GRADE: X CHAPTER 6: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES GEOGRAPHY

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Manufacturing- Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more
valuable products is called manufacturing.
Manufacturing belongs to secondary sector in which the primary materials are processed and
converted into finished goods.
Importance of manufacturing sector- The economic strength of a country is measured by the
development of manufacturing industries.
Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic
development in particular mainly because:
• It reduces heavy dependence on agricultural income by providing jobs in non-agricultural
sectors.
• Industrial development is necessary for eradication of poverty and unemployment because people
get jobs and generate more income.
• It also helps in bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward
areas.
• Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign
exchange.
• Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods of higher
value are prosperous.
• It helps in modernizing agriculture, which is the base of our economy.

Interdependence of agriculture and industry

• Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand. For instance,
the agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
• Industries depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their products such as irrigation pumps,
fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to the
farmers.
• Manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but
also made the production processes very efficient.
• Development of different modes of transport by industrial sector has not only helped farmers to
obtain agricultural inputs but has also helped them trade their products.

Classification of industries- Industries are classified on the following basis:

(A) ON THE BASIS OF SOURCE OF RAW MATERIALS USED:
(i) Agro-based: cotton, woolen, jute, silk textile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil.
(ii) Mineral based: iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals.

(B) ON THE BASIS OF THE ROLE:

(i) Basic or key industries are those which supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other
goods e.g. iron and steel and copper smelting, aluminum smelting.
(ii)Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers – sugar, toothpaste, paper,
sewing machines, fans etc.
(C) ON THE BASIS OF CAPITAL INVESTMENT:
(i) Large scale industries make large capital investment of more than one crore of rupees. They employ
large numbers of people and use a large number of machineries, e.g. cotton textile.
(ii) Small scale industries involve capital outlay of upto one crore rupees, employ a smaller number of
labourers and use few power- driven machineries, e.g. cycle parts manufacturing.

(D) ON THE BASIS OF OWNERSHIP:

(i) Public sector industries are owned and operated by government agencies, e.g BHEL, SAIL etc..
(ii) Private sector industries are owned and operated by an individual or a group of individuals, e.g. –
TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.
(iii) Joint sector industries are jointly run by the state and individual entrepreneurs e.g. Oil India Ltd.
(iv) Cooperative sector industries are owned and managed by the producers and suppliers of raw
materials or by workers. They pool in their resources and share the profits and losses proportionately,
e.g., sugar industry in Maharashtra.

(E) ON THE BASIS OF BULK OR WEIGHT OF RAW MATERIAL AND FINISHED

PRODUCTS:
(i) Heavy industries use bulky raw materials and their finished products are also heavy, e.g., iron and
steel industry.
(ii) Light industries use light raw materials and their finished products are also light, e.g. electrical
industries producing bulbs.

Agro-based industry-Industries that are based on agricultural raw materials eg: Cotton, jute, silk
wollen textiles, sugar and edible oil etc…

TEXTILE INDUSTRY-The textile industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy, because
it contributes significantly to industrial production, employment generation and foreign exchange
earnings.
It is the only industry in the country, which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain i.e., from raw
material to the highest value-added products.
COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY-
• In ancient India, cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and hand weaving
technique. Power-looms came into use in 18th cen.
• Our traditional industries suffered a setback during the colonial period because they could not
compete with the mill-made cloth from England.
The first successful textile mill was established in Mumbai in 1854. The two world wars were fought
in Europe, India was a British colony. There was a demand for cloth in U.K. hence, they gave a boost
to the development of the cotton textile industry.
In the early years, the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of
Maharashtra and Gujarat. It is because of the following reasons:

• Availability of Black soil suitable for the growth of cotton. Moist climate in these coastal
States also helped in the development of cotton textile industry because humid conditions are
required for weaving the cloth, else the yarn breaks.
• Well-developed transportation system and accessible port facilities in Maharashtra and Gujarat
led to their concentration there.
• Proximity to the market is yet another factor as cotton clothes are ideal and comfortable to
wear in these warm and humid States.
Importance of Cotton Textile Industry: This industry has close links with agriculture and provides a
living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing,
designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing.

• The industry by creating demands supports many other industries, such as, chemicals and dyes,
mill stores, packaging materials and engineering works.
• While spinning continues to be centralized in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, weaving
is highly decentralised to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of
weaving in cotton, silk, zari, embroidery, etc.
• The handspun khadi provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes as a cottage
industry.

Drawbacks of cotton industries in India:

• India has world class production in spinning, but weaving supplies low quality of fabric as it
cannot use much of the high quality yarn produced in the country.
• Weaving is done by handloom, power loom and in mills.

JUTE TEXTILE: India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands at second place as
an exporter after Bangladesh.

• Most of the mills are located in West Bengal, mainly along the bank of the Hugli river, in a
narrow belt.

The main factors which are responsible for the concentration of jute mills along the banks of Hugli
river are:

• Proximity of the jute producing areas to the Hugli Basin.

• Inexpensive water transport provided by the Hugli river.
• It is well connected by a good network of railways, waterways and roadways to facilitate
movement of raw materials to the mills.
• Abundant water for processing raw jute.
• Availability of cheap labour from West Bengal and the adjoining States of Bihar, Odisha and
Uttar Pradesh.
• Kolkata as a port and large urban center, provides banking, insurance and port facilities for
export of jute goods.

SUGAR INDUSTRY: India stands second as a world producer of sugar but occupies the first place
in the production of gur and khandsari.

Sugar mills are located close to the sugarcane fields because:

• The raw material used, (i.e.,) sugarcane is bulky and it cannot be transported to long distances
because it loses its sucrose content if not processed within 24 hours of its harvest.
• The mills are located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. Sixty per cent mills are in Uttar
Pradesh and Bihar.
• Seasonal in nature so, it is ideally suited to the cooperative sector.

• In recent years there is a tendency for the sugar mills to shift towards the south and west
because cane produced in these states especially Maharashtra has a higher sucrose content.
• The cooler climate in these states also ensures a longer crushing season.
MINERAL BASED INDUSTRY: Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called
mineral-based industries.

Iron and steel industry called the basic or key industry because, all the other industries—heavy, medium
and light, depend on it for their machinery.

• Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction material, defence and
medical equipment, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.
• Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a country’s development.

Iron and steel industry called a heavy industry because; all the raw materials used are heavy and bulky.

• The finished goods are also very heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs.
• Iron-ore, coal, limestone are the major raw materials used in the ratio of approximately 4:2:1 to
produce iron and steel and they are heavy. Manganese is required to harden the steel.
• Transportation costs of raw materials and finished goods of iron and steel industry are heavy
(costly).

Most of the iron and steel industries are concentrated in and around Chotanagpur Plateau
Region because of the following reasons.

• Low cost of iron-ore which is mined here.

• High grade raw materials in close proximity.
• Availability of cheap labour.
• Vast growth potential in the home market.

ALUMINIUM SMELTING: Aluminium smelting is the second most important metallurgical

industry in India.

• It is a light metal.
• It is resistant to corrosion.
• It is a good conductor of heat.
• It is malleable and becomes strong when mixed with other metals.

Uses (importance) of Aluminium. It is used for –

• manufacturing aircrafts.
• making utensils and packing material and making wires.
• It has gained popularity as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of
industries.

Aluminium smelting plants in the country are located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.

Chemical Industries - The Chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying. It comprises both
large- and small-scale manufacturing units.

• Rapid growth has been recorded in both inorganic and organic sectors.
• Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (used to manufacture. fertilizers, synthetic fibers,
plastics, adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs), nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps
and detergents, paper) and caustic soda.
• Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic
fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals.
 • Organic chemical plants are located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.
• The chemical industry is its own largest consumer.
• Basic chemicals undergo processing to further produce other chemicals that are used for
industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer markets.

Fertilizer Industry:

• The fertilizer industry is centered around the production of nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly
urea), phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilizers which
have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K).
• The third, i.e. potash is entirely imported as the country does not have any reserves of
commercially usable potash or potassium compounds in any form.
• After the Green Revolution the industry expanded to several other parts of the country.
Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala contribute towards half of the fertilizer
production.

Cement Industry:

• Cement is essential for construction activity such as building houses, factories, bridges, roads,
airports, dams and for other commercial establishments.
• This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica and gypsum. Coal and
electric power are needed apart from rail transportation.
• The industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to the market in
the Gulf countries.
• The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904

Automobile Industry:

• After liberalisation, the coming in of new and contemporary models stimulated the demand for
vehicles in the market.
• This led to the healthy growth of the industry including passenger cars, two and three-wheelers.
• Trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles, scooters, three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles and
commercial vehicles are manufactured in India at various centres such as Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai,
Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore,,Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru etc.

Information Technology and Electronics Industry:

• It produces a wide range of products from transistor sets to televisions and computers for the
masses.
• It has helped us set up telephone exchanges, telephones, cellular telecom, radios and many
other equipments which have application in space technology, aviation, defence,
meteorological departments, etc.
• Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India. Other important centers for electronic
goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, etc.
• It has generated employment for a large number of people.
• The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of IT industry in
India.

Industrial pollution and Environmental degradation: Industries are responsible for four types of
pollution: (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise. The polluting industries also include thermal power
plants.
 AIR POLLUTION-

CAUSES- Presence of high proportion of undesirable gases such as Sulphur dioxide and carbon
monoxide. Air borne particulate materials
• Smoke emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries, smelting plants and
fossil fuels.
• Factories which ignore pollution norms release toxic gas leaks which can be hazardous.
• Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as
a whole.

PREVENTION METHODS – Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to
factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators
• Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories
• Strict measures should be implemented by the government.

WATER POLLUTION - Caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluent discharged into
rivers.

• The main culprits of this are paper, pulp, chemical, textile, dyeing, petroleum refineries,
tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy
metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics
and rubber, etc. into the water bodies.
• Fly ash, phospo- gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India.
• Soil and water pollution are closely related – dumping of wastes and garbage renders the soil
useless.
• Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants and contaminating the ground water.

Control of Environmental Degradation: The industrial pollution of fresh water can be reduced by
following ways:
• minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive
stages
• harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements
• treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.

Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases

(a) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and
sedimentation.
(b) Secondary treatment by biological process
(c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of
wastewater.

PREVENTION- Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat to ground
water resources need to be legally regulated.
To reduce the industrial pollution of fresh water –
(i) minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages
(ii) harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements
(iii) treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.

Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases-

(a) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and
sedimentation.
(b) Secondary treatment by biological process
 (c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of
wastewater. Proper disposal of waste

Thermal pollution of water:

• It occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before
cooling.
• Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancers, birth
defects and miscarriages. Soil and water pollution are closely related.
• Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and
garbage renders the soil useless.
• Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground water also gets
contaminated.

NOISE POLLUTION: Noise pollution: Unwanted loud noise is an irritant and a source of stress.

Effects of noise pollution on human health:

• Noise pollution results in irritation and anger.

• It can cause hearing impairment.
• It can increase heart rate.
• It can raise blood pressure.
• There can be physiological effects as well.

Ways to reduce industrial noise pollution:

• Machinery and equipment can be fitted with silencers.
• Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.
• Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones.

National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC):

• NTPC is taking the following measures in places where it is setting up power plants:
• Optimum utilisation of equipment by adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing
equipment.
• Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
• Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance.
• Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system
and liquid waste management.
• Ecological monitoring, reviews and online data base management for all its power stations.

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