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 PARTS OF SPEECH
(CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS)
CONJUNCTIONS
What Are Conjunctions?
Conjunctions are joiners. They are used to join words, phrases, or
clauses. "And," "but," and "or" are three common conjunctions.
Conjunction joining words:
• Jack and Jill went up the hill.
(The conjunction "and" joins the words "Jack" and "Jill.")

Conjunction joining phrases:

• Toby is a highly intelligent but sometimes quiet boy.
(The conjunction "but" joins the phrases "highly intelligent" and
"sometimes quiet.")

Conjunction joining clauses:

• You can prepare the salad, or you can clean the floor.
(The conjunction "or" joins the clauses "You can prepare the salad" and "you
can clean the floor.")
TYPES OF CONJUNCTION
1. Coordinating Conjunctions
2. Subordinating Conjunctions
3. Correlative Conjunctions.
1. Coordinating Conjunctions :
Coordinating conjunctions join like with like. For example, they join a noun with another
noun or an adjective with another adjective. The most common ones are "and," "but," and
"or." There are seven in total: "for," "and," "nor," "but," "or," "yet," and "so." (You can
remember them using the mnemonic F.A.N.B.O.Y.S.)

Conjunctions Meaning Example

1. and in addition She tried and succeeded.
2. but however They tried but did not succeed.
3. or alternatively Did you go out or stay at home?
4. nor and neither I did not see it, nor did they.
5. yet however The sun is warm, yet the air is cool.
2. Subordinating Conjunctions:
Subordinating conjunctions join subordinate clauses to main clauses. Common examples
are "although," "because," "if," "since," "unless," "until," and "while."

Conjunctions Meaning Example

1. As a. Because a. because: As he is my friend, I will
b. When help him.
b. when: We watched as the plane
took off.
2. After later in time After the train left, we went home.
3. Although or though Despite Although it was after midnight, we
did not feel tired.
4. Before earlier than I arrived before the stores were
open.
5. Because for the reason that We had to wait, because we arrived
early.
 Conjunction Meaning Example
6. For because He is happy, for he enjoys his work.
7. If on condition that If she is here, we will see her.
8. Lest for fear that I watched closely, lest he make a mistake.
9. Providing or provided on condition that All will be well, providing you are careful.
10. Since a. from a past time a. I have been here since the sun rose.
b. as, because b. Since you are here, you can help me.
11. So or so that a. Consequently a. It was raining, so we did not go out.
b. in order that b. I am saving money so I can buy a bicycle.
Note: When used with the meaning in order that, so is
usually followed by that in formal English.
e.g. I am saving money so that I can buy a bicycle.
12. Supposing if Supposing that happens, what will you do?
13. Than used in He is taller than you are.
comparisons
14. Unless except when, if not Unless he helps us, we cannot succeed.
15. Until or till up to the time I will wait until I hear from you
when
 Conjunctions Meaning Example
16. Whereas a. Because a. Whereas this is a public building, it is open to
b. on the other hand everyone.
b. He is short, whereas you are tall.
17. Whether if I do not know whether she was invited.
18. While a. at the time when a. While it was snowing, we played cards.
b. on the other hand b. He is rich, while his friend is poor.
c. although c. While I am not an expert, I will do my best.

In addition, the following phrases are often used at the beginning of subordinate clauses.

Conjunctions Meaning Example

19. As if in a similar way She talks as if she knows everything.
20. As long as a. If a. As long as we cooperate, we can finish the
b. While work easily.
b. He has lived there as long as I have known
him.
21. As soon as immediately when Write to me as soon as you can.
22. Even if in spite of a possibility I am going out even if it rains.
 Conjunctions Meaning Example
23. In case because of a possibility Take a sweater in case it gets cold.
24. Or else otherwise Please be careful, or else you may have an
accident.
25. So as to in order to I hurried so as to be on time.
3. Correlative Conjunctions. Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs to join alternatives
or equal elements. The most common pairs are "either/or," "neither/nor," and "not
only/but also."
Conjunctions Examples
1. both … and He is both intelligent and good-natured.
2. either … or I will either go for a walk or read a book.
3. neither … nor He is neither rich nor famous.
4. hardly … when He had hardly begun to work, when he was interrupted.
5. if … then If that is true, then what happened is not surprising.
6. no sooner … than No sooner had I reached the corner, than the bus came.
7. not only … but also She is not only clever, but also hard-working.
8. rather … than I would rather go swimming than go to the library.
9. scarcely … when Scarcely had we left home, when it started to rain.
10. what with … and What with all her aunts, uncles and cousins, she has many relatives.
11. whether … or Have you decided whether you will come or not?
INTERJECTIONS
Words that have no real meaning but they help us to show sudden emotion.
They are words or short phrases that are independent of the rest of the sentence.
They are not marked for tense, number, aspect, and other grammatical features.
They are more common in speech than in writing.

• Wow – Amazement, surprise

• Argh – Frustration
• Ouch – Pain
• Oops – Regret
• Hi/ Hey – Salutation