Heat and Mass Transfer

Module 1- Heat Conduction

by
Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Birla institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi
 Contents
2

➢ Basic concepts and laws of Heat Transfer.

➢ Generalized heat conduction equation in cartesian; cylindrical and spherical
coordinates.
➢ Contact thermal resistance; without internal heat generation for Simple and
composite Plane wall, hollow cylinders and spheres.
➢ Critical thickness of insulation.
➢ Variable thermal conductivity of plane wall.
➢ 1D steady state heat conduction for Plane wall, hollow cylinders and spheres.
➢ Transient heat conduction – lumped heat capacity analysis.
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 Basic concept and Laws of Heat Transfer
3
Introduction
Heat Transfer?

Heat transfer is the exchange of thermal energy between physical objects.

or
Energy in transit due to temperature difference

Difference?
Thermodynamics Heat Transfer
✓ How much heat is transferred (δQ) ✓ How (with what modes) δQ is transferred
✓ How much work is done (δW) ✓ At what rate δQ is transferred
✓ Final state of the system ✓ Temperature distribution inside the body

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 Basic concept and Laws of Heat Transfer
4
Modes of heat transfer

Conduction
➢ Direct contact.
➢ Solids, liquids, or gases.
Heat can be
transferred in
three Convection
different
modes Bulk fluid motion

Radiation
Through
electromagnetic waves
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 Basic concept and Laws of Heat Transfer
Modes of heat transfer- Conduction
5

➢ “Conduction is the flow of heat in a substance due to exchange of energy between

molecules having more energy and molecules having less energy”.
➢ Conduction can take place in solids, liquids, or gases.
➢ In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the collisions and diffusion of the molecules
during their random motion.
➢ In solids, it is due to the combination of vibrations of the molecules in a lattice and the
energy transport by free electrons.
➢ The rate of heat conduction through a medium depends on the geometry of the medium, its
thickness, and the material of the medium, as well as the temperature difference across the
medium.

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 Basic concept and Laws of Heat Transfer
Modes of heat transfer- Conduction
6

Conduction in Solids

Molecules in the hotter part of the object vibrate faster than the molecules in the cooler parts. The faster moving molecules
transfer part of the energy to their slower moving neighbours – so transferring heat through the object

Conduction in
Liquids and
Gases

Stationary Fluid

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 Basic concept and Laws of Heat Transfer
Modes of heat transfer- Conduction
7
Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction

“The rate of heat conduction through a plane layer is proportional to

𝑇1 the temperature difference across the layer and the heat transfer area
but is inversely proportional to the thickness of the layer”.
𝑇2
Rate of heat conduction ∝ ( Area) (Temperature Difference ) / Thickness
𝑄
𝒅𝑻
𝑸∝𝑨
𝒅𝒙
𝐴
Where,
Q = heat flow through a body per unit time (in watts W)
𝑑𝑥 A = Surface area of heat flow 𝑚2 ,
dT = Temperature difference in ℃ or K
dx = Thickness of the body in the direction of flow, 𝑚.
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 Basic concept and Laws of Heat Transfer
Modes of heat transfer- Conduction
8
Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction
𝒅𝑻
𝑇1 𝑸 = −𝒌𝑨
𝒅𝒙
Where,
𝒌 = thermal conductivity of the body and it is a Constant of
𝑇2 proportionality
𝑄 (negative sign denotes heat transfer in the direction of decreasing temperature)

Thermal Conductivity
➢ The thermal conductivity of a material can be defined as the rate
k of heat transfer through a unit thickness of the material per unit
𝐴
area per unit temperature difference.
➢ The thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of the
𝑑𝑥 ability of the material to conduct heat.
➢ A high value for thermal conductivity indicates that the material
is a good heat conductor, and a low value indicates that the
material is a poor heat conductor or insulator.
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 Basic concept and Laws of Heat Transfer
Modes of heat transfer- Conduction
9
Thermal Conductivity

Source: Heat and mass transfer by Y.A. Cengel

Source: https://thermopedia.com/content/1187/

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 Basic concept and Laws of Heat Transfer
Modes of heat transfer- Conduction
10
Variable Thermal Conductivity
The variation of thermal conductivity over certain
temperature ranges is negligible for some
materials, but significant for others
➢ Thermal conductivity of fluids increases with the
increase in temperature.
➢ The exception is water, which exhibits increasing k up
to about 150℃ and decreasing k thereafter.
➢ Water has the highest thermal conductivity of all
liquids except for liquid metals.
➢ Thermal conductivity of solids (in general) decreases
with the increase in temperature.
➢ The thermal conductivity of a material, in general,
varies with temperature.
➢ An average value for the thermal conductivity is used
when the variation is mild.
Source: Heat and mass transfer by Y.A. Cengel
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 Basic concept and Laws of Heat Transfer
Modes of heat transfer- Conduction
11
Variable Thermal Conductivity
➢ When the variation of thermal conductivity with temperature k (T) is known, the average value of
the thermal conductivity in the temperature range between 𝑇1 and 𝑇2 can be determined from

𝑇2
‫𝒌 𝑇׬‬ 𝑻 𝒅𝑻
1
𝒌𝑨𝒗𝒈 =
𝑇2 − 𝑇1
➢ The variation in thermal conductivity of a material can often be approximated as a linear function
and expressed as

𝒌 𝑻 = 𝒌𝟎 𝟏 + 𝜷𝑻
➢ where β is the temperature coefficient of thermal conductivity.

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 Basic concept and Laws of Heat Transfer
Modes of heat transfer- Convection
12
➢ “Convection is the mode of energy transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent liquid or gas that is
in motion, and it involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid motion.”.
➢ The faster the fluid motion, the greater the convection heat transfer. In the absence of any bulk fluid
motion, heat transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent fluid is by pure conduction.

Velocity variation of air

𝑉 𝑇∞
Direction of air flow

Temperature variation
of air

𝐴𝑆 𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.

𝑇𝑆
Hot Block
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 Basic concept and Laws of Heat Transfer
Modes of heat transfer- Convection
13

➢ In the absence of a fan, heat transfer from the surface of the hot block in the figure will be by natural
convection since any motion in the air, in this case, will be due to the rise of the warmer (and thus
lighter) air near the surface and the fall of the cooler (and thus heavier) air to fill its place.
➢ Heat transfer between the block and the surrounding air will be by conduction if the temperature
difference between the air and the block is not large enough to overcome the resistance of air to
movement and thus to initiate natural convection currents.
➢ Energy is first transferred to the air layer adjacent to the block by conduction.
➢ This energy is then carried away from the surface by convection, that is, by the combined effects of
conduction within the air that are due to the random motion of air molecules and the bulk or
macroscopic motion of the air that removes the heated air near the surface and replaces it by the
cooler air.
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 Basic concept and Laws of Heat Transfer
Modes of heat transfer- Convection
14
Types of Convection:

➢ Forced Convection- Convection is called forced convection if the fluid is forced to flow over the surface by
external means such as a fan, pump, or the wind.
➢ Natural or Free Convection- In contrast, convection is called natural (or free) convection if the fluid motion is
caused by buoyancy forces that are induced by density differences due to the variation of temperature in the
fluid.

Forced Convection- Natural or Free

Convection
Hot air Hot air

Hot Temperature Hot

Slab drops Slab

Cold air Cold air

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 Basic concept and Laws of Heat Transfer
Modes of heat transfer- Convection
15

➢ The rate of convection heat transfer is observed to be proportional to the temperature difference, and
is conveniently expressed by Newton’s law of cooling as,

𝑸 = 𝒉𝑨 𝑻𝑺 − 𝑻∞
Where,
𝒉 is the convection heat transfer coefficient in W/m^2 °C.
𝑨 is the surface area through which convection heat transfer takes place.
𝑻𝑺 is the surface temperature
𝑻∞ is the temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from the surface.

**Note-
The convection heat transfer coefficient h is not a property of the fluid.
It is an experimentally determined parameter whose value depends on all the variables
influencing convection such as the surface geometry, the nature of fluid motion, the
properties of the fluid, and the bulk fluid velocity.

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 Basic concept and Laws of Heat Transfer
Modes of heat transfer- Radiation
16

“Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic waves (or photons)
as a result of the changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms or molecules”.
➢ Unlike conduction and convection, the
transfer of energy by radiation does not
Radiation
require the presence of an intervening
medium.
➢ Energy transfer by radiation is the fastest (at
the speed of light) and it suffers no
attenuation in a vacuum. This is how the
energy of the sun reaches the earth.
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 Basic concept and Laws of Heat Transfer
Modes of heat transfer- Radiation
17

The maximum rate of radiation that can be emitted from a surface at an absolute temperature (in
K) is given by the Stefan–Boltzmann law as

𝑸 = 𝜺𝑨𝝈 𝑻𝟒

Where,
ε = emissivity coefficient of the object (one - 1 - for a black body)
Q = heat transfer per unit time (W)
σ = 5.6703 × 10−8 (𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 4 ) - The Stefan-Boltzmann Constant
T = absolute temperature in kelvins (K)
A = area of the emitting body (𝑚2 )

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 Steady and Unsteady state heat transfer through
conduction
18
Steady State Heat Transfer
✓ The steady state heat transfer through a body and between bodies implies that the temperature
of the body varies with the position but not with time.
✓ The temperature of the body remains constant in course of time.
𝒅𝑻 𝒅𝑻
= 𝟎, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ≠𝟎
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙

Unsteady State Heat Transfer

✓ In unsteady state heat transfer process, the temperature of the body varies with time and with
position.
✓ The temperature of the body remains constant in course of time.
𝒅𝑻 𝒅𝑻
≠ 𝟎, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ≠𝟎
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 Generalized heat conduction equation
19 Limitations of Fourier’s Law of heat conduction equation
𝑇1 ✓ It is valid for only one-dimensional heat flow.
✓ No internal heat generation.
𝑇2
✓ Conduction of heat takes place under steady state condition.
𝑄
✓ Thermal conductivity of the material is constant.

k ✓ In the most general case, heat transfer through a medium is three-

𝐴 dimensional and, time dependent.
✓ In such cases, Fourier’s laws of heat conduction is not valid.
✓ So, to solve such problems Generalized heat conduction equations are
𝑑𝑥 used.
✓ Here, the temperature distribution throughout the medium at a specified time
𝒅𝑻 as well as the heat transfer rate at any location can be described by a set of
𝑸 = −𝒌𝑨 three coordinates.
𝒅𝒙 ✓ These coordinates are Cartesian [T(x, y, z, t)], Cylindrical {T(r, 𝜃, z, t)}, and
Spherical [T(r, 𝜃 , ∅, t)]
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 Generalized heat conduction equation
Cartesian (Rectangular) coordinate
20

Y 𝑸𝒚+𝒅𝒚 𝑸𝒛+𝒅𝒛

𝑑y
𝑸𝒙 𝑸𝒙+𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥
𝑸𝒚
X 𝑸𝒛
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 Generalized heat conduction equation
Cartesian (Rectangular) coordinate
21
✓ Applying energy balance

𝑸𝒚+𝒅𝒚 𝑸𝒛+𝒅𝒛 Net Heat

Heat Change in
+ generated in = Internal 1
Input
Element Energy
𝑑y
𝑸𝒙 𝑸𝒙+𝒅𝒙
Heat Input Heat Input Heat Input
Net Heat Input
in all direction = in 𝒙 + in 𝒚 + in 𝒛
direction direction direction
𝑑𝑥
𝑸𝒛 𝑸𝒚

𝑸𝒙 − 𝑸𝒙+𝒅𝒙 + 𝑸𝒚 − 𝑸𝒚+𝒅𝒚 + 𝑸𝒛 − 𝑸𝒛+𝒅𝒛

2
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 Generalized heat conduction equation
Cartesian (Rectangular) coordinate
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Heat input in all direction Considering 𝒙 direction

𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝑸𝒙 − 𝑸𝒙+𝒅𝒙 3

𝑸𝒚+𝒅𝒚 𝑸𝒛+𝒅𝒛 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑸𝒙+𝒅𝒙 𝒃𝒚 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑻𝒂𝒚𝒍𝒐𝒓′ 𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔
Neglect

𝑑y
𝝏 𝑸𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝝏𝟐 𝑸𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑸𝒙 𝑸𝒙+𝒅𝒙 = 𝑸𝒙 + + 𝟐 + 𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝑸𝒙+𝒅𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝟏! 𝝏𝒙 𝟐!

𝝏 𝑸𝒙
𝑸𝒙+𝒅𝒙 = 𝑸𝒙 + 𝒅𝒙 𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑸𝒙+𝒅𝒙 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟑
𝑑𝑥 𝝏𝒙
𝑸𝒛 𝑸𝒚
𝝏 𝑸𝒙
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝑸𝒙 − 𝑸𝒙+𝒅𝒙 = 𝑸𝒙 − 𝑸𝒙 + 𝒅𝒙
𝝏𝒙
𝝏 𝑸𝒙
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = − 𝒅𝒙
𝝏𝒙
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 Generalized heat conduction equation
Cartesian (Rectangular) coordinate
23

Considering 𝒙 direction
𝒅𝑻
𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒐 𝑭𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒓′ 𝒔 𝒍𝒂𝒘 𝑸𝒙 = −𝒌𝒙 𝑨𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝑸𝒚+𝒅𝒚 𝑸𝒛+𝒅𝒛
𝝏 𝒅𝑻
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = − −𝒌𝒙 𝑨𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝝏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑑y
𝑸𝒙 𝑸𝒙+𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑨𝒙 = 𝒅𝒚. 𝒅𝒛

𝑑𝑥 𝝏 𝒅𝑻
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = − −𝒌𝒙 𝒅𝒚. 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒙
𝑸𝒛 𝑸𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝝏𝟐 𝑻
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒌𝒙 𝒅𝒙. 𝒅𝒚. 𝒅𝒛 𝟐 4
𝒅𝒙

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 Generalized heat conduction equation
Cartesian (Rectangular) coordinate
24
𝑺𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒍𝒚,
𝝏𝟐 𝑻
5
𝑸𝒚+𝒅𝒚 𝑸𝒛+𝒅𝒛 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒚 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒌𝒚 𝒅𝒙. 𝒅𝒚. 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝑻
𝑑y 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒚 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒌𝒛 𝒅𝒙. 𝒅𝒚. 𝒅𝒛 𝟐 6
𝑸𝒙 𝒅𝒛
𝑸𝒙+𝒅𝒙
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟐

𝑑𝑥 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑸𝒛 𝑸𝒚 = 𝑸𝒙 − 𝑸𝒙+𝒅𝒙 + 𝑸𝒚 − 𝑸𝒚+𝒅𝒚 + 𝑸𝒛 − 𝑸𝒛+𝒅𝒛

𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻
= 𝒌𝒙 𝒅𝒙. 𝒅𝒚. 𝒅𝒛 𝟐 + 𝒌𝒚 𝒅𝒙. 𝒅𝒚. 𝒅𝒛 𝟐 + 𝒌𝒛 𝒅𝒙. 𝒅𝒚. 𝒅𝒛 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 Generalized heat conduction equation
Cartesian (Rectangular) coordinate
25

𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒌𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒌𝒚 𝟐 + 𝒌𝒛 𝟐 𝒅𝒙. 𝒅𝒚. 𝒅𝒛
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛

NOTE-𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒊𝒅 𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆

𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕

𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒔𝒐𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒄 𝒊. 𝒆. 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇

𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝒌 = 𝒌𝒙 = 𝒌𝒚 = 𝒌𝒛

𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒌 + + 𝒅𝒙. 𝒅𝒚. 𝒅𝒛 7
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒛𝟐

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Heat generation in Element

Heat generated in an Element = Heat generated per unit volume × Volume of element

𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒏 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝒒𝒈 𝒅𝒙. 𝒅𝒚. 𝒅𝒛 8

Change in internal energy

𝝏𝑻
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 = 𝒎𝑪𝒑 9
𝒅𝒕

𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟕, 𝟖, 𝟗 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟏

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Heat Change in
Net Heat
+ generated in = Internal
Input
Element Energy

𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝑻
𝒌 𝟐
+ 𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒙. 𝒅𝒚. 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒒𝒈 𝒅𝒙. 𝒅𝒚. 𝒅𝒛 = 𝒎𝑪𝒑
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒕

Now, 𝒎 = 𝝆𝑽
𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝑻
𝒌 + + 𝒅𝒙. 𝒅𝒚. 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒒𝒈 𝒅𝒙. 𝒅𝒚. 𝒅𝒛 = 𝝆𝑽𝑪𝒑
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒛𝟐 𝒅𝒕
and, 𝒗 = 𝒅𝒙. 𝒅𝒚. 𝒅𝒛
𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝑻
𝒌 𝟐
+ 𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒙. 𝒅𝒚. 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒒𝒈 𝒅𝒙. 𝒅𝒚. 𝒅𝒛 = 𝝆𝒅𝒙. 𝒅𝒚. 𝒅𝒛𝑪𝒑
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒕

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𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝑻
𝒌 𝟐
+ 𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒅𝒙. 𝒅𝒚. 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒒𝒈 𝒅𝒙. 𝒅𝒚. 𝒅𝒛 = 𝝆𝒅𝒙. 𝒅𝒚. 𝒅𝒛𝑪𝒑
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒕

𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝑻
𝒌 + + + 𝒒 𝒈 = 𝝆𝑪 𝒑
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒛𝟐 𝒅𝒕

𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝒒𝒈 𝝆𝑪𝒑 𝝏𝑻
𝟐
+ 𝟐+ 𝟐 + =
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 𝒌 𝒌 𝒅𝒕

𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝒒𝒈 𝟏 𝝏𝑻
𝟐
+ 𝟐+ 𝟐 + = Fourier-Biot equation
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 𝒌 𝜶 𝒅𝒕

𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆, 𝜶 = 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚

𝒌 𝒎𝟐
𝜶= , 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔:
𝝆𝑪𝒑 𝒔
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𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝒒𝒈 𝟏 𝝏𝑻
+ + + = Fourier-Biot equation
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒛𝟐 𝒌 𝜶 𝒅𝒕

Steady state heat with 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝒒𝒈 Poison’s equation

heat generation + + + =𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒛𝟐 𝒌

Steady state heat without 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻

heat generation 𝟐
+ 𝟐+ 𝟐 =𝟎 𝑳𝒂𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆′ 𝒔 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛

Transient without heat

𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝟏 𝝏𝑻
+ + = 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
generation 𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒛𝟐 𝜶 𝒅𝒕

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𝑸𝒛+𝒅𝒛 𝑸𝜽+𝒅𝜽

𝑸𝒓

𝑑z
𝑧

𝜃 𝑸𝒓+𝒅𝒓

𝑸𝜽
𝑟
𝑸𝒛
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✓ Applying energy balance
𝑸𝒛+𝒅𝒛 𝑸𝜽+𝒅𝜽
Heat Change in
Net Heat
𝑸𝒓 + generated in = Internal 1
Input
Element Energy
𝑑z

Heat Input Heat Input Heat Input

𝑸𝒓+𝒅𝒓 Net Heat Input
in all direction = in z + in 𝒓 + in 𝜽
𝑸𝜽 direction direction direction
𝑸𝒛

𝑸𝒛 − 𝑸𝒛+𝒅𝒛 + 𝑸𝒓 − 𝑸𝒓+𝒅𝒓 + 𝑸𝜽 − 𝑸𝜽+𝒅𝜽

2
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Heat input in all direction Considering z direction

𝑸𝒛+𝒅𝒛 𝑸𝜽+𝒅𝜽
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒛 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝑸𝒛 − 𝑸𝒛+𝒅𝒛 3
𝑸𝒓 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑸𝒛+𝒅𝒛 𝒃𝒚 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑻𝒂𝒚𝒍𝒐𝒓′ 𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔
Neglect
𝑑z
𝝏 𝑸𝒛 𝒅𝒛 𝝏𝟐 𝑸𝒛 𝒅𝒛
𝑸𝒛+𝒅𝒛 = 𝑸𝒛 + + 𝟐 + 𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝝏𝒛 𝟏! 𝝏𝒛 𝟐!
𝑸𝒓+𝒅𝒓
𝑸𝜽 𝝏 𝒛
𝑸𝒛+𝒅𝒛 = 𝑸𝒛 + 𝒅𝒛 𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑸𝒛+𝒅𝒛 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟑
𝑸𝒛 𝝏𝒛

𝝏 𝑸𝒛
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒛 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝑸𝒛 − 𝑸𝒛+𝒅𝒛 = 𝑸𝒛 − 𝑸𝒛 + 𝒅𝒛
𝝏𝒛
𝝏 𝑸𝒛
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒛 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = − 𝒅𝒛
𝝏𝒛
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Considering z direction
𝑸𝒛+𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝑻
𝑸𝜽+𝒅𝜽 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒐 𝑭𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒓′ 𝒔 𝒍𝒂𝒘 𝑸𝒛 = −𝒌𝒛 𝑨𝒛
𝒅𝒛
𝑸𝒓
𝝏 𝒅𝑻
𝑑z 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = − −𝒌𝒙 𝑨𝒙 𝒅𝒛
𝝏𝒛 𝒅𝒛

𝑸𝒓+𝒅𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑨𝒛 = 𝒓. 𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒓

𝑸𝜽
𝝏 𝒅𝑻
𝑸𝒛 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒛 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = − −𝒌𝒛 𝒓. 𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝒛 4
𝝏𝒛 𝒅𝒛

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Heat input in all direction Considering r direction
𝑸𝒛+𝒅𝒛 𝑸𝜽+𝒅𝜽
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝑸𝒓 − 𝑸𝒓+𝒅𝒓 5
𝑸𝒓 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑸𝒓+𝒅𝒓 𝒃𝒚 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑻𝒂𝒚𝒍𝒐𝒓′ 𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔
𝑑z 𝝏 𝑸𝒓 𝒅𝒓
𝑸𝒓+𝒅𝒓 = 𝑸𝒓 +
𝝏𝒓 𝟏!
𝑸𝒓+𝒅𝒓
𝑸𝜽 𝝏 𝑸𝒓
𝑸𝒓+𝒅𝒓 = 𝑸𝒓 + 𝒅𝒓 𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑸𝒓+𝒅𝒓 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 5
𝑸𝒛 𝝏𝒓

𝝏 𝑸𝒓
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝑸𝒓 − 𝑸𝒓+𝒅𝒓 = 𝑸𝒓 − 𝑸𝒓 + 𝒅𝒓
𝝏𝒓
𝝏 𝑸𝒓
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = − 𝒅𝒓
𝝏𝒓
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Considering r direction
𝑸𝒛+𝒅𝒛 ′ 𝒅𝑻
𝑸𝜽+𝒅𝜽 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒐 𝑭𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒓 𝒔 𝒍𝒂𝒘 𝑸𝒓 = −𝒌𝒓 𝑨𝒓
𝒅𝒓
𝑸𝒓
𝝏 𝒅𝑻
𝑑z 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = − −𝒌𝒓 𝑨𝒓 𝒅𝒓
𝝏𝒓 𝒅𝒓

𝑸𝒓+𝒅𝒓
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑨𝒓 = 𝒓. 𝒅𝜽. 𝒅z
𝑸𝜽
𝑸𝒛
𝝏 𝒅𝑻
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = − −𝒌𝒓 𝒓. 𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒓
𝝏𝒓 𝒅𝒓

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Heat input in all direction Considering 𝛉 direction
𝑸𝒛+𝒅𝒛 𝑸𝜽+𝒅𝜽
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝑸𝜽 − 𝑸𝜽+𝒅𝜽 7
𝑸𝒓 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑸𝜽+𝒅𝜽 𝒃𝒚 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑻𝒂𝒚𝒍𝒐𝒓′ 𝒔 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔
𝑑z 𝝏 𝑸𝜽 𝒓𝒅𝜽
𝑸𝜽+𝒅𝜽 = 𝑸𝜽 +
𝒓𝝏𝜽 𝟏!
𝑸𝒓+𝒅𝒓
𝑸𝜽 𝝏 𝑸𝜽
𝑸𝜽+𝒅𝜽 = 𝑸𝜽 + 𝒓𝒅𝜽 𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑸𝜽+𝒅𝜽 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟕
𝑸𝒛 𝒓𝝏𝜽

𝝏 𝑸𝜽
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝑸𝜽 − 𝑸𝜽+𝒅𝜽 = 𝑸𝜽 − 𝑸𝜽 + 𝒓𝒅𝜽
𝒓𝝏𝜽
𝝏 𝑸𝜽
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = − 𝒓𝒅𝜽
𝒓𝝏𝜽
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 Generalized heat conduction equation
Cylindrical coordinate
37

Considering r direction
𝑸𝒛+𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝑻
𝑸𝜽+𝒅𝜽 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒐 𝑭𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒓′ 𝒔 𝒍𝒂𝒘 𝑸𝜽 = −𝒌𝜽 𝑨𝜽
𝒓𝒅𝜽
𝑸𝒓
𝝏 𝒅𝑻
𝑑z 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = − −𝒌𝜽 𝑨𝜽 𝒓𝒅𝜽
𝒓𝝏𝜽 𝒅𝜽

𝑸𝒓+𝒅𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑨𝜽 = 𝒅𝒓. 𝒅z

𝑸𝜽
𝑸𝒛
𝝏 𝒅𝑻
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = − −𝒌𝜽 . 𝒅𝒓. 𝒅𝒛 𝒓𝒅𝜽
𝒓𝝏𝜽 𝒓𝒅𝜽

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 Generalized heat conduction equation
Cylindrical coordinate
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𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟒, 𝟔, 𝟖 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟐
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝝏 𝒅𝑻 𝝏 𝒅𝑻 𝝏 𝒅𝑻
= 𝒌𝒛 𝒓. 𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒌𝒓 𝒓. 𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒓 + 𝒌𝜽 . 𝒅𝒓. 𝒅𝒛 𝒓𝒅𝜽
𝝏𝒛 𝒅𝒛 𝝏𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒓𝝏𝜽 𝒓𝒅𝜽
𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒔𝒐𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒄 𝒊. 𝒆. 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝑲 = 𝑲𝒛 = 𝑲𝜽 = 𝑲𝒓

𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑰𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝝏 𝒅𝑻 𝝏 𝒅𝑻 𝝏 𝒅𝑻
= 𝒌𝒓. 𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒌𝒓. 𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒓 + 𝒌. 𝒅𝒓. 𝒅𝒛 𝒓𝒅𝜽
𝝏𝒛 𝒅𝒛 𝝏𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒓𝝏𝜽 𝒓𝒅𝜽

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 Generalized heat conduction equation
Cylindrical coordinate
39

Heat generation in Element

Heat generated in an Element = Heat generated per unit volume × Volume of element

𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒏 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 = 𝒒𝒈 . 𝒓𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒓. 𝒅𝒛 10

Change in internal energy

𝝏𝑻
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 = 𝒎𝑪𝒑
𝒅𝒕
𝝏𝑻 11
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 = 𝝆𝒓𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒓. 𝒅𝒛𝑪𝒑
𝒅𝒕
𝑺𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝟗, 𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟏 𝒊𝒏 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝟏
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 Generalized heat conduction equation
Cylindrical coordinate
40
Heat Change in
Net Heat
+ generated in = Internal
Input
Element Energy

𝝏 𝒅𝑻 𝝏 𝒅𝑻 𝝏 𝒅𝑻
𝒌𝒓. 𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒌𝒓. 𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒓 + 𝒌. 𝒅𝒓. 𝒅𝒛 𝒓𝒅𝜽 + 𝒒𝒈 . 𝒓𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒓. 𝒅𝒛
𝝏𝒛 𝒅𝒛 𝝏𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒓𝝏𝜽 𝒓𝒅𝜽
𝝏𝑻
= 𝝆𝒓𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒓. 𝒅𝒛𝑪𝒑
𝒅𝒕

𝝏 𝒅𝑻 𝝏 𝒅𝑻 𝝏 𝒅𝑻
𝒌𝒓. 𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒓. 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒌. 𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒓. 𝒅𝒛 𝒓 + 𝒌. 𝒓𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒓. 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒒𝒈 . 𝒓𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒓. 𝒅𝒛
𝝏𝒛 𝒅𝒛 𝝏𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒓𝝏𝜽 𝒓𝒅𝜽
𝝏𝑻
= 𝝆𝒓𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒓. 𝒅𝒛𝑪𝒑
𝒅𝒕

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 Generalized heat conduction equation
Cylindrical coordinate
41
𝝏 𝒅𝑻 𝝏 𝒅𝑻 𝝏 𝒅𝑻
𝒌𝒓. 𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒓. 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒌. 𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒓. 𝒅𝒛 𝒓 + 𝒌. 𝒓𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒓. 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒒𝒈 . 𝒓𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒓. 𝒅𝒛
𝝏𝒛 𝒅𝒛 𝝏𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒓𝝏𝜽 𝒓𝒅𝜽
𝝏𝑻
= 𝝆𝒓𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒓. 𝒅𝒛𝑪𝒑
𝒅𝒕
𝝏 𝒅𝑻 𝝏 𝒅𝑻 𝟏 𝝏 𝒅𝑻 𝝏𝑻 𝑻𝒂𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒓. 𝒅𝜽. 𝒅𝒓. 𝒅𝒛 𝒂𝒔
𝒌 +𝒌 𝒓 +𝒌 + 𝒒𝒈 = 𝝆𝑪𝒑 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝝏𝒛 𝒅𝒛 𝝏𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒓 𝒓𝝏𝜽 𝒓𝒅𝜽 𝝏𝒕 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔

𝝏 𝒅𝑻 𝝏 𝒅𝑻 𝟏 𝝏 𝒅𝑻 𝒒𝒈 𝝆𝑪𝒑 𝝏𝑻
+ 𝒓 + + =
𝝏𝒛 𝒅𝒛 𝝏𝒓 𝒅𝒓 𝒓 𝒓𝝏𝜽 𝒓𝒅𝜽 𝒌 𝒌 𝝏𝒕

𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝒅𝑻 𝟏 𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝒒𝒈 𝝆𝑪𝒑 𝝏𝑻 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆, 𝜶
+ 𝒓 + + + = = 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝝏𝒛𝟐 𝝏𝒓𝟐 𝒅𝒓 𝒓 𝒓𝟐 𝝏𝜽𝟐 𝒌 𝒌 𝝏𝒕
𝒌 𝒎𝟐
𝜶= , 𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔:
𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝟏 𝝏𝑻 𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝒒𝒈 𝟏 𝝏𝑻 𝝆𝑪𝒑 𝒔
𝟐 + 𝟐 + + 𝟐 𝟐 + =
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒓 𝒓 𝝏𝒓 𝒓 𝝏𝜽 𝒌 𝜶 𝝏𝒕
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 Generalized heat conduction equation
Cylindrical coordinate
42

𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝟏 𝝏𝑻 𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝒒𝒈 𝟏 𝝏𝑻
𝟐 + 𝟐 + + 𝟐 + =
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒓 𝒓 𝝏𝒓 𝒓 𝒅𝝏 𝒌 𝜶 𝝏𝒕
𝑰𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒐 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝒘𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒏 𝒂𝒔
𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝟏 𝝏𝑻 𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝟏 𝝏𝑻
𝟐 + 𝟐 + + 𝟐 𝟐 =
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒓 𝒓 𝝏𝒓 𝒓 𝝏𝜽 𝜶 𝝏𝒕
𝑨𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒚 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝟏 𝝏𝑻 𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝑻
𝟐
+ 𝟐
+ + 𝟐 𝟐
=𝟎
𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒓 𝒓 𝝏𝒓 𝒓 𝝏𝜽
3-D Steady state heat
𝟏 𝝏𝑻 𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻
+ 𝟐 + + =𝟎 conduction equation in
𝒓 𝝏𝒓 𝒓 𝝏𝜽 𝟐 𝝏𝒓 𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝟐
polar coordinates

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 1-D Steady State Heat Conduction Equation
For a Plane Wall
43
➢ For one-dimensional conduction in a 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆, 𝑻𝟏 > 𝑻𝟐
Y plane wall, temperature is a function of
𝑸𝑳 = −𝒌𝑨 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏
the x coordinate only i.e.,
𝑇1 𝒌𝑨 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏
𝑻=𝒇 𝒙 𝑸=−
𝑳
➢ According to Fourier’s law:
𝑇2
𝒅𝑻 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐
𝑸 = −𝒌𝑨 𝑸=
𝒅𝒙 𝑳
𝑄 𝒌𝑨
𝑳 𝑻𝟐 𝑳
K 𝑸 න 𝒅x = −𝒌𝑨 න 𝒅𝑻 = 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝑨 𝒌𝑨
𝟎 𝑻𝟏
Assuming, K= constant (for isotropic 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐
𝐿 X material) = 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍
x=0 x=L
𝑸𝑳 = −𝒌𝑨 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 1-D Steady State Heat Conduction Equation
For a Plane Wall
44
Thermal Resistance
➢ The electrical resistance is associate with the conduction of electricity, Similarly a thermal resistance may be
associated with the conduction of heat.
“The ratio of a driving potential to the corresponding transfer rate.”

𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐 𝑳
𝑹𝒕,𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅 = =
𝑸 𝒌𝑨

𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻∞ 𝟏
𝑹𝒕,𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒗 = =
𝑸 𝒉𝑨

𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒓 𝟏
𝑹𝒕,𝑹𝒂𝒅 = =
𝑸 𝒉𝒓 𝑨
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 1-D Steady State Heat Conduction Equation
Thermal Resistance- Electrical Analogy
45
➢ In Figure, a plane wall separates two fluids of different
Y 𝑇∞,2 temperatures.

Cold Fluid
𝒉𝟐 ➢ Heat transfer occurs by convection from the hot fluid at
𝑇1
𝑇∞,1 to one surface of the wall at 𝑇1 , by conduction through
𝑇2 the wall, and by convection from the other surface of the wall

at 𝑇2 to the cold fluid at 𝑇∞,2 .

𝑄 ➢ By Electrical analogy, the thermal resistance circuit may be

shown as:
K
Hot Fluid

𝑇2
𝑄 𝑇∞,1 𝑇1 𝑇∞,2

𝐿 𝑹𝒕,𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒗 𝑹𝒕,𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝑹𝒕,𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒗

X
𝑇∞,1
𝒉𝟏
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 1-D Steady State Heat Conduction Equation
Thermal Resistance- Electrical Analogy
46
𝑇∞,1 𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇∞,2
𝑄
Y 𝑇∞,2 𝟏 𝑳 𝟏
𝒉𝟐 𝒉𝟏 𝑨 𝒌𝑨 𝒉𝟐 𝑨
𝑇1

Fluid
Cold
Since Q is constant throughout the network:
𝑻∞,𝟏 − 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻∞,𝟐
𝑇2 𝑸=
𝟏
=
𝑳
=
𝟏
𝒉𝟏 𝑨 𝒌𝑨 𝒉𝟐 𝑨
𝑄 In terms of the overall temperature difference and the total thermal
resistance, Rtot, the heat transfer rate may also be expressed as:
Hot Fluid

K
𝑻∞,𝟏 − 𝑻∞,𝟐
𝑸=
𝑹𝑻𝒐𝒕
𝐿 X
𝑇∞,1
𝒉𝟏 𝟏 𝑳 𝟏
𝑹𝑻𝒐𝒕 = + +
𝒉𝟏 𝑨 𝒌𝑨 𝒉𝟐 𝑨
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 1-D Steady State Heat Conduction Equation
For Composite Wall
𝑇∞,1 𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑇4 𝑇∞,2
𝑇∞,2 𝑄
Y
𝑄 𝒉𝟐 𝟏 𝑳 𝑳 𝑳 𝟏
𝒉𝟏 𝑨

Cold Fluid
𝑇1 𝒌𝑨 𝑨 𝒌𝑩 𝑨 𝒌𝑪 𝑨 𝒉𝟐 𝑨
The one-dimensional heat transfer rate for this system may be
𝑇2
expressed as
𝑇3
𝑇4 𝑻∞,𝟏 − 𝑻∞,𝟐
𝑸=
𝑹𝑻𝒐𝒕
Hot Fluid

where 𝑻∞,𝟏 − 𝑻∞,𝟐 is the overall temperature difference, and the

𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝑘𝐶 summation includes all thermal resistances. And

𝟏 𝑳 𝑳 𝑳 𝟏
𝑇∞,1 X 𝑹𝑻𝒐𝒕 = + + + +
𝒉𝟏 𝑨 𝒌𝑨 𝑨 𝒌𝑩 𝑨 𝒌𝑪 𝑨 𝒉𝟐 𝑨
𝒉𝟏
𝐿𝐴 𝐿𝐵 𝐿𝐶

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 1-D Steady State Heat Conduction Equation
For Composite Wall (Multilayered)

𝑇∞,2 Alternatively, the heat transfer rate can be related to the temperature
Y difference and resistance associated with each element. For example,
𝒉𝟐

Cold Fluid
𝑇1 𝑻∞,𝟏 − 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟑 𝑻𝟑 − 𝑻𝟒 𝑻𝟒 − 𝑻∞,𝟐
𝑸= = = = =
𝟏 𝑳 𝑳 𝑳 𝟏
𝑇2 𝒉𝟏 𝑨 𝒌𝑨 𝑨 𝒌𝑩 𝑨 𝒌𝑪 𝑨 𝒉𝟏 𝑨

𝑇3 With composite (Multilayered) systems it is often convenient to

𝑇4 work with an overall heat transfer coefficient, U, which is defined
by an expression analogous to Newton’s law of cooling.
Hot Fluid

Accordingly,
𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝑘𝐶
𝑸 = 𝑼𝑨∆𝑻
𝑇∞,1 X
𝒉𝟏 𝐿𝐴 𝐿𝐵 𝐿𝐶 where ∆𝑻 is the overall temperature difference

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 1-D Steady State Heat Conduction Equation
For Composite Wall (Multilayered)

𝑇∞,2 For the composite wall, the over all heat transfer coefficient can be
Y
𝒉𝟐 written as:

Cold Fluid
𝑇1 𝟏
𝑼=
𝑹𝑻𝒐𝒕 𝑨
𝑇2
𝑇3 𝟏
𝑇4 𝑼=
𝟏 𝑳 𝑳 𝑳 𝟏
+ + + +
𝒉𝟏 𝒌𝑨 𝒌𝑩 𝒌𝑪 𝒉𝟐
Hot Fluid

𝑘𝐴 𝑘𝐵 𝑘𝐶

𝑇∞,1 X
𝒉𝟏 𝐿𝐴 𝐿𝐵 𝐿𝐶

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 1-D Steady State Heat Conduction Equation
Thermal Contact Resistance
Assumptions

In Composite wall calculation of Heat flow is made on the

following assumptions:
➢ Interface contact between the adjacent layer is “perfect”.
✓ “Perfect”- they are Perfectly mating with each other i.e.,
The surface is very smooth and there is no air gap
between the surfaces.
𝑇1 ➢ No temperature gradient at interface.
𝑇2
𝑇3 “In reality, even the flat surfaces that appear smooth to the
eye turn out to be rather rough when examined under a
microscope with numerous peaks and valleys i.e., a surface
𝐴 𝐵
is microscopically rough no matter how smooth it appears
𝑄 to be”.
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 1-D Steady State Heat Conduction Equation
Thermal Contact Resistance
Cont……

𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑝 ∆𝑻
𝑸=
𝑄𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 σ𝑹
𝑇𝐴 the thermal contact is given
∆𝑇 by:
𝑇1
𝑻𝑨 − 𝑻𝑩
𝑇2 𝑇𝐵 𝑹𝒕,𝒄 =
𝑇3
𝑸
𝑄
𝐴 𝐵
➢ Thermal contact resistance is defined as the ratio between this
𝑄 temperature drop and the average heat flow across the interface.
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 1-D Steady State Heat Conduction Equation
For a Hollow cylinder
52
➢ For one-dimensional conduction in a plane
wall, temperature is a function of the x 𝟐𝝅𝑳𝒌 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏
𝑸=−
𝒓
coordinate only i.e., 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝟐
𝒓𝟏
𝑻=𝒇 𝒓
➢ According to Fourier’s law: 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐
𝑟2 𝑸=
𝟏 𝒓
𝑘 𝒅𝑻 𝒅𝑻 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝟐
𝑟1 𝑸 = −𝒌𝑨 = −𝒌 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝑳 𝟐𝝅𝑳𝒌 𝒓𝟏
𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝒓
𝑇1 𝟏 𝒓𝟐
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆
𝒓𝟐
𝒅r 𝑻𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝑳𝒌 𝒓𝟏
𝑸න = −𝒌 𝟐𝝅𝑳 න 𝒅𝑻
𝒓𝟏 𝒓 𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝑇2 Assuming, K= constant (for isotropic material)
𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐
𝒓𝟐 = 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍
𝑸𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 = −𝟐𝝅𝑳𝒌 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏
𝒓𝟏
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 1-D Steady State Heat Conduction Equation
For a Hollow cylinder
53
𝑇2
𝑇∞,2 𝑄 𝑇∞,1 𝑇1 𝑇∞,2

Cold 𝒉𝟐
Fluid 𝑹𝒕,𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒗 𝑹𝒕,𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝑹𝒕,𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒗
𝑟2
𝑇∞,1 𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇∞,2
𝑄
Hot Fluid 𝑟1 𝒓𝟐
𝟏 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝟏
𝑇∞,1 𝒓𝟏
𝒉𝟏 𝒉𝟏 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟏 𝑳 𝒉𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝑳
𝑘 𝟐𝝅𝒌𝑳
𝑇1
𝑻∞,𝟏 − 𝑻∞,𝟐
𝑸=
𝑹𝑻𝒐𝒕
𝑇2 𝒓𝟐
𝟏 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝟏
𝒓𝟏
𝑹𝑻𝒐𝒕 = + +
𝒉𝟏 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟏 𝑳 𝟐𝝅𝒌𝑳 𝒉𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝑳

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 1-D Steady State Heat Conduction Equation
For a Hollow cylinder
54
𝑇∞,2 For the multilayered cylinder, the over all heat transfer coefficient
Cold 𝒉𝟐 can be written as:
Fluid
𝑟2 𝟏
𝑼=
𝑹𝑻𝒐𝒕 𝑨
Hot Fluid 𝑟1 𝟏
𝑇∞,1 𝑼𝟏 =
𝒓𝟐
𝒉𝟏 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆
𝑇1 𝑘 𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝟏
+ + 𝑨
𝒉𝟏 𝑨𝟏 𝟐𝝅𝒌𝑳 𝒉𝟐 𝑨𝟏 𝟏

𝟏
𝑇2 𝑼𝟐 =
𝒓
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝟐
𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝟏
+ + 𝑨
𝒉𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝒌𝑳 𝒉𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝟐
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 1-D Steady State Heat Conduction Equation
For a Hollow Sphere
55
➢ For one-dimensional conduction in a plane
wall, temperature is a function of the x 𝟒𝝅𝒌 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏
𝑸=−
𝟏 𝟏
coordinate only i.e., −
𝒓𝟏 𝒓 𝟐
𝒅𝒓 𝑻=𝒇 𝒓
➢ According to Fourier’s law: 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐
𝑟2 𝑸=
𝒓𝟐 − 𝒓𝟏
𝑘 𝒅𝑻 𝒅𝑻
𝑟1 𝑸 = −𝒌𝑨 = −𝒌 𝟒𝝅𝒓 𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝒌𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐
𝒅𝒓 𝒅𝒓
𝑇1 𝒓𝟐 − 𝒓𝟏
𝒓𝟐
𝒅r 𝑻𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝒌𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐
𝑸 න 𝟐 = −𝒌 𝟒𝝅 න 𝒅𝑻
𝒓𝟏 𝒓 𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
Assuming, K= constant (for isotropic material)
𝑇2 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 = 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍
𝑸 − = −𝟒𝝅𝒌 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏
𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 1-D Steady State Heat Conduction Equation
Critical Thickness of Insulation
56 Cold Fluid

𝑇∞,2 ✓ Critical thickness of insulation means maximum heat loss

with minimum thermal resistance.
𝒉𝒐
✓ It is useful when surface area of the base object increases
with the insulation i.e., cylindrical and spherical systems.
𝒌𝒎
𝑟1 𝑻∞,𝟏 − 𝑻∞,𝟐
𝑸=
Hot Fluid 𝒓 𝒓
𝑟2 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝟑
𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 𝟏
𝑇∞,1 𝒉𝟏 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟏 𝑳
+
𝟐𝝅𝒌𝒎 𝑳
+ +
𝟐𝝅𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒔 𝑳 𝒉𝟐 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟑 𝑳
𝒉𝒊
𝑟3
𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝟐𝝅𝑳 𝑻∞,𝟏 − 𝑻∞,𝟐
𝑇1 𝑸=
𝒓 𝒓
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝟑
𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 𝟏
+ + +
𝒉 𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝒌𝒎 𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒔 𝒉 𝟐 𝒓𝟑
𝑇2

𝑇3
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 1-D Steady State Heat Conduction Equation
Critical Thickness of Insulation
57 Cold Fluid
𝟐𝝅𝑳 𝑻∞,𝟏 − 𝑻∞,𝟐
𝑇∞,2 𝑸=
𝒓 𝒓
𝒉𝒐 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝟑
𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 𝟏
+ + +
𝒉 𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝒌𝒎 𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒔 𝒉 𝟐 𝒓𝟑
𝒌𝒎
✓ In order to obtain the critical thickness of insulation, the
𝑟1
Hot Fluid term containing 𝒓𝟑 must be differentiated and equated to
𝑟2 zero.
𝑇∞,1
𝒓𝟑 Critical
𝑟3 Thickness of
𝒉𝒊 𝒅 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒓𝟐 𝟏
𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝒅𝒓𝟑 𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒔
+
𝒉𝟐 𝒓 𝟑
=𝟎 Insulation for
𝑇1 hollow sphere
𝟏 𝟏
− =𝟎
𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒔 𝒓𝟑 𝒉𝟐 𝒓𝟑 𝟐
𝑇2 𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒔 𝟐𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒔
𝒓𝟑 = 𝒓𝟑 =
𝒉𝟐 𝒉𝟐
𝑇3 Critical Thickness of Insulation
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 1-D Steady State Heat Conduction Equation
Critical Thickness of Insulation

𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒔 𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒔
𝒓𝟑 < 𝒓𝟑 ≥
𝒉𝟐 𝒉𝟐

𝑸
𝑸

𝑻𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑻𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 1-D Steady State Heat Conduction Equation
For a Plane Wall with variable thermal conductivity
59
➢ For one-dimensional conduction in a plane wall, temperature is a
Y function of the x coordinate only i.e.,
➢ 𝑻 = 𝒇 𝒙 and 𝒌 ≠ 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝑇1
✓ The expression for variable thermal conductivity is given by:

𝑇2 𝒌 = 𝒌𝟎 𝟏 + 𝜷𝑻
➢ According to Fourier’s law:

𝑄 𝒅𝑻 𝒅𝑻
𝑸 = −𝒌𝑨 = 𝒌𝟎 𝟏 + 𝜷𝑻 𝑨
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒌≠𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝑨 𝑳 𝑻𝟐
𝑸 න 𝒅x = −𝑨 න 𝒌𝟎 𝟏 + 𝜷𝑻 𝒅𝑻
𝟎 𝑻𝟏
𝐿 X
x=0 x=L 𝜷
𝑸𝑳 = −𝒌𝟎 𝑨 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 + 𝑻𝟐 𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 𝟐
𝟐
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 1-D Steady State Heat Conduction Equation
For a Plane Wall with variable thermal conductivity
60
𝜷
Y 𝑸𝑳 = −𝒌𝟎 𝑨 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 + 𝑻𝟐 𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 𝟐
𝟐
𝑇1
𝜷
𝑸𝑳 = −𝒌𝟎 𝑨 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 + 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 + 𝑻𝟏
𝟐
𝑇2
𝜷
𝑸𝑳 = −𝒌𝟎 𝑨 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 𝟏 + 𝑻𝟐 + 𝑻𝟏
𝟐
𝑄
𝜷
𝒌≠𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑸𝑳 = 𝒌𝟎 𝑨 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐 𝟏 + 𝑻𝟏 + 𝑻𝟐
𝑨 𝟐

𝐿 X 𝒌𝟎 𝑨 𝜷
𝑸= 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐 𝟏 + 𝑻𝟏 + 𝑻𝟐
x=0 x=L 𝑳 𝟐

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 Transient heat conduction
Lumped heat capacity analysis
61
𝑇∞
The generalized heat conduction equation is given by
0 0 0

𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝒒𝒈 𝟏 𝝏𝑻
𝟐 + 𝟐+ 𝟐 + =
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛 𝒌 𝜶 𝝏𝒕
𝒌
𝑇 𝑡
In the above equation, 𝑻 = 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛, 𝒕
The simplest case is to assume that the
𝒉
temperature variation within the body is negligible,
which means that temperature is the function of 𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞
time only [𝑻 = 𝒇 𝒕 ] and this model is called as 𝑨𝒕, 𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝑻 = 𝑻𝒊
Lumped heat Capacity Analysis.

𝝏𝟐 𝑻 𝟏 𝝏𝑻 ✓ Applying energy balance

𝟐
=
𝒅𝒙 𝜶 𝝏𝒕

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 Transient heat conduction
Lumped heat capacity analysis
62
✓ Applying energy balance

Net Heat Input + heat generated = Change in Internal Energy

0 0 𝒅𝑻
𝑸𝒊𝒏 − 𝑸𝒐𝒖𝒕 + 𝑸𝒈 = 𝝆𝒗𝑪
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑻
−𝒉𝑨𝒔 𝑻 − 𝑻∞ = 𝝆𝒗𝑪
𝒅𝒕
𝒌
𝑇 𝑡 Let
𝜽 = 𝑻 − 𝑻∞
𝜽𝒊 = 𝑻𝒊 − 𝑻∞
𝒉
𝒅𝜽 𝒉𝑨𝒔
=− 𝜽
𝒅𝒕 𝝆𝒗𝑪

𝒅𝜽 𝒉𝑨𝒔
=− 𝒅𝒕
𝜽 𝝆𝒗𝑪

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 Transient heat conduction
Lumped heat capacity analysis
63
Where,
𝒅𝜽 𝒉𝑨𝒔 𝝆𝒗𝑪
=− 𝒅𝒕 = 𝝉 = 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝜽 𝝆𝒗𝑪 𝒉𝑨𝒔
𝜽
𝒅𝜽 𝒉𝑨𝒔 𝒕 𝑻 − 𝑻∞ 𝜽 𝒉𝑨𝒔
−𝝆𝒗𝑪 t 𝑻 − 𝑻∞ 𝜽 𝒕
−𝝉
න =− න 𝒅𝒕 = =𝒆 = =𝒆
𝜽𝒊 𝜽 𝝆𝒗𝑪 𝟎 𝑻𝒊 − 𝑻∞ 𝜽𝒊 𝑻𝒊 − 𝑻∞ 𝜽𝒊
𝒉𝑨𝒔
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝜽 − 𝜽𝒊 = − t
𝝆𝒗𝑪
𝜽 𝒉𝑨𝒔 𝝉
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 =− t
𝜽𝒊 𝝆𝒗𝑪 𝜽
𝒉𝑨 𝜽𝒊
𝜽 − 𝒔t
= 𝒆 𝝆𝒗𝑪
𝜽𝒊
𝑻 − 𝑻∞ 𝜽 𝒉𝑨𝒔
−𝝆𝒗𝑪 t
= =𝒆
𝑻𝒊 − 𝑻∞ 𝜽𝒊
The above expression is an Exponential 𝐭
function
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 Transient heat conduction
Lumped heat capacity analysis
64
Criterion for Lumped heat capacity analysis

The first step in establishing a criterion for the applicability of the lumped system analysis is to define a
characteristic length as
𝑽
𝑳𝑪 =
𝑨𝒔
and a Biot number Bi as
𝒉𝑳𝑪
𝑩𝒊 =
𝒌
Biot number Bi can also be expressed as

𝒉 ∆𝑻 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒐𝒅𝒚

𝑩𝒊 = =
𝒌/𝑳𝑪 ∆𝑻 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒐𝒅𝒚

𝑳𝑪 /𝒌 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒐𝒅𝒚

𝑩𝒊 = =
𝟏/𝒉 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒐𝒅𝒚
ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma
 Transient heat conduction
Lumped heat capacity analysis
65
➢ When a solid body is being heated by the hotter fluid surrounding it, heat is first convected to the
body and subsequently conducted within the body.

➢ The Biot number is the ratio of the internal resistance of a body to heat conduction to its external
resistance to heat convection.

➢ A small Biot number represents small resistance to heat conduction, and thus small temperature
gradients within the body.

➢ Lumped system analysis assumes a uniform temperature distribution throughout the body, which will
be the case only when the thermal resistance of the body to heat conduction (the conduction
resistance) is zero.

✓ For 𝐵𝑖 = 0 (the lumped system analysis is exact)

✓ For 𝐵𝑖 > 0 (the lumped system analysis is approximated)
✓ It is generally accepted that lumped system analysis is applicable if 𝐵𝑖 ≤ 0.1

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 Transient heat conduction
Lumped heat capacity analysis
66
The heat rate Q can be written as:
𝐼𝑓 𝐵𝑖 < 0.1 𝒅𝑻
𝑸 = 𝝆𝒗𝑪
𝒅𝒕
𝑻 − 𝑻∞ 𝜽 𝒉𝑨
− 𝒔t
= = 𝒆 𝝆𝒗𝑪 𝒉𝑨𝒔 𝒉𝑨𝒔
𝑻𝒊 − 𝑻∞ 𝜽𝒊 𝑸 = 𝝆𝒗𝑪 𝑻𝒊 − 𝑻∞ − 𝐭 .𝒆
−𝝆𝒗𝑪 t

𝒉𝑨
𝝆𝒗𝑪
The parameter 𝝆𝒗𝑪𝒔 t can be rewritten as
The total quantity of heat, U, given off, during time
𝒉𝑨𝒔 𝒉𝑳𝑪 𝒌𝒕 𝒉𝑳𝑪 𝜶𝒕 interval (0,t) is
𝐭= = = 𝑩𝒊 𝑭𝒐 𝒕 𝒕 𝒉𝑨𝒔
𝝆𝒗𝑪 𝒌 𝝆𝑪𝑳𝑪 𝟐 𝒌 𝑳𝑪 𝟐 −𝝆𝒗𝑪 t
𝑼 = න 𝑸 = න −𝒉𝑨𝒔 𝑻𝒊 − 𝑻∞ .𝒆 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝟎
𝜶𝒕
𝟐
= 𝑭𝒐 is Fourier number or relative time.
𝑳𝑪
𝒉𝑨𝒔
−𝝆𝒗𝑪 t
𝑼 = 𝝆𝒗𝑪 𝑻𝒊 − 𝑻∞ . 𝒆 −𝟏
𝑻 − 𝑻∞ 𝜽
= = 𝒆−𝑩𝒊𝑭𝒐
𝑻𝒊 − 𝑻∞ 𝜽𝒊

ME 315-Heat and Mass Transfer Dr. Mukesh Sharma

 References
67

➢ https://learnmech.com/introduction-to-heat-transfer/
➢ Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman and Lavine, John Wiley & Sons.
➢ Heat and Mass Transfer by J.P. Holman, Tata McGraw Hill
➢ Heat and Mass Transfer by Yunus A. Cengel and A. J Ghajar, Tata McGraw Hill
➢ Fundamentals of Engineering Heat and Mass Transfer by R. C. Sachdeva, New Edge Science Ltd., New Delhi
➢ Heat Transfer by S. P. Sukhatme, Universities Press
➢ Heat and Mass Transfer by P. K. Nag, McGraw Hill