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Architecture

computer

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md anik hasan
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8 views

Architecture

computer

Uploaded by

md anik hasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

Welcome to my

presentation

Name: Sadia Islam Submitted To


ID : 2233081170
Name: Komal Chandra Banik
Name: Anika Islam
ID : 2233081213 Department of CSE
Batch: 60(D)
Department of CSE
Title: "I/O Modules in Computer Systems"
Introduction to I/O

Modules

I/O modules are essential components


in modern computer systems,
managing data transfer between the
CPU and peripheral devices. This
presentation explores their critical role
in optimizing performance, enhancing
data throughput, and ensuring system
reliability.
Major Functions of an I/O Module
Control and Timing
Processor Communication
Device Communication
Data Buffering
Error Detection
Control and timing

The I/O module manages control and timing to ensure the orderly flow of data.
It handles the sequence of operations necessary for data transfer, such as:
Initiating commands from the processor.
Coordinating actions with external devices to avoid conflicts.
Managing interrupts and ensuring data is handled in a synchronized manner.

Example of control flow


1. Processor queries the I/O module for device status.
2. I/O module checks if the device is ready and responds to the processor.
3. Processor issues a data transfer command if the device is operational.
Processor Communication
Key Functions:
1. Command Decoding:
The I/O module decodes and interprets commands sent by the processor.
Common commands include read, write, and specific device commands like seek
(for disk drives).
2. Data Exchange:
Data is exchanged through data lines between the processor and the I/O module.
Ensures efficient data flow to/from the processor for both input and output
operations.
3. Status Reporting:
The module provides feedback to the processor on the device’s status.
It helps the processor to determine if the device is busy, ready, or has encountered
an error.
4. Address Recognition:
Recognizes unique addresses for each I/O device.
Prevents data from going to incorrect destinations by ensuring that each device has
its own address in the system.
Device Communication
Device Communication involves handling
commands, status information, and data transmission
between the I/O module and external devices.

The module must understand specific protocols for


each device type to ensure compatibility and smooth
communication.

Components of Device Communication:


Commands: Instructions sent to the device, like
start, stop, or data transfer requests.
Status Information: Reports on the device’s
condition, e.g., error status, ready/busy states.
Data Transfer: Actual data exchanged with the
device, ensuring proper handling according to the
device’s requirements.
Data Buffering
Data Buffering is essential for handling speed mismatches
between the processor and I/O devices.
Why Buffering is Needed:
Processors operate at higher speeds compared to most I/O
devices.
Buffering allows data to be temporarily stored in the I/O
module, reducing waiting time and enabling the processor to
perform other task.
Types of Buffering:
Input Buffering: Data from the device is stored temporarily
before being sent to the processor.
Output Buffering: Data from the processor is held before
being sent to the slower device.
Impact of Buffering:
Prevents the processor from idling while waiting for data
transfer.
Ensures smoother data flow, especially when dealing with
high-speed data transfers.
Error Detection
Error Detection is critical for ensuring data integrity during transfer.
Mechanisms for Error Detection:
Parity Check: Uses an extra bit (parity bit) to check if data has been
corrupted.
Even Parity: Total number of 1’s is even.
Odd Parity: Total number of 1’s is odd.
Error Codes: Codes such as Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) can
detect specific error patterns.
Common Sources of Errors:
Mechanical Issues (e.g., paper jams in printers, disk errors).
Electrical Interference: Can alter bits during data transmission.
Structure of an I/O Module
Components of an I/O Module.
1. Data Registers: Store data temporarily for transfer to/from the processor.
2. Status/Control Registers: Hold information about device status and control settings.
3. I/O Logic: Core component that interprets commands and manages data flow
between the processor and devices.
4. External Device Interface Logic: Provides a unique interface for each connected
external device, ensuring compatibility.

Block Diagram of an I/O Module


Present the block diagram from page 234, which includes:
Data Lines: Pathways for data transfer.
Address Lines: Determine device addressing for communication.
Control Lines: Used to control the operations of the I/O module and connected
devices.
Summary of I/O Module Types

I/O Channel: Takes on a high-level role, relieving the processor of detailed device control.
I/O Controller or Device Controller: More primitive, often requiring processor intervention for
control.
Microcontroller-based I/O Modules: Common in embedded systems for managing peripherals with
minimal processor overhead.

Practical Applications
I/O channels are commonly found in mainframes, where they handle complex I/O tasks.
Device controllers are typical in microcomputers, where they manage individual devices like
keyboards and printers.

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