest interest and compassion: “Oh, that
indeed makes me sorry. Has the Herr Graf then perhaps been over-exerting
himself? Has he perhaps contracted a chill? Is he suffering from a depressed
stomach?”
Menzies-Legh, with a stately wave of the hand, naturally unwilling to
reveal the real reason why he is so green: “No—no.”
Mrs. Menzies-Legh: “I was about to refresh him a little with milk. May I
be permitted to pour out a droplet for the Herr Pastor?”
Pastor, again bowing profusely: “The gracious one is much too good. I
could not think of permitting myself——”
Mrs. Menzies-Legh: “But I beg you, Herr Pastor—will you not drink just
a little?”
Pastor: “The gracious one is really very amiable. I would not, however,
be the means of depriving the Herrschaften of their——”
Mrs. Menzies-Legh: “But Herr Pastor, not at all. Truly not at all. Will you
not allow me to pour you out even half a glassful? After the heat of your
walk? And the exertion of conducting the church service?”
Pastor, struggling to get up from the low chair, bow, and take the
proffered glass of milk at one and the same time: “Since the gracious one is
so gracious——”
He takes the glass with a deep bow, having now reached the stage when,
the preliminaries demanded by perfect courtesy being on each side fulfilled,
he is at liberty to do so, but before drinking its contents turns bowing to
Menzies-Legh.
Pastor: “But may I not be permitted to offer it to the Herr Graf?”
Menzies-Legh, with a stately wave of the hand: “No—no.”
Pastor, letting himself down again into the chair with another bow and the
necessary caution, the glass being in his hand: “I do not dare to think what
the Herrschaften’s opinion of me must be for intruding in this manner. I can
only entreat them not to take it amiss. I am aware it is an unexampled
example of shamelessness——”
Mrs. Menzies-Legh, advancing with the plate of biscuits: “Will the Herr
Pastor perhaps eat a biscuit?”
The pastor again shows every sign of being overcome with gratitude, and
is about to embark on a speech of thanks and protest before permitting
himself to take one when Baron von Ottringel and party appear on the scene,
and we get to the point at which they really did appear.
Now what could be more proper and graceful than the whole of the
above? It will be observed that there has been no time whatever for anything
but politeness, no time to embark on those seas of discussion, sometimes
foolish, often unsuitable, and always sooner or later angry, on which an
otherwise budding acquaintanceship so frequently comes to grief. We
Germans of the upper classes do not consider it good form to talk on any
subject that is likely to make us lose our tempers, so what can we talk about?
There is hardly anything really safe, except to offer each other chairs. But
used as I am to these gilt limits, elegant frames within which it is a pleasure
to behave like a picture (my friends will have noticed and pardoned my
liking for metaphor) it will easily be imagined with what disapproval I stood
leaning on my umbrella watching the scene before me. Frau von Eckthum
had gone into her caravan. Edelgard and the girls had disappeared. I alone
approached the party, not one of which thought it necessary to introduce me
or take other notice of my arrival.
They were discussing with amusing absorption a subject alluded to as the
Licensing Bill, which was, I gathered, something heating to do with beer,
and were weaving into it all sorts of judgments and opinions that would have
inflamed a group of Germans at once. Menzies-Legh was too much
interested, I suppose, to go on being green, anyhow, his greenness was all
gone; and the pastor sawed up and down with his hand, in which he clasped
the biscuit no one had suggested he should take. Mrs. Menzies-Legh, sitting
on the grass (a thing no lady should ever do when a gentleman she sees for
the first time is present—“May she the second time?” asked Mrs. Menzies-
Legh, when I laid this principle down in the course of a later conversation, to
which I very properly replied that you cannot explain nuances, but only feel
them), joined in just as though she were a man herself—I mean, with her
usual air of unchallenged equality of intelligence, an air that would have
diverted me if it had not annoyed me too much. And they treated her, too, as
though she were an equal, listening attentively to what she had to say, which,
of course, inflates a poor woman and makes it difficult for her to arrive at a
right estimate of herself.
This is how that absurd sexlessness, the Suffragette, has been able to
come into existence. I heard a good deal about her the first day of the tour,
but on discovering how strongly I felt on the subject, they kept off it, not
liking, I suppose, to have their views knocked out of recognition by what I
said. I did not, be it understood, deign to argue on such a topic: I just said a
few things which frightened them off it.
And, indeed, who can take a female Suffragette seriously? Encouraged, I
maintain, to begin with by being treated too well, she is like the insolent and
pampered menial of a rich and careless master, and the more she gets the
more she demands. Storchwerder does not possess a single example of the
species, and very few foreigners come that way to set a bad example to our
decent and contented ladies. Once, I recollect, by some strange chance the
makings of one did get there, an Englishwoman on some wedding journey
expedition or other, a young creature next to whom I sat at a dinner given by
our Colonel. I was contemplating her with unconcealed pleasure, for she was
quite young and most agreeably rounded, and was turning over the collection
of amusing trifles I keep stored in my mind for purposes of conversation
with attractive ladies when, before I had either selected one or finished my
soup, she began to talk to me in breathless German about an Education Bill
our Reichstag was tearing itself to pieces over.
Her interest could not have been keener if she had been a deputy herself
with the existence of her party depending on it. She had her own views about
it, all cut and dried; she explained her husband’s, which differed
considerably; and she was anxious to hear mine. So anxious was she that she
even forgot to smile when speaking to me—forgot, that is, that she was a
woman and I a man able, if inclined, to admire her.
 I remember staring at her a moment in unfeigned astonishment, and then,
leaning back in my chair, giving myself up to uncontrollable mirth.
She watched me with surprise, which made me laugh still more. When I
could speak she inquired whether any one at the table had said anything
amusing, and seemed quite struck on my assuring her that it was she herself
who was amusing.
“I am?” said she; and a faint flush enhanced her prettiness.
“Yes—you and the Education Bill together,” said I, again overcome with
laughter. “It is indeed an amusing mixture. It is like,” I added, with happy
readiness of compliment, “a rose in an inkpot.”
“But is that amusing?” she asked, not in the least grateful for the flattery,
and with a quite serious face.
She had had her little lesson, however, and she did not again talk politics.
Indeed, she did not again talk at all, but turned to the gentleman on her other
side, and left me nothing to look at but a sweet little curl behind a sweet little
ear.
Now if she had been properly brought up to devote herself to the
woman’s function of pleasing, how agreeably we could have discoursed
together about that curl and that ear, and kindred topics, branching off into
all sorts of flowery and seductive byways of compliment and insinuation,
such as the well-trained young woman thoroughly enjoys and understands. I
can only trust the lesson I gave her did her good. It certainly cured her of
talking politics to me.
Listening to the English pastor heating himself over the Licensing Bill
which, with all politics, is surely as distinctly outside the pastoral province
as it is outside the woman’s, I remembered this earlier success, and not
caring to stand there unnoticed any longer thought I would repeat it. I
therefore began to laugh, gently at first, as though tickled by my thoughts,
then more heartily.
They all stopped to look at me.
“What is the joke, Baron?” asked Menzies-Legh, scowling up.
“Forgive me, Pastor,” said I, taking off my hat and bowing—he for his
part only stared—“but we are accustomed in my country (which, thank God,
is Germany!) never to connect clergymen with politics, the inevitable
wranglings of which make them ill-suited as a study for men whose calling
is purely that of peace. So firmly is this feeling rooted in our natures that it is
as amusing to me to see a gentleman of your profession deeply interested in
such questions as it would be to see—to see——”
I cast about for a simile, but nothing occurred to me at the moment (and
they were all sitting waiting) than the rose and inkpot one, so I had to take
that.
And Mrs. Menzies-Legh, just as obtusely as the little bride of years ago,
asked, “But is that amusing?”
Before I could reply Menzies-Legh got up and said he must write some
letters; the pastor got up too and said he must hurry off to a class; and Lord
Sigismund, as I approached the vacated chair next to him, and was about to
drop into it, said he felt sure Menzies-Legh had no stamps, and he must go
and lend him some.
Looking up from the grass on which she still sat, Mrs. Menzies-Legh
patted it and said, “Come and sit on this nice soft stuff, dear Baron. I think
men are tiresome things, don’t you? Always rushing off somewhere. Tell me
about the rose and the inkpot. I do see, I think, that they’re—they’re funny.
Why did the vicar remind you of them? Come and sit on the grass and tell
me.”
But I had no desire to sit on grass with Mrs. Menzies-Legh, as though we
were a row of turtle doves, so I merely said I did not like grass, and bowing
slightly, walked away.
 CHAPTER XIV

T HE next day one of those unfortunate incidents happened which may, of

course, happen to anybody, but really need not have happened just to me.
We left our camp at twelve, after the usual feverish endeavour to start
much earlier, the caravans as usual nearly capsizing getting out to the field,
and breaking, also as usual, in their plungings several hitherto unbroken
articles, and with the wind and dust in our faces and gray, lowering clouds
over our heads we resumed our daily race after pleasure.
The Sunday had been fine throughout, and there had been dew and stars
at the end of it which, together with windlessness, made us expect a fine
Monday. But it was nothing of the sort. Monday provided the conditions I
always now associate with caravaning—a high wind, a threatening sky,
clouds of dust, and a hard white road.
The day began badly and continued badly, so that even writing about it at
this distance I drop unconsciously into a fretful tone. Perhaps our dinner at
the inn on the Sunday had been more than constitutions used to starvation
could suddenly endure, or perhaps some of us may have eaten beyond the
limits of discretion, remembering that another week was to pass before the
next real meal, and these, becoming cross, had infected the rest; anyhow on
Monday troubles seemed to accumulate, beginning with a bill from the
farmer for the field and care of the horses of a most exorbitant nature, going
on to the losing of various things in the hasty packing up, continuing with
the hurting of Menzies-Legh’s foot owing to his folly in placing it where the
advancing hoof of my horse was bound to go and with his being in
consequence unable to do his proper share of work, and ending with the
unfortunate incident I referred to above and shall presently relate.
Menzies-Legh, indeed, was strangely irritable. Perhaps his foot hurt him,
but he ought not to have minded that, considering, as I told him, it was
nobody’s fault but his own. I was leading the horse at the moment, and saw
Menzies-Legh’s foot but never dreamed he would not remove it in time, and
you cannot, as I said to him, blame a dumb animal.
“Certainly not,” agreed Menzies-Legh; but with a singular gloom.
And when I saw the exorbitance of the bill I felt bound to point out to
him that strict honesty did not seem to be characteristic of his countrymen,
and to enlarge on the difference between them and my own, and that seemed
to irritate him too, though he said nothing.
Seeing this suppressed irritation I sought to remove it by reminding him
of his wealth, and of how the rapacity of the various farmers would at the
worst only mean for him one stove the less for one undeserving old woman
the fewer; but even that did not cheer him—he was and remained in a bad
temper. So that, vexed as I was myself at the expense of the holiday that was
to have been so cheap, I could not prevent a temporary good-humour taking
possession of me, which is the invariable effect produced on me by other
people’s crossness. Even then, with his hurt foot, Menzies-Legh was such a
slave to duty that while I was in the very act of talking the recollection of
something he ought to do made him struggle up from the low chair and rugs
in which his wife had carefully placed him, and limp away; and I saw no
more of him for a long while beyond an occasional glimpse of his sallow
visage at the window in front of his van, where he sat all day in silence
driving his horse.
Behold us, then, crawling along an ugly highroad with our mouths full of
dust.
The weather was alternately hot and cold, but uninterruptedly windy, and
rain threatened to descend on us and actually did as the afternoon wore on.
My hearers must remember that in caravaning afternoons wear on and
mornings merge into them with no such thing as a real meal throughout their
entire length. Long before this I had realized that plums were to be my
portion: plums, or bananas, or very green apples, mitigated by a biscuit
unless biscuits chanced to be scarce (in which case the ladies got them), at a
time of day when the rest of Europe was sitting down comfortably to its
luncheon; and I had learned to acquiesce in this as I acquiesced in all the
other privations, for I saw for myself that it was impossible to arrange a
cooked meal except before leaving or after arriving in camp. A reasonable
man is silent before the impossible; still, plums are poor things to march on.
March on them, however, I had to, and Hunger (a most unpleasant and
reverberating companion) came too, and marched with me every day.
Well, I was often glad at this time that my poor Marie-Luise was spared
her silver wedding journey, and that a more robust and far less deserving
wife went through it in her stead. Marie-Luise was a most wifely wife, with
no whalebone (if I may so express it) either about her clothes or her
character. All was soft, womanly, overflowing. Touch her, and you left a
dimple. Bring your pressure, even the slightest, to bear anywhere on her
mind, and it immediately gave way.
“But do you like that sort of thing?” asked Mrs. Menzies-Legh, to whom,
as we plodded along that day, I was talking in this reminiscent strain for
want of a better companion.
Ahead walked Edelgard, visibly slimmer, younger, moving quickly and
easily in her short skirt and new activity. It was this figure—hardly now at a
distance to be distinguished from the figures of the scanty sisters—walking
before me that made me think with tenderness of Marie-Luise. Edelgard was
behaving badly, and when I told her so at night in our caravan she did not
answer. At home she used to express immediate penitence; here she either
said nothing, or said short things that reminded me of Mrs. Menzies-Legh,
little odd sentences quite unlike her usual style and annoyingly difficult to
reply to. And the more she behaved in this manner the more did my thoughts
go back regretfully to my gentle and yielding first wife. Sometimes, I
recollect, those twenty years with her had seemed long; but that was
because, firstly, twenty years are long, and secondly, because we are none of
us perfect, and thirdly, because a wife, unless she is careful, is apt to get on
to one’s nerves. But how preferable is gentleness to an aggressive activity of
mind and body. How annoying to see one’s wife striding on ahead with an
ease I could not imitate and therefore in itself a slight on her husband. A man
wants a wife who sits still, and not only still but on the same chair every day
so that he knows where to find her should he happen to want anything.
Marie-Luise was a very calm sitter; she never moved, except to follow the
then Clothilde about. Only her hands moved, in a tireless guiding of the
needle through those of my under-garments which had become defective.
“But do you like that sort of thing?” asked Mrs. Menzies-Legh,
unsympathetic as usual. Her gentle sister would have coo’d an interested
Oh? and I would have felt soothed and understood.
“Like what?” I asked rather peevishly, for it occurred to me at that
moment as I watched the figures in front—my wife and Jellaby and Frau von
Eckthum—that I had not had a word with the latter since the walk back from
church more than twenty-four hours previously, and that her sister, on the
other hand, seemed never to leave my side.
“Calm sitters,” said Mrs. Menzies-Legh, “and dimples all over one’s
mind wherever you touch it. I suppose when you used to remove the
pressure they slowly filled out again. It rather makes one think of india-
rubber, doesn’t it?”
“A wife’s first duty is to be submissive,” said I, conscious that I had the
Prayer-book behind me and waving side issues, such as india-rubber,
resolutely aside.
“Yes, yes,” agreed Mrs. Menzies-Legh, “but——”
“And I am thankful to say,” I continued quickly, for she was about to add
something that I was sure was going to be aggressive, “I am thankful to say I
was very fortunate in my Marie-Luise.”
“And very fortunate in your Edelgard,” said she—they had got to
Christian names the second day.
“Of course,” said I.
“She is a person everybody must love,” said she.
“Undoubtedly,” said I.
“So adaptable and quick,” continued the tactless lady.
“You are very good,” said I, raising my Panama in stiff acknowledgment
of these compliments.
“And so unselfish,” said she.
I bowed again, more stiffly than before.
“Look how she cuts all the bread and butter.”
I bowed again.
“Look how she makes the coffee.”
I bowed again.
“Look how cheerful she is.”
I bowed again.
“And how clever, dear Baron.”
Clever? That indeed was a new way of looking at poor Edelgard. I could
not at this repress a smile of amusement. “I am gratified that you should
have so good an opinion of my wife,” I said; and wished much to add, “But
what is my wife to you that you should take it upon yourself to praise her? Is
she not solely and exclusively my property?”
Mrs. Menzies-Legh, however, was absolutely rebuke-proof, and had so
many answers ready that I thought it better not to bring them upon me in
crowds. I did though rather cleverly turn the tables upon her, and at the same
time bring the conversation to a point which really interested me, by
beginning to praise her sister.
“It is good of you,” I said, “to commend my family. In return permit me
to praise yours.”
“What—John?” she asked, with a quick look and something of a smile.
(John was her ill-conditioned husband.) “Are you—do you like him so
much?”
Now as I thought John a very poor thing indeed this question would have
seemed difficult to answer to any one less ready.
“Like,” said I, with conspicuously careful courtesy, “is not at all the word
that describes my feelings toward your husband.”
She looked at me sideways, then dropped her eyelashes. “Dear Baron,”
she murmured, “how very——”
“I was not, however,” I interrupted hastily, for I felt the ice would not
bear much skating on, “thinking of him. I was referring to your sister.”
“Oh?” said she—almost like the charming relative herself.
“She is of course, and as you know, delightful. But of all her
delightfulness do you know what strikes me as most delightful?”
“No,” said Mrs. Menzies-Legh, watching me with obvious interest.
“Her conversation.”
“Yes. She is a good talker,” she admitted.
“What I call a perfect talker,” said I enthusiastically.
“I know. Everybody says so.”
“Never too much,” I said meaningly.
“Oh?” said she. “You think so? I rather imagined——” She stopped.
“So extremely sympathetic,” I continued.
“And so amusing,” said she.
“Amusing?” said I, slightly surprised, for I must say I had not till then
considered it possible to be amusing on one single note, however flute-like.
“Even more—really witty. Don’t you think so?”
“Witty?” said I, with increased surprise.
She looked at me and smiled. “You evidently have not found her so,” she
said.