CHAPTER 6: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

6.1 Power Generation

Various Energy Resources to Generate Electricity
 Renewable energy sources:
 Energy sources that can be replaced continually and will never
deplete
 Examples are hydro energy, wave energy, solar energy, tidal
energy, wind energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy
 Non-renewable energy sources:
 Energy sources cannot be replaced and will deplete
 For example, nuclear energy, coal, natural gas, petroleum
 Power stations in Malaysia:
 Bakun hydroelectric power station in Sarawak (energy source:
hydro energy)
 Tuanku Jaafar power station in Negeri Sembilan (energy source:
natural gas)
 Sultan Azlan Shah power station in Manjung, Perak (energy source:
coal)
 Gelugor power station in Penang (energy source: diesel)
 TSH Bio-Energy Sdn. Bhd. In Sabah (energy source: biomass)

Process of Generating Electricity

 Generator is a tool used to generate electricity

Magnet

Crank
Insulated
wire
  When the crank is turned, the induced current will be generated. This
induced current can light up the LED
 Electric current generated by:
 The wire movement causes the magnetic field lines to be cut
 The magnetic motion causes the magnetic field lines to be cut

Electricity Generated at Power Station

1. Power stations use non-renewable energy sources such as diesel, coal,
and natural gas.
 Mechanism:
Steam Generator
Fuel Water is boiled
rotates the produces
combustion into steam
turbine electricity

 Conversion of Energy Form / Energy change:

Chemical Kinetic
Heat energy Electrical energy
energy enerygy
2. Power station using solar energy
 Mechanisms:

Solar panels convert light energy from the sun into

Sunlight
electricity

 Conversion of Energy Form/ Energy change:

Solar
Electrical energy
energy

Solar
panel

3. Hydroelectric power station

 Mechanism:

Water is Water flows Water flow Generator

stored in a from high to rotates the produces
high dam low level turbine electricity

 Conversion of Energy Form/ Energy change:

Gravitational
Kinetic Electrical
Potential
energy energy
energy
4. Power station that uses wind energy
Mechanism:

The wind The blade Generator

Moving air or
moves the rotates the produces
wind
blade turbine electricity

Conversion of Energy Form/ Energy change:

Electrical
Kinetic energy
energy

Blade
Generator

Tower
 5. Power station using nuclear fuel
 Mechanism:

Generator
Nuclear Water is boiled Steam rotates
produces
reaction into steam the turbine
electricity

 Conversion of Energy Form/ Energy change:

Nuclear power Electrical

Heat energy Kinetic energy
energy

Reactor House

Generating Facility
Turbines

Control Rods
Heat
Transfer
Reactor
Water
Condenser
Reactor Steam
Water Generator

6. Power station using biomass

 Mechanism:

Methane is Generator
Water is boiled Steam rotates
produced by produces
into steam the turbine
biomass electricity

 Conversion of Energy Form/ Energy change

Chemical Electrical
Heat energy Kinetic energy
energy energy
 Steam Turbine
Generator

Air Combustion Air

Reduction
Gas

Direct Current and Alternating Current

 Direct current is an electric current flowing in one direction only
 Examples of devices are torchlights, calculators, toy cars
 Examples of generator generating direct currents are solar cells,
accumulators, and batteries
 Alternating current is an electric current flowing in constantly reversing
directions
 Examples of devices are toasters, hairdryers, air conditioner
 The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (C.R.O.) is an electronic device used to
indicate the difference in graph shapes, direction of current and voltage
change for direct current and alternating current. The diagram below
shows a C.R.O.
 Focus control knob
Y- shift knob
 To control the
 To adjust light spot
sharpness of light
position vertically
spot on C.R.O.
screen

Y- gain knob
Intensity control knob
 To change the
 To control the
height magnitude of
brightness of light
the light spot
spot on C.R.O.
screen
X- shift knob
 To adjust the position
Time- base control
of light spot
 To control the
horizontally
movement of light
spot across the
C.R.O. screen
horizontally

Alternating Current / Direct Current Switch

 Selected according to the type of
input received

6.2 Transformer
Step-up transformer and Step-down transformer
 Transformer is a voltage- switching device for alternating current.
 A simple transformer consists of a soft laminated iron core enclosed by two
insulated wire coils (primary coil and secondary coil)

a.c. supply

Load

Primary coil Soft laminated Secondary coil

iron core
  The table below shows two different types of transformers
Step-up transformer Step-down transformer

Secondary
coil Primary coil Secondary
‘coil
Primary coil

The primary voltage (input), Vp, The primary voltage (input), Vp,
across the primary coil is lower than across the primary coil is higher
the secondary voltage (output), Vs, than the secondary voltage
across the secondary coil (output), Vs, across the secondary
coil
Number of coils of the primary coil Number of coils of the primary coil
is less than that in the secondary is more than that in the secondary
coil coil

Transformer function in the use of electrical appliances at home

 Laptop battery charger
 Mobile phone charger
 Ceiling fan speed control box

Transformer problems related to transformers in life

 Formula
𝑽𝒑 𝑵𝒑
=
𝑽 𝒔 𝑵𝒔

Where;
 Vp = input voltage of primary coil or primary voltage
 Vs = output voltage of the secondary coil or secondary voltage
 Np = number of turns of the primary coil
 Ns = number of turns of secondary coil
 6.3 Transmission and Distribution of Electrical Energy

Functional Component in Electricity Transmission and Distribution System

 The area near the National Grid pylons can detect the strong
electromagnetic fields generated by high alternative current voltage.

Generators at power Alternating current from this

generating stations power station is then passed to The high-voltage
generate alternating the step-up transformer station alternating current is
current with a (Bn). Voltage is increased to 132 then streamed through
voltage of 11kV or kV, 275 kV or 500 kV by using the National Grid
25kV. step- up transformer. Network (C).
At the end of this grid, the
alternating current flows to the
switch zone (D) at the main
11kV/ 25kV 132kV/ 275kV/ 500kV Long distance entrance substation (E1).
A Bn C transport  This switch zone enables
electrical energy to be
transported to substation
section (E2) when required
E1  allows certain power station
33kV and grid stations to be closed
D
E2, Bt Bt 33kV for maintenance work
415V Heavy without cutting electricity to
240V 415V
industrial consumers
area

Residential Office Hospital 33kV

11kV Light At E1 and E2, this alternating
E2, Bt industrial current is streamed through a
area series of step- down transformers
GUIDANCE:
(Bt) in the step- down transformer
A- power station
station. These voltages are
Bn- the step- up transformer station
gradually passed to different
Bt- the step- down transformer station
voltage values according to their
C- National Grid Network
requirements. For example,
D- switch field
 The heavy industrial area 33
E1 - main entrance substation
kV
E2- substation section
 Light industrial area 11 kV
 Office, business and
residential areas 240 V
 Electrical Wiring System In Malaysia
 It consists of two types, one-phase (single-phase) wiring and three-phase
wiring
 Single-phase wiring is only suitable and stable enough for electricity
consumption not exceeding 10 kW or 50 A. (Rural residential areas)
 Three-phase wiring is more stable for electricity consumption of more than
10kW or 50A (Industrial and commercial areas)

Supply of electrical energy and wiring system at home

Electrical wire from the main cable

h
connected to the home consists of:
 Live wire at 240 V The lighting circuit
 Neutral wire at 0 V consists of live wire and
neutral wire

Main fuse box with one

main fuse

Electric meter
 Measure the amount of electricity
units used

Main switch:
 Controls the amount of current
flowing through the circuit inside
the house

Consumer ELCB (earth leakage circuit breaker)

unit and fuse  Cut off the circuit when
box excessive current flows through
it

MCB (miniature circuit breaker) Heating circuit

 Separate the final circuits with
other parts of electrical Air conditioning circuit
equipment

The power circuit consists of

live wire, neutral wire and
earth wire
Earth wire
3-pin plug and 2-pin plug

3-pin Plug 2-pin Plug

Examples of electrical appliances Examples of electrical appliances
that obtain electricity from a wall that obtain electricity from a wall
socket through this plug are electric socket through this plug are hair
kettles and irons dryers and electric toothbrushes

The live wire, neutral wire and earth wire installed on 2-pin and 3-pin plugs
must follow international color code for wiring
Safety Components in Home Wiring Systems

Switch Fuses of 3A, 5A, 10A and 13A

Metal contact cap

Earth leakage circuit breaker Miniature circuit breaker (MCB)

(ELCB)

Earth wire lightning conductor

 Fuses

Fuse
Metal contact cap wire

 The structure is a short fine wire

 It is easily heated and melt when the current is greater than the value of
the fuse
 There are two types:
cartridge fuse
replaceable wire fuse
 Functions as an electrical safety device to protect the wire and electrical
appliances from excessive flowing current.
 The fuse value is the maximum current value that flows through the fuse
without causing the fuse wire to melt.
 The common fuse values are 1A, 2A, 3A, 5A, 10A, 13A, 15A, 30A
 The selection of fuse values to be used depends on the maximum current
value flowing through a circuit or electrical equipment
 The value of the fuse should be slightly higher than the maximum current
flowing.

Safety in the use of electrical appliances

 if an individual touch the earthed part of the metal, and if there is a large
current, the current will go to Earth via the earth wire instead of flowing
through the individual

6.4 Calculate the Cost of Electricity Consumption

Energy Efficiency
 The energy efficiency is the percentage of input energy which is converted
into a useful form of output energy
𝑼𝒔𝒆𝒇𝒖𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 ×𝟏𝟎𝟎%
Energy efficiency =
𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅
Examples of Technology with Conceptual of Energy Efficiency
Energy-saving lamp
Lighting
Filament lamp (compact fluorescent LED lamp
device
lamp, CFL)

Structure

Maximum electrical Maximum

Maximum electric
Efficiency of energy converted to electrical energy
energy converted to
energy light energy = 10% converted to light
light energy = 50%
energy = 90%

Consumption of Electricity in Electrical Equipment

 The electric meter functions to measure the quantity of electricity used
 The reading in the meter is to determine the cost of using electricity
 Electricity power, P,
 is the rate of electrical energy, E, used by an electric appliance
 S.I. unit is watt (W)
 1 watt (W) = 1 joule (J) of electricity used in 1 second (s)
𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅,𝑬(𝑱)
Electric power, P (W) = 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏,𝒕 (𝒔)

 Electric current, I
 Is the flow rate of electric charge, Q, through a conductor
 S.I. unit is ampere (A), and the electrical charge is coulomb (C)
𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆,𝑸(𝑪)
Electric current, I (A) = 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏,𝒕 (𝒔)

 Voltage, V
 It is the electrical energy, E, which is used to move the electric charge
per unit, Q, through a conductor
 S.I. unit is volt (V)
𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅,𝑬(𝑱)
Voltage, V (V) = 𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆,𝑸 (𝑪)
  Calculation of the current flow through electrical equipment
 By using the equation, P = VI
 The total current used is I, therefore,
𝑃
I=
𝑉

Calculation of Cost of Consumption of Electricity

 The units used for electricity are kilowatt-hours (kWh).
 1 kilowatt-hour = electricity used at 1 kilowatt or 1000 watts within 1 hour.
 Therefore, 1 kWh = 1 unit
Electrical energy used (kWh) = Power (kW) × Time (h)

Energy Saving Methods

 Services by Energy Commission such as ECOS for
industrial and business that use the concept of energy
conservation
 Construction of green buildings, its features are
 Efficient ventilation systems = reduce the use of
air conditioners and fans
 Its design maximizes natural lighting = reduces
the cost of using electricity
 Installation of solar panels = renewable energy
sources that replace conventional energy
sources