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The English Club 21 Level 2

 2 Level English Club 21

Grammatical Tense
Present Continuous

The present continuous is made from the present tense of the

verb to be and the ing form of a verb

Pronoun Verb to be ING form of a verb

Traduction
I am Working
you are Playing
He is Talking
She is Living
It is Eating
We are Staying
You are Sleeping
They are Running

We use the present continuous to talk about:

Activities at the moment of speaking:

I'm just leaving work. I'll be home in an hour.
Please be quiet. The children are sleeping.

1
Future plans or arrangements:
Mary is going to a new school next term.
What are you doing next week?

1
 2 Level English Club 21

Grammatical Tense
Present Continuous Questions

We make questions by putting am, is or are in front of the subject:

Are you listening?

Are they coming to your party?
When is she going home?
What am I doing here?

We make negatives by putting not (or n't) after am, is or are:

I'm not doing that.

You aren't listening. (or You're not listening.)
They aren't coming to the party. (or They're not coming to the party.)
She isn't going home until Monday. (or She's not going home until Monday.)

We also use the present continuous to talk about:

·something which is happening before and after a specific time:

At eight o'clock we are usually having breakfast.
When I get home the children are doing their homework.

·something which we think is temporary:

Michael is at university. He's studying history.
I'm working in London for the next two weeks.

·something which is new and contrasts with a previous state:

These days most people are using email instead of writing letters.
What sort of clothes are teenagers wearing nowadays?
What sort of music are they listening to?
·something which is changing, growing or developing:
The children are growing up quickly.
The climate is changing rapidly.
Your English is improving.
 2 Level English Club 21

Grammatical Tense
Present Continuous Questions

·Something which happens again and again:

It's always raining in London.
They are always arguing.
George is great. He's always laughing.
Note that we normally use always with this use.

We can use the present continuous to talk about the past when we are:

·Telling a story:

The other day I'm just walking down the street when suddenly this man comes up to me
and asks me to lend him some money.
Well, he's carrying a big stick and he looks a bit dangerous, so I'm wondering what to do …

·Summarising a book, film or play:

Harry Potter is a pupil at Hogwarts school. One day when he is playing Quidditch he sees a s
trange object in the sky. He wonders what is happening

E F
 2 Level English Club 21

Spelling rules-ING
The following is a guide to the correct spelling of –ing forms of verbs and gerunds.
The general rule when changing a verb into its -ING form is just to add -ING to the end of the verb.

Infinitive ING form

To feel feeling
To go going
To work working
1
To sleep sleeping

·She wasn't feeling very well.

·He is working on a new project.
·The children are sleeping so be quiet.
1
Spelling exceptions
The following exceptions exist when spelling words ending in ING:

1). If the verb ends in an E we remove the E and add ING.

Infinitive ING form

To live living
To have having
To make making
To take taking

·People are living longer now than they were 100 years ago.
·We are making a chocolate cake.
·He was taking his time to get ready.

2). If the verb ends in a consonant + vowel + consonant, we double the final consonant and add ING.

Infinitive ING form

To stop stopping
To sit sitting
To plan planning
To get getting
·The policeman is stopping the traffic.
·We are planning a surprise party for our teacher.
·I think I am getting a cold.
 2 Level English Club 21

Spelling exceptions
3). If a two-syllable verb ends in a consonant + vowel + consonant, we do not double the final consonant
when the stress is on the first syllable.

Infinitive ING form

To happen happening
To enter entering
To offer offering
To suffer suffering

·What is happening?
·They are offering a discount.
·Many people are suffering from a lack of food and water.

4). But, we do not double the final consonant when the verb ends in W, X or Y or when the
final syllable is not emphasized.

Infinitive ING form

To fix fixing
To enjoy enjoying
To snow snowing

·He is fixing his bike.

·We are enjoying this great weather.
·It's snowing outside.

5). If the verb ends in IE we change it to YING.

Infinitive ING form

To lie lying
To die dying
To tie tying

·I know you are lying to me!

·You should water your plant more because I think it is dying.
·The little boy is tying his shoelaces.
 2 Level English Club 21

Spelling exceptions
6). If the verb ends in consonant + vowel + L, we normally double the final L and add ING.
Note: In the United States (US) they do not double the L when the accent is on the first syllable.

Infinitive ING form UK ING form US

To travel travelling traveling
To marvel marvelling marveling

·I have been travelling around South America for 6 months.

·He was marvelling at her beauty.

7). If the verb ends in a stressed vowel + R, we double the final R and add ING.

Infinitive ING form

To refer referring
To defer deferring
·Are you referring to this one or that one?
·They are thinking of deferring payment of their mortgage.

8). If the verb ends in an unstressed vowel + R, we do not double the final R and add ING.

Infinitive ING form

To offer offerring
To suffer suffering
To whisper whispering

·I am offering you a special deal.

·He is now suffering the consequences of his actions.
·I wonder what he is whispering in her ear.
 2 Level English Club 21

Grammatical Tense
Past Continuous

The past continuous is made from the past tense of the

verb to be and the ing form of a verb

Pronoun Verb to be ING form of a verb

Traduction
I was Working
you were Playing
He was Talking
She was Living
It was Eating
We were Staying
You were Sleeping
They were Running

We use the past continuous to talk about:

Activities in the past :

I was working
The children were sleeping .

1
Past plans or arrangements:
Mary was going to a new school .
What were you doing last week ?

1
 2 Level English Club 21

Grammatical Tense
Past Continuous Questions

We make questions by putting was or were in front of the subject:

Were you listening?

Were they coming to your party?
When was she going home?
What was I doing here?

We make negatives by putting not (or n't) after was or were :

I was not doing that.

You were not listening.(or You weren't listening.)
They were not coming to the party. (or They weren'tcoming to the party. )
She was not going home last Monday. (or She wasn't going home last Monday. )

· :

in London for the next two weeks.

·something which is new and contrasts with a previous state:

These days most people are using email instead of writing letters.
What sort of clothes are teenagers wearing nowadays?
What sort of music are they listening to?
·something which is changing, growing or developing:
The children are growing up quickly.
The climate is changing rapidly.
Your English is improving.
 2 Level English Club 21

Grammatical Tense
Past Continuous Questions

·Something which happens again and again:

It was always raining in London.
They were always arguing .
George was great.He was always laughing.
Note that we normally use always with this use.

We can use the past continuous to talk about the past when we are:

·Telling a story:
Underneath the starlit sky, she was gracefully dancing to the rhythm of the night,
weaving enchantment into every move, while they, a mesmerized audience, were spellbound
by the magic she effortlessly created with each twirl.

·Summarising a book, film or play:

Harry Potter is a pupil at Hogwarts school. One day when he is playing Quidditch he sees a s
trange object in the sky. He wonders what is happening

E F
2 Level English Club 21

WOULD LIKE TO
Use and meaning of WOULD LIKE TO

Pronoun Would like to Complement

Traduction
I Would like to Go to the movies
you Would like to try the new dessert
He Would like to Join the club
She Would like to visit Paris
It Would like to explore the surroundings
We Would like to order pizza
You Would like to stay in the car
They Would like to learn spanish

Interrogative Negative Contracted

Would I like to ? I would not like to I wouldn't like to
Would you like to? You would not like to You wouldn't like to
Would he like to ? He would not like to He wouldn't like to
Would She like to ? She would not like to She wouldn't like to
Would it like to? It would not like to It wouldn't like to
Would we like to? We would not like to We wouldn't like to
Would you like to? You would not like to You wouldn't like to
Would they like to? They would not like to They wouldn't like to

Short Answers
Yes, I Would

No, I Would not

No, I wouldn’t

Explanation:

"When to use 'would like to':"

"Would like to" is a polite way to express a desire or request. It is used when you want to ask for something or
express your wish in a more formal manner.

Meaning:

It indicates a polite and formal expression of desire or intention.

»Always use WOULD LIKE as a form of respect to request for anything.

2 Level English Club 21

Want to
Use and meaning of Want TO

Pronoun modal Complement

Traduction
I Want to Go to the movies
you Want to try the new dessert
He Want to Join the club
She Want to visit Paris
It Want to explore the surroundings
We Want to order pizza
You Want to stay in the car
They Want to learn spanish

"WANT TO" Explanation:

"WANT TO" is a phrase used to express a desire or wish to do something. It is commonly used to talk about
personal preferences, intentions, or plans.

When to Use "WANT TO":

Expressing Desires: Use "WANT TO" when expressing your desires or wishes.
Example: I want to learn how to play the guitar.

Stating Intentions or Plans: Use "WANT TO" to talk about your intentions or plans for the future.
Example: She wants to start her own business.

Talking About Preferences: Use "WANT TO" to express personal preferences.

Example: They want to visit Japan next summer.

Asking for Permission or Making Requests: "WANT TO" can be used to ask for permission or make polite requests.
Example: Do you want to join us for dinner?

Expressing Willingness: Use "WANT TO" to express your willingness to do something.

Example: I want to help you with your project.

»Remember that "WANT TO" is often used with the base form of a verb. If you
want to talk about past desires or intentions, you can use "WANTED TO.”
2 Level English Club 21

WANNA
Use and meaning of WANNA

Pronoun modal Complement

Traduction
I Wanna Go to the movies
you Wanna try the new dessert
He Wanna Join the club
She Wanna visit Paris
It Wanna explore the surroundings
We Wanna order pizza
You Wanna stay in the car
They Wanna learn spanish

s u i t a b l e
"WANNA” Explanation:
f o r m o r e f o r m a l o r w r i t t e n c o n t e x t s . I n t h o s e s i t u a t i o n s , i t ’ s

"WANNA" is an informal or colloquial contraction of "want to." It is commonly used in spoken English, especially in
casual conversations, to express a desire or intention.

When to Use "WANNA”:

Informal Desires or Wishes: Use "WANNA" in informal settings to express desires or wishes.
Example: I wanna go to the beach this weekend.

Casual Intentions or Plans: "WANNA" is used to convey casual intentions or plans for the future.
Example: She wanna start a blog about travel.

Expressing Preferences in Informal Conversations: In relaxed conversations, "WANNA" is used to express personal
preferences.
Example: Do you wanna grab a coffee after work?

Making Quick Suggestions: Use "WANNA" when making quick and informal suggestions.
Example: Wanna watch a movie tonight?

Casual Requests: "WANNA" can be used in casual requests or invitations.

Example: Wanna come over for dinner?

It's important to note that "WANNA" is considered informal and might not be
» suitable for more formal or written contexts. In those situations,
it's better to use the full form "want to.”
2 Level English Club 21

Going to
Use and meaning of Going to

Pronoun modal Complement

Traduction
I am Going to Go to the movies
you are Going to try the new dessert
He is Going to Join the club
She is Going to visit Paris
It is Going to explore the surroundings
We are Going to order pizza
You are Going to stay in the car
They are Going to learn spanish

s u i t a b l e
"GOING TO" Explanation:
f o r m o r e f o r m a l o r w r i t t e n c o n t e x t s . I n t h o s e s i t u a t i o n s , i t ’ s

"GOING TO" is a future tense construction used to express intentions, plans, or predictions about the future. It is
often used to talk about future actions that have already been decided or planned.

When to Use "GOING TO":

Expressing Future Intentions: Use "GOING TO" to express personal intentions or plans for the future.
Example: I'm going to start a new fitness routine next week.

Planned Events: "GOING TO" is used to discuss events or activities that have been intentionally planned.
Example: They're going to visit Paris in the summer.

Predicting the Future: Use "GOING TO" to make predictions based on present evidence or situations.
Example: Look at those dark clouds; it's going to rain soon.

Decisions Made Prior to the Moment of Speaking: "GOING TO" is suitable when discussing decisions that have been
made before the present.
Example: He's going to apply for a new job.s or invitations.

Remember that "GOING TO" is used for planned or decided future actions,
» while "WANNA" is more informal and used for expressing desires,
wishes, or casual plans.
2 Level English Club 21

Going to
Use and meaning of Going to

Pronoun modal Complement

Traduction
I am Gonna Go to the movies
you are Gonna try the new dessert
He is Gonna Join the club
She is Gonna visit Paris
It is Gonna explore the surroundings
We are Gonna order pizza
You are Gonna stay in the car
They are Gonna learn spanish

s u i t a b l e
"GONNA" Explanation:
f o r m o r e f o r m a l o r w r i t t e n c o n t e x t s . I n t h o s e s i t u a t i o n s , i t ’ s

"GONNA" is an informal contraction of "going to." It is commonly used in spoken English, particularly in casual
conversations. "GONNA" serves the same purpose as "going to," expressing future intentions, plans, or predictions.
However, it is essential to note that "GONNA" is considered informal and is typically avoided in formal writing.

When to Use "GONNA":

Informal Intentions and Plans: Use "GONNA" in informal settings to express future intentions or plans.
Example: I'm gonna visit my grandparents next weekend.

Casual Predictions: "GONNA" is suitable for making casual predictions based on current situations.
Example: Look at those clouds; it's gonna rain soon.

Spoken English: In everyday spoken English, "GONNA" is often used instead of "going to."
Example: She's gonna start a new job next month.

Informal Conversations: Use "GONNA" in relaxed or conversational contexts.

Example: We're gonna have a great time at the party.

Remember that "GONNA" is more appropriate in informal spoken language,

» and it's a contraction commonly used in everyday conversations. If
you have more questions or need further assistance, feel free to ask!
2 Level English Club 21

Can
Use and meaning of Can

Pronoun modal Complement

Traduction
I can swim
you can ride a bike
He can play the guitar
She can speak french
It can rain tomorrow
We can solve the problem
You can join us
They can dance well

"CAN" Explanation:
"CAN" is a modal verb that is used to express abilities, possibilities, permissions, or requests. It is a versatile and
commonly used modal verb in English.

s u i t a b l e f o r m o r e

When to Use "CAN":

f o r m a l o r w r i t t e n c o n t e x t s . I n t h o s e s i t u a t i o n s , i t ’ s

Abilities: Use "CAN" to talk about someone's ability to do something.

Example: She can speak three languages.

Possibilities: "CAN" is used to express general possibilities or likelihood.

Example: It can get cold in the evenings during winter.

Permission: Use "CAN" to ask for or grant permission.

Example (asking): Can I borrow your pen?

Example (granting): Yes, you can use my laptop.
Requests: "CAN" is used to make requests in a polite manner.

Example: Can you please pass me the salt?

Important Notes:
"CAN" is often used in positive statements and questions. In negative statements and questions, "CAN'T" is used to
indicate inability or prohibition.

While "CAN" is appropriate for general possibilities, for specific future plans or arrangements, "WILL" or "GOING TO"
might be more suitable.

Remember that "CAN" is a fundamental modal verb,

» and its usage depends on the context in which it is
employed.
2 Level English Club 21

Could
Use and meaning of Could

Pronoun modal Complement

Traduction
I could swim
you could ride a bike
He could play the guitar
She could speak french
It could rain tomorrow
We could solve the problem
You could join us
They could dance well

"COULD" Explanation:
"COULD" is a modal verb that is used to express past ability, polite requests, suggestions, or to indicate a possibilit
or condition. It is the past tense of “CAN."

s u i t a b l e f o r m o r e

When to Use "COULD":

f o r m a l o r w r i t t e n c o n t e x t s . I n t h o s e s i t u a t i o n s , i t ’ s

Past Ability: Use "COULD" to talk about someone's ability or capability in the past.

Example: When I was younger, I could run very fast.

Polite Requests: "COULD" is used to make polite requests.

Example: Could you please pass me the salt?

Suggestions: Use "COULD" to make suggestions in a polite manner.

Example: You could try talking to him about the issue.

Possibility or Condition: "COULD" is used to express a general possibility or a condition.

Example: If it rains, we could stay indoors.

Important Notes:
"COULD" is often used to soften requests, making them more polite.

In reported speech, "COULD" is commonly used to report requests and suggestions.

Direct: She said, "Can you help me?"

Reported: She asked if I could help her.

Remember that the use of "COULD" depends on the

» context in which it is used.
2 Level English Club 21

May
Use and meaning of May

Pronoun modal Complement

Traduction
I may go to the store later.
you may visit your friend this weekend.
He may arrive early for the meeting.
She may try a new recipe for dinner.
It may snow in the mountains.
We may start the project tomorrow.
You may may attend the event.
They may explore the new city next month.

"MAY" Explanation:
"MAY" is a modal verb that is used to express permission, possibility, or to make a polite request. It is often used in
more formal situations.

s u i t a b l e f o r m o r e

When to Use "MAY":

f o r m a l o r w r i t t e n c o n t e x t s . I n t h o s e s i t u a t i o n s , i t ’ s

Permission: "MAY" is used to ask for or grant permission.

Example (asking for permission): May I borrow your pen?

Example (granting permission): You may leave the room.
Possibility: Use "MAY" to express a possibility or likelihood.

Example: It may rain later, so bring an umbrella.

Polite Requests: "MAY" can be used to make polite requests.

Example: May I have a glass of water, please?

Important Notes:
"MAY" is considered more formal than "CAN" when seeking permission.

In everyday conversation, "CAN" is often used instead of "MAY" for permission, especially in informal settings.

When expressing possibility, "MAY" suggests a higher level of uncertainty compared to “MIGHT.”

Remember that the use of "MAY" depends on the context

» and the level of formality.
2 Level English Club 21

Might
Use and meaning of Might

Pronoun modal Complement

Traduction
I might go to the store later.
you might visit your friend this weekend.
He might arrive early for the meeting.
She might try a new recipe for dinner.
It might snow in the mountains.
We might start the project tomorrow.
You might may attend the event.
They might explore the new city next month.

"MIGHT" Explanation:

“MAY" is a modal verb that is used to express permission, possibility, or to make a polite request. It is often used in
more formal situations.

When to Use "MIGHT":

s u i t a b l e f o r m o r e f o r m a l o r w r i t t e n c o n t e x t s . I n t h o s e s i t u a t i o n s , i t ’ s

Possibility: "MIGHT" is used to suggest a possibility, especially when the likelihood is less certain than when using
“MAY."

Example: It might snow tomorrow.

Uncertainty: Use "MIGHT" when expressing uncertainty or a lack of confidence in a statement.

Example: I might be a few minutes late.

Polite Suggestions or Requests: "MIGHT" can be used in a more tentative or polite way when making suggestions or
requests.

Example: You might want to consider that option.

Important Notes:
"MIGHT" is often used interchangeably with "MAY," but "MIGHT" tends to convey a slightly lower level of probability.

In some cases, "MIGHT" can be used in the past tense to express a hypothetical or unreal condition.

Example: If I had studied harder, I might have passed the exam.

Remember that the use of "MIGHT"

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in more formal or cautious language.
2 Level English Club 21

Must
Use and meaning of Must

Pronoun modal Complement

Traduction
I must finish my homework.
you must submit your application.
He must study for the exam.
She must attend the meeting.
It must be kept in a cool place.
We must respect the rules.
You must must complete the tasks.
They must follow the safety guidelines.

"MUST" Explanation:
"MUST" is a modal verb used to express necessity, obligation, or a strong recommendation. It indicates that
something is essential or required.

s u i t a b l e f o r m o r e f o r m a l o r w r i t t e n c o n t e x t s . I n t h o s e s i t u a t i o n s , i t ’ s

When to Use "MUST":

Necessity or Obligation: "MUST" is used to convey a sense of necessity or obligation.

Example: You must finish your homework before going out.

Strong Recommendations: Use "MUST" to make a strong recommendation or emphasize the importance of an
action.

Example: You must try the local cuisine; it's fantastic!

Prohibitions: In some contexts, "MUST NOT" can indicate a prohibition or something that is not allowed.

Example: You must not smoke in this area.

Important Notes:
"MUST" is often used in more formal contexts and is considered stronger than “SHOULD."

In the negative form, "MUST NOT" indicates a prohibition, while "SHOULD NOT" suggests a recommendation to avoid
something.

"MUST" doesn't have a past tense. Instead, "HAD TO" is often used to express past obligations.

Remember that the appropriate

use of "MAY"use
depends
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level of emphasis you want to convey.
2 Level English Club 21

Should
Use and meaning of Should

Pronoun modal Complement

Traduction
I should start exercising regularly.
you should call your friend to catch up.
He should take a break to relax.
She should consider the job offer.
It should be done by tomorrow.
We should plan our vacation in advance.
You should should attend the workshop.
They should try the new restaurant.

“SHOULD" Explanation:
"SHOULD" is a modal verb used to express advice, recommendations, or suggestions. It implies that something is a
good idea, but there is flexibility, and it's not as strong as "MUST."

When to Use "SHOULD":

s u i t a

Advice: "SHOULD" is often used to give advice or suggest what the speaker thinks is the right thing to do.
b l e f o r m o r e f o r m a l o r w r i t t e n c o n t e x t s . I n t h o s e s i t u a t i o n s , i t ’ s

Example: You should get enough rest before the exam.

Recommendations: It is used to make recommendations, indicating what is generally considered appropriate or
beneficial.

Example: She should try the new restaurant downtown.

Possibility: "SHOULD" can express a likelihood or expectation of something happening.

Example: The package should arrive by Friday.

Important Notes:

"SHOULD" is more flexible and less strong than "MUST." It suggests a good idea but allows for choices.

It is commonly used in everyday language for polite suggestions.

"SHOULD NOT" is used to advise against doing something.

Example: You should not procrastinate; it can lead to stress.

Remember that "SHOULD"

the use of "MAY"
adds adepends
layer of on
recommendation
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the without
level of the
formality.
same level of insistence as “MUST."
2 Level English Club 21

Would
Use and meaning of Would

Pronoun modal Complement

Traduction
I would like to visit Paris someday.
you would enjoy the movie; it's really good.
He would help you with the heavy lifting.
She would prefer tea over coffee.
It would rain later in the evening.
We would love to meet you for dinner.
You would benefit from the training.
They would appreciate your assistance.

"WOULD" Explanation:
"WOULD" is a modal verb with various uses, including expressing polite requests, offering, expressing preferences,
and conditional situations.

When to Use "WOULD":

s u i t a

Polite Requests: "WOULD" is commonly used to make polite requests.

b l e f o r m o r e f o r m a l o r w r i t t e n c o n t e x t s . I n t h o s e s i t u a t i o n s , i t ’ s

Example: Would you please pass the salt?

Offering: It can be used to make offers or express a willingness to do something for someone else.

Example: I would be happy to help you with your project.

Expressing Preferences: "WOULD" is used to talk about preferences in a polite manner.

Example: I would rather go to the beach than the mountains.

Conditional Situations: It is a key component in forming the conditional tense to talk about hypothetical or unreal
situations.

Example: If I had more time, I would travel the world.

Important Notes:

In reported speech, "WOULD" is often used to convey the original request or offer.

Direct: She said, "Can you help me?"

Reported: She asked if I would help her.
"WOULD NOT" is the negative form, indicating a refusal or unwillingness.

Example: He would not listen to my advice.

Remember that
Remember, "WOULD"
the useisofversatile
"MAY" depends
and context-dependent,
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in both polite and hypothetical scenarios.
 1 Level The English Club 21

Conditionals
Zero conditional

The zero conditional is used to talk about general truths, facts, or scientific laws. It expresses a condition that is
always true and the result that inevitably follows.

Structure of the Zero Conditional:

If + Present Simple, Present Simple

When to Use the Zero Conditional:

General Truths: It is used to state facts that are universally true.

Example: If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.

Scientific Laws: It is employed to express scientific principles or laws.

Example: If you mix red and blue, you get purple.

Common Knowledge: It is suitable for expressing widely known or accepted truths.

Example: If it rains, the grass gets wet.

Important Notes:

The zero conditional is not used for future possibilities; it deals with established truths.

Incorrect: If it will rain tomorrow, the event will be canceled.

The structure is straightforward, involving present simple verbs in both the "if" clause and the main clause.

It often starts with "if," but "when" can also be used interchangeably in the zero conditional.

Examples.
If you mix red and yellow, you get orange.
If it snows, the ground becomes white.
When you heat ice, it melts.
 1 Level The English Club 21

Conditionals
1st conditional

The first conditional is used to talk about real and possible future situations. It expresses a condition in the present
or future and the result that is likely to happen as a result of that condition.

Structure of the First Conditional:

If + Present Simple, Will + Base Form of the Verb

When to Use the First Conditional:

Possible Future Situations: It is used to talk about events or situations that are likely to happen in the future.

Example: If it rains tomorrow, we will stay indoors.

Real Present Situations: It is employed to discuss conditions in the present that are likely to happen.

Example: If she calls, tell her I'm in a meeting.

Predictions and Consequences: It helps predict a likely future outcome based on a specific condition.

Example: If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

Important Notes:

The first conditional is used for realistic or possible future events.

The structure involves "if" followed by the present simple tense in the conditional clause and "will" plus the base
form of the verb in the main clause.

It is often used to give advice, make predictions, or talk about plans.

Examples.
If it snows, we will build a snowman.
If you leave now, you will catch the bus.
If she asks nicely, I will help her.
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Conditionals
2nd conditional

The second conditional is used to talk about unreal or unlikely present or future situations. It expresses a condition
in the present or future that is unlikely to happen and the result that would occur if that condition were met.

Structure of the Second Conditional:

If + Past Simple, Would + Base Form of the Verb

When to Use the Second Conditional:

Unreal Present or Future Situations: It is used to talk about situations or events that are unlikely to happen in
the present or future.

Example: If I won the lottery, I would buy a house in the countryside.

Imaginary Present or Future Outcomes: It helps express unreal or imaginary outcomes based on a hypothetical
condition.

Example: If she studied harder, she would get better grades.

Dreams and Wishes: It is often used to talk about dreams, wishes, or unlikely scenarios.

Example: If I could fly, I would visit every country in the world.

Important Notes:

The second conditional is used for situations that are unlikely or contrary to reality.

The structure involves "if" followed by the past simple tense in the conditional clause and "would" plus the base
form of the verb in the main clause.

It is commonly used to discuss hypothetical or imaginary scenarios.

Examples.
If I were you, I would take a break.
If it rained tomorrow, we would cancel the picnic.
If they called me, I would come immediately.
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Grammar tenses
Perfect present

The present perfect tense is used to express an action that started in the past and has a connection to the present.
It indicates an action that was completed at some indefinite point in the past, but the exact time is not specified.

Structure of the Present Perfect:

Subject + Have/Has + Past Participle of the Verb

When to Use the Present Perfect:

Unfinished Actions:

It is used for actions that started in the past but continue into the present.
Example: I have lived in this city for five years.

Experiences:

It is employed to talk about life experiences.

Example: I have visited Paris three times.

Multiple Actions in the Past:

It can be used for actions that occurred at different times in the past.
Example: She has read three books this month.

Changes Over Time:

It is used to express changes or developments over a period leading up to the present.

Example: The weather has become warmer.

Important Notes:

The present perfect is formed with the auxiliary verb "have" (have/has) and the past participle of the main verb.
It is often used with time expressions like “for," "since," "already," "just," and "never."
The focus is on the result of the action rather than the specific time it occurred.

Examples.
I have known her since kindergarten.
They have never been to Asia.
He has already finished his homework.
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Grammar tenses
Perfect past

The past perfect tense is used to express an action that was completed before another past action or a specified
point in the past. It helps establish the chronological order of events.

Structure of the Past Perfect:

Subject + Had + Past Participle of the Verb

When to Use the Past Perfect:

Past Before Past:

It is used to indicate that one action was completed before another action in the past.
Example: When I arrived, they had already left.

Conditional Past:

It can be used in if-clauses to express a hypothetical past condition.

Example: If she had known, she would have come.

Regret or Unfulfilled Condition:

It expresses regret or an unfulfilled condition in the past.

Example: I wish I had studied harder.

Important Notes:

The past perfect is formed with the past tense of the auxiliary verb "have" (had) and the past participle of the main
verb.
It is often used with time expressions like “before," "after," "by the time," and "when.”

Examples.
By the time I reached the station, the train had already departed.
He couldn't enter the competition because he had missed the deadline.
We had never seen such a beautiful sunset before.
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Conditionals
3rd conditional

The third conditional is used to talk about hypothetical situations or events that could have happened differently in
the past. It describes a situation that did not occur, and its result would have been different under different
circumstances.

Structure of the Third Conditional:

If + Past Perfect, Would + Have + Past Participle

When to Use the Third Conditional:

Regret or Unfulfilled Past:

It is used to express regret about a past event or situation that did not happen as desired.
Example: If you had invited me, I would have attended the party.

Imagining Different Outcomes:

It helps imagine different outcomes in the past based on a different set of circumstances.
Example: If we had studied harder, we would have passed the exam.

Important Notes:

The third conditional is used for situations that are contrary to the actual past events.
It involves a combination of the past perfect in the if-clause and "would have" plus the past participle in the main
clause.
It's often used to express hindsight or to consider alternative scenarios.

Examples.
If she had known about the traffic, she would not have taken that route.
They would have bought the house if they had had enough money.
If I had studied abroad, my language skills would be better today.
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Grammar tenses
Simple Future

The simple future tense is used to talk about actions or events that will happen in the future. It expresses a
prediction, intention, or a scheduled event.

Structure of the Simple Future:

Will + Base Form of the Verb

When to Use the Simple Future:

Predictions:

It is used to make predictions about future events based on current evidence or knowledge.
Example: It will rain tomorrow.

Spontaneous Decisions:

It can express spontaneous decisions made at the moment of speaking.

Example: I forgot my umbrella. I will buy a new one.

Promises or Offers:

It is used to make promises or offers about future actions.

Example: I will help you with your project.

Important Notes:

The simple future is versatile and can convey various future meanings.
It is formed by using "will" followed by the base form of the verb.
Negative forms are created by adding "not" after “will.”

Examples.
I will call you later.
They will visit their grandparents next week.
Will you attend the meeting tomorrow?