Aim: To visualized the pool boiling over the heater wire in different regions u critical heat flux point at which the wire melts. Introduction: , When heat is added to a liquid from a submerged solid Surface, which is temperature higher than the saturation temperature of the liquid, it js Usual a tothe part of the liquid to change phase. This change of phase is called boiling, ms Boiling is of various types, the type depends upon the temperature differen, surface and the liquid. The different types are indicated in which 4 experimental boiling curve obtained in a saturated pool of liquid is down, Description: It consists of a cylindrical glass container, the test heater and a heater COil fo, initial heating of water in the container. This heater coil is directly connected t, the mains and the test heater is also connected to the mains via a Dimmer Stat and an ammeter is connected in series to the current while a voltmeter Cross it to read the voltage. The glass container is kept on the table. The test heater Wire can be viewed through a magnifying lens CE the TyPicay Specification: Glass container : Dia. 210 mm. & Height 115 mm Nichrome wire size : 0,135 @ mm) Dimmer stat : 10Amp, 230 volts. Voltmeter : Oto 250V Ammeter : Oto 10AMP 4 Thermometer : Oto 100° Nichrome wire resistance : 6.4 ohms. Theory: The heat flux supplied to the surface is plotted against (Tw - Ts) the difference between the temperature of the surface and the saturation temperature of the liquid. It is seen that the boiling curve can be divided into three regions: ¢ Natural Convection Region e Nucleate Boiling Region e Film Boiling RegionThe region of natural convection occurs at low temperature differences (of the order of 10 °C or less). Heat transfer from the heated surface to a liquid in its vicinity causes the liquid to be superheated. The superheated liquid rises to the free liquid surface by natural convection, where vapour is produced by evaporation. As the temperature difference (Tw — Ts) is increased, nucleate boiling starts. In this region, it is observed that bubbles start to form at certain locations on the heated surface. Region I! consists of two parts. In the first part, Il - a, the bubbles formed are very few in number. They condense in the liquid and do not reach the free surface. In the second part, II — b, the rate of bubbles formation and the number of locations where they are formed increase. Some of the bubbles now rise all the way to the free surface. With increasing temperature difference, a stage is finally reached when the rate of formation of bubbles is so high, that they start to coalesce and blanket the surface with a vapor film. This is the beginning of the region III viz film boiling. In the first part of this region Ill-a, the vapor film is unstable, so that the film boiling may be occurring on a portion of the heated surface area, while nucleate boiling may be occurring on the remaining area. In the second part, Ill-b, a stable film covers the entire surface. The temperature difference in this region is of the order of 1000°C and consequently radiated heat transfer across the vapor film is also significant. It will be observed that the heat flux does not increase in a regular manner with the temperature difference. In region |, the heat flux is proportional to (Tw — Ts) °, where ‘n’ is slightly greater than unity. When the transition from natural convection to nucleate boiling occurs the heat flux starts to increase more rapidly with temperature difference, the value of n increasing to about 3.at the end of region Il, the boiling curve reaches a peak. Beyond this, in the region II-A, in spite of increasing temperature difference, the heat flow increases with the formation of a vapor film. The heat flux passes through a minimum at the end of region Ill-a. it starts to increase again with (Tw — Ts) only when stable film boiling begins and radiation becomes increasingly important. It is of interest to note how the temperature of the heating surface changes as the heat flux is steadily increased from zero. Up to point A, natural convection boilingNS ee ae and nucleate boiling occur and the temperature of the heating surface js Obta, by reading off the value of (Tw ~ Ts) from the bolling curve and adding to i 8 value of Ts. If the heat flux is increased even @ little beyond the value of Ay o temperature of the surface will shoot up to the value corresponding to the ri : C. it is apparent from figure 1 that the surface temperature COrresPONding point C is high. For most surfaces, it is high enough to cause the material to mel, Thus in most practical situations, it is undesirable to exceed the value of heat fly, corresponding to point A. This value is therefore of considerable engineering significance and is called the critical or peak heat flux. The pool-boiling Curve a¢ described above is known as Nukiyam pool Boiling Curve. The discussions SO far has been concerrled with the various type of boiling which occur in saturated Poo} boiling. If the liquid is below the saturation temperature we say that sub-cooleg q pool boiling is taking place. Also in many practical situations, e.g, steam generators; one is interested in boiling in a liquid flowing through tubes. This jg called forced convection boiling, may also be saturated or sub-cooled and of the nucleate or film type. Thus in order to completely specify boiling occurring in any Process, one must state © Whether it is forced convection boiling or pool boiling, © Whether the liquid is saturated or sub cooled, and © Whether itis in the natural convection nucleate or film boiling region. Procedure: © Distilled water of about 2 liters is taken into the glass container. 4 © The test heater (Nichrome wire) is connected across the studs andelectrical connections are made. e The heaters are kept in submerged position e The bulk water is switched on and kept on, until the required bulk temperature of water is obtained e The bulk water heater coil is switched off and test heater coil is switched on ¢ The boiling phenomenon on wire is observed as power input to the test heater coil is varied gradually. © The voltage is increased further and a point is reached when wire breaks (melts) and at this point voltage and current are noted.© The experiment is repeated for different values of bulk temperature of water Observations: d = Diameter of test heater wire, = 0.00013 mtr L= Length of the test heater = 0.01 mtr A=Surfacearea =ndL = — 4.08x 10m? Observations Table: wy Heat ; ater i Gulls Seen Voltage | Ampere | !nput | Heat flux Sr.No. | Temp’ Tw’ in | temperature [On =i o¢ oe (v) (1) a-O/A wae in watt 1 45 48 220 6 1320 3.2x10°8 3 I | 3 | Calculation: Q= heater power in Watts Q =Vx! Watts q = critical heat flux in w / m? W/m?SS Oe ee Precautions: © Keep the various to zero voltage position before starting the experiment © Take sufficient amount of distilled water in the container so that both the heaters are completely immersed. Connect the test heater wire across the studs tightly. Do not touch the water or terminal points after putting the Switch in i) position. Very gently operate the various in steps and allow sufficient time in between. After the attainment of critical heat flux condition, slowly decrease the voltage and bring it to zero. Conclusion: Heater wire in different regions up to the critical heat flux point at which the wire melts is found out to be ----