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Brief Contents
7 Cognition 199
vi
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Contents
Nature–Nurture 33
Activity–Passivity 33
Continuity–Discontinuity 34
Universality–Context Specificity 34
2.2 Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory 35
Instincts and Unconscious Motivation 35
Id, Ego, and Superego 36
Psychosexual Stages 36
vii
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Exploration 2.1 Freud: Notes on School Refusal 38 Exploration 2.4 Piaget: Notes on School Refusal 49
3.1 Evolution and Species Heredity 62 3.5 Genes and Environment Conspiring 82
Gene–Environment Interactions 83
Engagement 3.1 Genetic Influence: What Is Myth,
Gene–Environment Correlations 84
What Is Reality? 63
Sorting Out Genetic Influences on the Environment 84
3.2 Individual Heredity 64 Epigenetic Effects on Gene Expression 86
The Genetic Code 64 Controversies Surrounding Genetic Research 86
From Genotype to Phenotype 67
Exploration 3.1 Early Experience and Gene Expression 87
Mechanisms of Inheritance 68
Chapter Summary 88
Mutations 70
Key Terms 89
Chromosome Abnormalities 70
Genetic Diseases, Diagnosis, and Counseling 72
viii Contents
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4 Prenatal Development and Birth 91
Contents ix
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6 Sensation, Perception, and Action 165
7 Cognition 199
7.1 Piaget’s Constructivist Approach 200 The Development of Object Permanence 211
What Is Intelligence? 201 The Emergence of Symbols 213
How Does Intelligence Develop? 201
x Contents
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7.5 The Child 214 Engagement 7.1 How Well Do You Understand Piaget’s Stages of
Preschoolers: Symbolic Thinking 214 Cognitive Development? 221
Exploration 7.1 Can There Really Be a Santa Claus? 215 Implications of Formal Thought 222
Exploring Development 8.1 The Brain and Memory 235 Exploration 8.2 Can You Teach an
Contents xi
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9 Intelligence and Creativity 263
xii Contents
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Learning to Read 315 Achievement Motivation 325
Effective Schools, Effective Learning 318 Literacy 326
10.4 The Adolescent 320 Continuing Education 326
Declining Levels of Achievement 320 Application 10.1 What Can Theory and Research Contribute
Mathematics and the Cross-Cultural Divide 322 to Education? 327
Integrating Work and School 323 Chapter Summary 328
Pathways to Adulthood 324 Key Terms 329
10.5 The Adult 325
Language 325
Contents xiii
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12 Gender Roles and Sexuality 365
Exploring Development 13.1 Mirror Neurons 403 13.5 The Adolescent 419
Moral Identity 419
Trait Perception 405
Changes in Moral Reasoning 420
Perspective Taking 405
Antisocial Behavior 420
Social Cognition in Adulthood 406
xiv Contents
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Exploring Development 13.2 Relational Aggression 421 Engagement 13.2 Runaway Trolleys 427
Application 13.1 Stopping the Bullies 424 Predicting Moral Action 427
Contents xv
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15 The Family 469
Depression 520
xvi Contents
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Application 16.1 Challenges in Treating Children 521 Engagement 16.2 Is Anyone You Know Suicidal? Know the
Warning Signs 529
16.4 The Adolescent 522
Storm and Stress? 522 16.5 The Adult 529
Eating Disorders 522 Depression 530
Exploration 16.1 Explaining Eating Disorders among Aging and Dementia 531
Adolescent Girls 524 Exploring Development 16.2 The Progression of
Exploration 16.2 Peer Socialization or Peer Selection? 527 Chapter Summary 535
Key Terms 535
Depression and Suicidal Behavior 527
Contents xvii
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Appendix A Careers in Human Development 566
Research 566
Teaching 567
Professional Practice 568
Pre-Bachelor’s- or Bachelor’s-Level Positions 568
Applied Developmental Psychologist 569
Counselor, Psychologist, or Therapist 569
Health Professionals 570
Other Options 570
Resources 571
Glossary 586
References 605
Name Index 697
Subject Index 731
xviii Contents
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Preface
This book is about the development of human beings—from also helps us emphasize the processes behind development.
their days as fertilized eggs to their dying days. It explores regu- Finally, a predominantly topical approach does justice to a life-
larities as well as differences in development, and it asks funda- span perspective on development, allowing us to view each period
mental questions about why we humans develop as we do. The of life in relation to what comes before and what comes after. In
field of life-span human development is a dynamic one, and we chronologically organized textbooks, many topics are described
attempt to keep up with the change in this, the eighth edition of only in connection with the age group to which they seem most
Life-Span Human Development. relevant—for example, attachment in relation to infancy, or sexu-
This new edition incorporates many exciting changes, yet ality in relation to adolescence and adulthood. A topical organiza-
it retains four core features valued by students and instructors tion stimulates us to ask intriguing questions we might otherwise
over the years: (1) our unique integrated topical–chronological not ask, such as these about close relationships:
approach, (2) a presentation that is both research-based and rel-
• What do infants’ attachments to their parents have in com-
evant to students, (3) an emphasis on ideas—on the different
mon with, and how do they differ from, attachments between
theoretical perspectives that guide thinking about human devel-
childhood friends or between adult romantic partners?
opment and research—and (4) an in-depth exploration of the
• Do securely attached infants later have a greater capacity to
all-important nature–nurture issue. In addition, we introduce
form and sustain close relationships than infants whose early
new topics and controversies in life-span human development,
social experiences are less favorable?
update coverage throughout, and offer new pedagogical features
• What are the consequences at different points in the life span
and supplements to enhance the teaching–learning process.
of lacking a close relationship?
Attachments are important throughout the life span, and a topi-
Topical and Chronological Approach cal organization helps make that clear.
xix
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
liikahtanut paikaltaan, ja parin minuutin kuluttua olin kylän
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III luku
»Linna metsässä»
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Hän oli pitkä ja hyvin laiha mies, köyhästi puettu lyhyeen, hänelle
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Hän nyökkäsi.