Final:

Comprehensive, Chap 14-24; ~ 18 questions total

Date & Time: Dec 10th, 7-9 pm

Location: Welch 1.316

 Question on Superposition Principle
Four point charges with equal
magnitude is placed at the
corner of a square as shown
in the figure. What is the
direction of the electric field?

(a)Along positive X
(b)Along negative X
(c)Along positive y
(d)Along negative Y
(e)The field is zero and the
direction is not defined.
 Clicker Question

A total charge Q is uniformly dθ

distributed over a half ring with
radius R. The total charge inside a
θ
R
small element dθ is given by:

A.
Q
B. C.
Q
2R d Q
R d Q
R
D. E.
Q
d
Q
d
1. Choice One
2. Choice Two
3.
4. 
Choice Three
Choice Four 2
5. Choice Five
6. Choice Six
 +y
Clicker Question

A total charge Q is uniformly dθ

distributed over a half ring with
radius R. The y component of
θ
electric field at the center created
R
by a short element dθ is given by:

A. B. Q
kQd
kQd
2 sin  R 2
cos 
R
C. D.
kQd kQd
1.
2. R 3 Choice One
Choice Two
sin  R 3
cos 
3. Choice Three
4. Choice Four
 V at Infinity
1 q1
V=
4e 0 r
r, V=0

Positive charge Negative charge

Three Electric Charges
Interaction between q1 and q2 is
independent of q3

There are three interacting pairs:

q1  q2 U12
q2  q3 U23
q3  q1 U31

U= U12+ U23+ U31

1 q1q2 1 q2 q3 1 q1q3
U el = + +
4e 0 r12 4e 0 r23 4e 0 r13
A B C

D E
Clicker Question
What is the direction of
the magnetic field at
P3?

A: positive

B: negative

C: B=0, direction
cannot be determined

What is the direction of

the magnetic field at P2?
 Exercise: a loop of radius R and a long straight
wire. The center of the loop is 2R from the wire.
I

X
I

What are the directions of the magnetic fields at the center of the loop?

What is the net magnetic field at the center of the loop?

What is the magnitude of the force?
Ampere’s Law: A Long Thick Wire
 
 B  dl = 0  Iinside _ path
Can B have an out of plane component?
Is it always parallel to the path?
 
 B  dl = B2r
B 2r = 0 I

0 2 I
for thick wire: B= (the same as for thin wire)
4 r
Would be hard to derive using Biot-Savart law
 Ampere’s Law: A Solenoid
 
 B  dl = 0  Iinside _ path
Number of wires: (N/L)d
 
What is B  dl on sides?
B outside is very small
 
 B  dl = Bd
0 IN
Bd = 0 I N / L d B= (solenoid)
L
Uniform: same B no matter where is the path
 Ampere’s Law: A Toroid
 
 B  dl = 0  Iinside _ path
Symmetry: B || path

B 2r = 0 IN

0 2 NI
B=
4 r

Is magnetic field constant across

the toroid?
 RC Circuit: Summary

Current in a RC circuit
emf t / RC
I= e
R
Charge in a RC circuit
Q = C emf 1  et / RC 

Voltage in a RC circuit
V = emf 1  et / RC 
 Time Constant of an RL Circuit
Current in RL circuit:
emf battery   t
R
I (t ) = 1  e L

R  

Time constant: time in which

exponential factor become 1/e

R L
t =1 =
L R
 Current in an LC Circuit
 t 
Q = Q0 cos 
 LC 
dQ
I =
dt

Current in an LC circuit
Q0  t 
I= sin 
LC  LC 

Period: T = 2 LC

Frequency: f = 1 / 2 LC 
 Non-ideal LC Circuit
Vcapacitor + Vinductor + VR = 0

Q dI
 RI  L = 0
C dt
 Energy in anQLC Circuit 2
Initial energy stored in a capacitor:
2C

At time t=0: Q=Q0 Q02

U cap =
2C
 1 2
At time t= LC : Q=0 U sol = LI
2 2
1/4 of a period

System oscillates: energy is passed

back and forth between electric and
magnetic fields.
 Energy in an LC Circuit
What is maximum current?

At time t=0:
Q02
U total = U el + U mag =
2C

At time t= LC :
2
1 2
U total = U el + U mag = LI max
2
1 2 Q02 Q0
LI max = I max =
2 2C LC
This is a difficult question: NO
 Faraday’s Law

Faraday’s law cannot be derived from the

other fundamental principles we have studied

Formal version of Faraday’s law:

Michael Faraday
Sign: given by right hand rule (1791 - 1867)
Two Ways to Produce Electric Field
1. Coulomb electric field: produced by charges

2. Non-Coulomb electric field:

using changing magnetic field
Field outside of solenoid

Same effect on charges:

 Changing Magnetic Field
Solenoid: inside
outside
Constant current: there will be no forces
on charges outside (B=0, E=0)
What if current is not constant in time? Let B increase in time

Non-Coulomb ENC !
 Direction of the Curly Electric Field

Exercise:
Magnetic field points down
from the ceiling and is increasing.

What is the direction of E?

 Faraday’s Law and Motional EMF
‘Magnetic force’ approach:

I
Use Faraday law:

I
Many thanks!
Slide# Slide# Slid Slide#
e#
1 11 3 21 j 31

2 Left end 12 2 22 A 32

3 B,D,C,C 13 23 33

4 4 14 24 34

5 D 15 25 35 7

6 B 16 2 26 36 9

7 2 17 A and C (conducting 27 C 45 9
phere)
8 ¼ of the 18 A 28 5
base
9 4 19 4 29

10 20 30
 Maxwell’s Equations
Four equations (integral form) :
 q
 E  nˆdA =
inside
Gauss’s law e0

Gauss’s law for magnetism  B  nˆA = 0
Faraday’s law
Many thanks!   d 

 E  dl =  dt  B  nˆdA 
Ampere-Maxwell law    d elec 
 B  dl = 0  Iinside _ path + e 0 dt 
   
+ Lorentz force F = qE + qv  B
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmO9ECcIM-
A&index=6&list=PL5CvBU3RbkTfWpegYEnCOzbG-JTdu8Hpf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXmcCDB6SKY
Magnitude of the Transverse Electric Field
We can qualitatively predict the direction.
What is the magnitude?

Magnitude can be derived

from Gauss’s law

Field ~ -qa

 
1  qa
Eradiative =
4e 0 c 2 r

1. The direction of the field is opposite to qa

2. The electric field falls off at a rate 1/r
Energy Flux: The Poynting Vector
1
flux = EB
0
 
The direction of the E/M radiation was given by E  B

Energy flux, the “Poynting vector”:

John Henry
 1   Poynting
S= EB (in W/m 2 )
0 (1852-1914)

• S is the rate of energy flux in E/M radiation

• It points in the direction of the E/M radiation

Intensity,
 Momentum Flux
Net momentum:
in transverse direction: 0
in longitudinal direction: >0
Relativistic energy:
E =  pc  + mc
2 2
  2 2

Quantum view: light consists of photons with zero mass: E 2 =  pc 2

Classical (Maxwell): it is also valid, i.e. momentum = energy/speed

 1   Momentum flux:
S= EB 
0 S 1  
= E  B (in N/m2 )
c 0 c
Units of Pressure