Arnaldoa 15(1): 127 - 148 ISSN: 1815-8242

2008

Antibacterial activity of northern-peruvian medicinal plants

Actividad antibacteriana de plantas medicinales del norte del Perú
Rainer W. Bussmann
Head and William L. Brown Curator of Economic Botany, Wm. L. Brown Center, Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O.
Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA. [email protected]

Douglas Sharon
San Diego Museum of Man, 1350 El Prado, San Diego, CA 94804, USA. [email protected]

Fredy Perez A.
Departamento Académico de Ciencias, Área de Química, Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Av. América Sur
3145, Monserrate, Trujillo, PERÚ. [email protected]

Doris Díaz P.
Clínica Anticona, Laboratorio Clínico, Prolongación Unión 2390, Trujillo, PERÚ. [email protected]

Taisha Ford, Tahirah Rasheed, Yasmin Barocio & Rodolfo Silva

University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

Abstract

Bacterial infections and inflammation are among the ailments treated by traditional healers. The World Health
Organization has expressed high interest in traditional medicine, and it is important to demonstrate scientifically that
remedies employed in folk medicine are indeed therapeutically active. In this communication we report on antibacterial assays
for 171 plant species, conducted under simple laboratory conditions in a private clinic in Trujillo, Peru. The aim of the study
was to scientifically test if plants used in traditional medicine for the treatment of infections showed indeed antibacterial
activity. Extracts of samples of 171 species were screened for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia
coli, using agar-diffusion method. 14 species tested as traditional water extracts and 78 species extracted in ethanol showed
activity against al least one of the bacteria. Simple laboratory conditions can be applied to validate the antibacterial properties
of plants used in traditional medicine. While folk-medicinal uses can provide clear leads for scientific trials, many plants
traditionally used against infections did not show any antibacterial activity, while plants used for different purposes yielded
substantial activity. To make the most of these leads plant uses have to be very carefully documented however. What has to
be taken into account is, that most traditional remedies are prepared as cocktails of different plants, where plant compounds
possibly enhance and complement each other, and bioassays need to be extended to cover such compound preparations.
Key words: Bioassays, antibacterial activity, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli

Resumen

Las infecciones y las inflamaciones están entre las dolencias más tratadas por los curanderos. La Organización Mundial
de la Salud ha expresado su interés en la medicina tradicional, y es importante demostrar científicamente que estos remedios
son de hecho efectivos. En el presente trabajo damos a conocer los análisis antibacterianos en 171 especies de plantas
medicinales, conducidos bajo condiciones de laboratorio en una clínica privada de Trujillo, Perú. El objetivo del estudio era
probar científicamente si las plantas usadas en medicina tradicional demostraban una eficaz actividad antibacteriana. Los
extractos de 171 especies fueron enfrentados contra Staphylococcus aureus y Escherichia coli, usando el método de difusión en
agar. 14 especies fueron probadas como extractos acuosos y 78 especies como extractos alcohólicos, demostrando su actividad
al menos contra una de las bacterias. Las plantas medicinales pueden proporcionar las guías para los ensayos científicos, sin
embargo muchas de las plantas usadas contra infecciones no demostraron ninguna actividad antibacteriana, mientras que las
usadas para diversos propósitos rindieron actividad substancial. Los ensayos se documentaron cuidadosamente, sin embargo
se debe considerar que estos remedios tradicionalmente se preparan como mixturas de diversas plantas en donde los compuestos
se complementan unos con otros por lo que las pruebas biológicas necesitan ser ampliadas para cubrir tales preparaciones.
Palabras claves: Bioensayos, actividad antibacteriana, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli

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 Bussmann et al.: Antibacterial activity of Northern-Peruvian Medicinal plants

Background Materials and Methods

Peru is a country rich in biodiversity. For Plant Material

millennia native traditional healers have used the
Five hundred and twelve species of medicinal
rich flora to cure ailments. The same plants are
plants were collected in the Peruvian departments
still being used today. Traditional medicine
Lambayeque and La Libertad in the field, in markets
continues to be very popular since a large part of
of the coastal cities Trujillo and Chiclayo, and around
the population has either no access to, or no
the homes and in gardens of traditional healers
resources from Western medicine. Bacterial
(curanderos) of the region. Fieldwork was conducted
infections and inflammation are among the
in August-September 2001, July-August 2002, July-
ailments treated by traditional healers. Since the
August 2003, June-August 2004, July-August 2005,
World Health Organization has expressed high
July-August 2006 and June-August 2007.
interest in traditional medicine, it is important
to demonstrate scientifically that remedies Vouchers of all specimens were deposited at the
employed in folk medicine are indeed Herbario Truxillense (HUT, Universidad Nacional de
therapeutically active (Baker et al., 1995; Cox & Trujillo), and Herbario Antenor Orrego (HAO,
Balick, 1994; Elisabetsky & Castilhos, 1990; Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego Trujillo).
Farnsworth et al., 1985; Munoz & Sauvain, 2002; Recognizing Peru’s rights under the Convention on
Schultes, 1994). Biological Diversity, especially with regard to the
conservation of genetic resources in the framework
Plants with potential antibacterial activity have
of a study treating medicinal plants, the identification
recently come to the attention of Western
of the plant material was conducted entirely in Peru.
scientists, and various studies have reported that
No plant material was exported in any form
some are bioactive (Perumal Samy & Ignacimuthu,
whatsoever.
2000). Potentially active compounds have been
isolated from a few of the plants tested (D’Agostino The specimens were registered under the collection
et al., 1995 a,b; Okuyama et al., 1994; Rodriguez series «RBU/PL,» «ISA,» «GER,» «JULS,» «EHCHL,»
et al., 1994; Umana & Castro, 1990). «VFCHL,» «TRUBH,» and «TRUVANERICA,»
depending on the year of fieldwork and collection
Plant species from the Cordillera Blanca, one
location (Bussmann & Sharon 2006, 2007).
of the high-altitude areas of Peru, have been studied
in recent years for their antimicrobial, anti-cancer, The nomenclature of plant families, genera, and
and wound healing activities (Neto et al., 2002; species follows the Catalogue of the Flowering Plants
Hammond et al., 1998; Lee at. al., 1999; Villegas and Gymnosperms of Peru (Barko & Zarucchi, 1993).
et al., 1997). However, despite the fact that the Species were identified using the available volumes
center of healing traditions in Northern Peru is of McBride (McBride, 1936-1981), as well as other
located in the Trujillo/Chiclayo coastal region, no sources (Jørgensen & Ulloa Ulloa, 1994; Pestalozzi
studies have been undertaken in this area so far. 1998; Ulloa Ulloa & Jørgensen; 1993) and reference
material in the herbaria HUT and HAO.
In this communication we report on
antibacterial assays for 171 plant species with a Ethnobotanical data were collected from plant
wide range of traditional uses (Additional File 1), venders while purchasing materials in local markets
conducted under simple laboratory conditions in a (mostly Mercado Mayorista and Mercado
private clinic in Trujillo. The goal of the investigation Hermelindas in Trujillo and Mercado Moshoqueque
was to validate the medicinal use of these plants. and Mercado Modelo in Chiclayo) and by

128 Arnaldoa 15(1): 127 - 148, 2008

 Bussmann et al.: Antibacterial activity of Northern-Peruvian Medicinal plants

accompanying local healers (curanderos) to the markets Bacteria

when they purchased plants for curing sessions and
Many laboratories in developing countries lack
into the field when they were harvesting. In addition,
access to commercial grade bacterial strains.
plants were collected by project members in the field,
Demonstrating that simple techniques can be used
and - together with the material purchased in the
for bioassays, bacterial samples obtained from patients
markets - taken to the homes of curanderos to discuss
treated at the clinic where testing was conducted
the plants’ healing properties, applications, harvesting
were used for the assays. This approach has the
methodology, and origins (Alexiades, 1996). At the
additional benefit that plant material can be directly
homes of curanderos, the authors also observed the
tested against bacterial strains prevalent in the local
preparation of remedies, and participated in healing
population. Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) was
rituals. Plant uses were discussed in detail with
isolated from a Laryngitis sample. Both patients were
informants, after seeking prior informed consent from
walk-ins and not hospitalized. Two lines of the Gram-
each respondent.
negative species Escherichia coli were isolated from
From the complete plant inventory (Bussmann urinary tract infection samples. The bacteria were
& Sharon, 2006, 2007) one hundred seventy one incubated on nutrient agar until clean lines could be
species were selected for bioassays. The selected cultivated. The identification of the bacteria followed
plants encompassed the most often mentioned (Barrow & Feltham, 1993). A direct classification of
species used traditionally against infections the strains was beyond the technical means of the
(including infectious diseases, wounds, colds, laboratory. However, the isolates are kept in culture
bronchitis, kidney- and urinary infections, post- to allow reproduction of the results or further detailed
partum infections etc.), as well as plants used analysis of the strains used.
against gastro-intestinal problems (especially
Bioassays
diarrhea) because it was assumed that these plants
would most likely show activity against the The antibacterial activity of the crude plant
bacterial strains tested. In addition, other extracts was determined using an agar-diffusion
frequently used species were selected for random method (Koneman et al., 1997). Bacterial strains were
testing. Additional File 1 gives an overview on all produced as described above. Bacterial cultures were
species and their traditional uses. grown on 5% sheep red blood agar (SBA) and then
inoculated onto Mueller-Hinton Agar (PML) for
Preparation of Extracts
testing.
Plant material was dried at 37°C for three days.
Following the initial incubation organisms were
After drying, the material was ground with a simple
suspended in 10 ml of distilled water and their
meat grinder. Fifty grams of plant material were
concentration equilibrated to a 0.5 McFarland
submerged in 500ml of ethanol for seven days. To
standard. Using a sterile cotton swab, each sample
produce a traditional water extract for comparison,
was transferred onto Mueller-Hinton Agar. Six mm
the plant material was boiled for 5 minutes and then
lank paper disks were then saturated with each plant
left submerged for one day. After maceration, the
extract, dried, and applied to the agar surface. Disks
alcohol extracts were filtered and the solvent was then
with Amikacin and distilled water were applied as
evaporated using a hot water bath at 70°C. The
controls. Amikacin was used because it was the only
resulting residue was used for bioassays. The water
antibiotic available with efficacy against both
extracts were applied without further treatment. The
Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Disks with
antibacterial activity of the plants was determined
distilled water (for water assays) and disk first
by using an agar diffusion method.

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 Bussmann et al.: Antibacterial activity of Northern-Peruvian Medicinal plants

saturated with Ethanol and then dried (for Ethanol Chuquiragua spinosa, Tagetes elliptica, T. erecta, Taraxacum
assays) were used as negative controls. Plates were officinale (Dandelion), Dioscorea tambillensis, Geranium
incubated overnight at 37°C. After 24 h, zones of ayavacense, G. sessiliflorum, Pelargonium odoratissimum,
inhibition appearing around disks were measured and Peumus boldus, Eugenia obtusifolia, Eucalyptus globulus,
recorded in mm. At least three repetitions were run Passiflora ligularis, Tropaeolum minus and Pilea microphylla.
for each assay. The Amikacin control showed an
Last, only few plants used traditionally for urinary
inhibition zone of at least 7mm after 24h exposition
infections and diarrhea showed inhibitory activity
in all assays tested. Plant species showing at least the
against E. coli (e.g. Schkuhria pinnata, Phyllanthus niuriri),
same activity were considered anti-bacterially active.
while many species did not show activity.
Results and Discussion A large number of plants used traditionally for
Additional File 2 shows the results of the the same purpose, e.g. Nerium oleander, Cronquistiantus
antibacterial assays of bioactive plant extracts. Fourteen lavandulifolius, Eupatorium gayanum, Matricaria frigidum
of the plants extracted in water, and 68 of the alcohol- and M. recutita (Chamomile), Paranephelius uniflorus,
extracts showed antibacterial properties. Most plants Tesaria integrifolia and many others, did not show any
were mainly active against Staphylococcus aureus. activity whatsoever. This indicates that a large part
of the medicinal plants used as anti-bacterial might
Only fourteen (8.3%) of the 171 species extracted actually be inefficient, or at least inefficient if employed
in water showed bioactivity. Thirteen species proofed as sole remedy, and that indigenous use did by no
active against Staphylococcus aureus, while only one means indicate effectiveness.
species showed significant activity against Escherichia
coli. Sixty-eight (40.7%) of the 171 alcohol extracts In contrast, a large number of the randomly tested
tested showed bioactivity, with 75 species active «frequent use» species did show unexpected
against S. aureus and 8 species against E. coli. antibacterial activity. Mandevilla trianae, used
traditionally against sorcery» was in fact very effective
Many species used traditionally for wound inhibitors of E. coli, while Baccharis ciliaris, Loricaria
disinfection, post partum care and infections of the ferruginea, Porophyllum ruderale, Pseudogynoxis cordifolia, and
uro-genital tract proved to show indeed activity Nicotiana tabacum, all also «magic» plants, inhibited S.
against S. aureus. These species included Peruvian aureus. Ephedra americana, traditionally used for external
indigenous species like Eustephia coccinea, Schinus molle, injuries and fractures, proved effective against both
Alnus acuminata, Dioscorea trifida, Acacia macacrantha, bacterial strains tested. Cassia fistula, Origanum majorana,
Caesalpinia paipai, C. spinosa, Desmodium molliculum, Cydonia oblonga, and Aloysia triphylla, used traditionally
Coutoubea ramosa, Gentianella brueneotrica, Cuphea strigulosa, for neurological disorders (e.g. Anxiety and
Solanum americanum and Verbena littoralis, as well as Depression), as well as Spartium junceum, Gentianella
introductions like Foeniculum vulgaris (Fennel), and bicolor, Eucalyptus citrodora (used as diabetes treatment)
Polygonum hydropiperoides. Species used for the traditional were also effective against S. aureus.
treatment of colds and bronchitis, e.g. Ambrosia
peruviana, Flaveria bidentis, Oritrophium peruvianum, Senecio In some cases, species closely related to effective
canescens, Gaultheria erecta, Myroxylum balsamum, Salvia species (e.g. Chuquiragua weberbaueri) were found sold
discolor, Heisteria acuminata, Laccopetalum giganteum, Escobedia as replacements, because collecting the original species
grandiflora, Caprania peruviana and Rubus robustus were could not satisfy demand for these popular plants.
also effective against S. aureus. A third set of Similarly, ineffective species similar in appearance to
antibacterial species included plants traditionally used efficient species were sold as replacements under the
as «anti-inflammatory», especially Oreopanax eriocephalus, same vernacular name (e.g. Perezia pungens as

130 Arnaldoa 15(1): 127 - 148, 2008

 Bussmann et al.: Antibacterial activity of Northern-Peruvian Medicinal plants

replacement for Senecio canescens, Senecio pseudotites as remedies are prepared as cocktails of different plants,
replacement for Arnica montana). This indicates that where plant compounds possibly enhance and
high demand; over-harvesting and an uncontrolled complement each other, and bioassays need to be
herbal market lead to the possibly dangerous or fatal extended to cover such compound preparations.
replacement of effective species with ineffective or
even poisonous relatives. Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial

Conclusions
support of the fieldwork through MIRT (Minority
A simple agar-diffusion method could be applied International Research and Training) and MHIRT
to successfully validate the antibacterial properties (Minority Health Disparity International Research
of plants used in traditional medicine. and Training), a grant from the National Institutes of
Health (Fund: 54112B MHIRT Program, Grant:
While over 90% of the watery extracts and almost
G0000613), administered by the Fogarty International
60 % of the Ethanol extracts showed no antibacterial
Center for Advanced Studies in Washington, D.C.
activity whatsoever. This seems to be an artifact
Thanks also go to Dr. Noe Anticona for allowing
caused by an incorrect «Western» understanding of
research at Clinica Anticona.
traditional healing terminology, rather than traditional
healers using «inefficient» plants: Most of the Literature cited
«ineffective» species in question were reported to be
Alexiades, M.N. 1996. Collecting ethnobotanical data:
used against «internal inflammations» or an introduction to basic concepts and techniques. In:
«inflammation» in general. This suggested a possible Alexiades, M.N. (Ed.) Selected Guidelines for
Ethnobotanical Research: A Field Manual. The
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Additional file 1 1. Overview on taxonomy and traditional use of plants selected for
antibacterial bioassays

Family/Genus/Species Indigenous names Plant part used Admin. Use Coll. #

A D I A N TA C E A E
Pellaea ternifolia C. Chr. Cuti Cuti, Cute Cute, Whole plant, fresh Oral Diabetes,Liver EHCHL46,
Cuticuti, Cute-Cute RBU/PL319,
Amarillo, Cuti Cuti RBU/PL258,
Amarillo TRUBH21
AMARANTHACEAE
Alternanthera brasiliana Hierba del Oso, Whole plant, fresh Oral Twisted bones, RBU/PL275,
(L.) Kuntze Veronica (Hembra), or dried Bronchitis, Asthma, JULS11 ,
Moradilla de Cerro Bruises, Fractures, EHCHL78,
Bumps ISA83

Alternanthera porrigens Sanguinaria, Whole plant, fresh 1Oral 1. Blood circulation, EHCHL142,
(Jacquin) Kuntze Moradilla, or dried 2.Topical Warts, Blood coldness, ISA56,
Lancetilla Allergies RBU/PL301,
2. Cleansing womb after RBU/PL324,
childbirth, Fragrance, EHCHL93,
Luck in love and work, G E R 11 7
Bad Air / Mal Aire, Love,
Business Relations,
Protection, Good fortune,
Good health
AMARYLLIDACEAE
Eustephia coccinea Cav. Tumapara, 1., 4. Bark, 1., 2., 4. 1. Arthritis, Rheumatism RBU/PL313,
Pomanpara, fresh or dried Oral 2. Inflammation of the GER71,
Puma Para, 2., 3. Bark, dried 3. Topical stomach3. Wounds EHCHL68
Para Para 4. Inflammation,
Hemorrhages,
Inflammation of uterus,
Ulcers, Cysts, Cancerous
wounds
ANACARDIACEAE
Mauria heterophylla Shimir, Tres Hojas, Leaves, fresh 1.,3.Topical 1. Skin irritation ISA24,
H.B.K. Trinidad, Chacur, 2. Oral 2. Inflammation, JULS17,
Ahimir, Feregreco Liver, Kidneys, Wounds, EHCHL83
Inflammation of uterus,
Cleansing (external),
Cleansing (internal),
Ulcers (internal),
Ulcers (external),
Inflammation of the
ovaries, Cysts, Fibroids
3. Vaginal cleansing

Schinus molle L. Molle, Moy 1., 2. Flowers, 1.,4.Topical 1., 2. Arthritis, EHCHL123,
Leaves and 2., 3.Oral Rheumatism, JULS196,
Stems, fresh Bone pain, Bronchitis, GER13
3., 4. Bark and Cough, Cold, Chills,
Latex, fresh Inflammation of the body
3. Cancer, Tuberculosis
4. Vaginal infection

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 Bussmann et al.: Antibacterial activity of Northern-Peruvian Medicinal plants

APIACEAE
Arracacia xanthorrhiza Racacha, Racacha Leaves and Topical Fright / Susto JULS278
Bancroft Cimarrona Stems, fresh Oral
Foeniculum vulgare Hinojo, Anis Criollo 1. Whole plant, 1., 2. Colic,
P. Miller fresh Gases, After EHCHL23,
2. Seeds, fresh birth, Stomach pain, JULS101,
Stomachache, Nerves, JULS166
Diarrhea
Pimpinella anisum L. Anis Criollo, Anís Seeds, dried Oral Gases, Stomach Pain, EHCHL137,
Colic TRUBH21,
GER213

APOCYNACEAE
Mandevilla cf. trianae Bejuco, Bejuco Leaves, fresh Topical Daño de Brevaje, ISA14, ISA13
Woodson Negro (Grande), or dried Fright / Susto, Sorcery
Bejuco Negro(Chico)
Nerium oleander L. Laurel, Laurel Rosa Flowers, Leaves Topical Cleaning wounds, Itching, JULS65, GER45
and Stems, fresh Sarna, Rashes, Skin
mark, Herpes
Thevetia peruviana Mailchin, Maichil, 1. Stems and 1. Topical 1. Bones, Rheumatism, EHCHL162,
(Pers.) Schum. Camalonga, Leaves, fresh 2.,3. Oral Bad Air / Mal Aire, TRUVan/Erica19,
Cabalonga 2., 3.Seeds, Arthritis, Cause bad luck / JULS187,
dried Cast a spell (Sorcery) 2. EHCHL174,
Bad Air / Mal Aire, GER225
Epilepsy, Nerves, Heart
attacks 3. Menopause,
Cancer
Vallesia glabra (Cav.) Link. Cuncuno, Cun Cun Leaves, fresh Oral 1. Snake bites, 2. Diabetes GER26

AQUIFOLIACEAE
Ilex guayusa Loes Guayusa, Agracejo, Leaves, dried Oral Diabetes, Intoxication EHCHL130,
Citrodora of the blood JULS160

ARALIACEAE
Oreopanax eriocephalus Maque Maque, Leaves and 1. Oral 1., 2. Heart, Nerves, EHCHL36,
Harms Mano de León Flowers, fresh 2. Topical Inflammation, Fractures, JULS39,
Nervous system, RBU/PL270,
Rheumatism ISA71, GER221

ARAUCARIACEAE
Araucaria heterophylla Pino Resin, fresh or dried Topical Toothache, Extracting teeth JULS229
(Salisb.) Franco

ASTERACEAE
Acanthoxanthium Juan Alonso, Whole plant, Oral Detoxification of alcohol JULS176,
spinosum (L.) Furreau Espina de Perro, fresh or dried and drugs,Inflammation, EHCHL32
Corona de Cristo and Leaves, dried Bronchitis, Haemorrhages
Achyrocline alata Ishpinguillo, Ishpingo, 1., 2. Stems 1., 2.Topical1. Arthritis, Bones ISA85, ISA109
(H.B.K.) DC. Flor de Ishpingo 2. Arthritis, Bones
Ambrosia peruviana Willd. Altamisa, Marco, Leaves and 1. Oral 1.Heart,Nerves,Epilepsy, JULS108,
Artamisa, Manzanilla Stems, fresh 2.,3.Topical Liver,Bronchitis,Colds, RUBH18,
del Muerto, Marcos, Bad Air / Mal Aire,Burns T RBU/PL370,
Alta Misa, Ajenjo, 2. Fungus, Fright/Susto TRUBH15,
Altamis, Llatama 3. After birth to reduce JULS90,
Negra Malera, inflamation and prevent GER9,
Llatama Roja Malera spasms in the woman’s,womb G E R 11 0

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 Bussmann et al.: Antibacterial activity of Northern-Peruvian Medicinal plants

Arnica montana L. Arnica Commercial Charm Waking a person who has JULS106
tincture fainted, Keeping bad spirits
away from the house
Baccharis ciliaris Pata de Gallina Whole plant, fresh Seguro Protection of job and house, JULS220
(Retz.) Koeler or dried Protection (general)
Baccharis genistelloides Simba Simba, Whole plant, fresh Oral Diabetes, Blood, Burn fat, EHCHL101,
(Lam.) Pers. Carceja, Cholesterol, Kidneys, TRUBH10,
Karqueja, Cadillo Internal Inflammation, Liver, RBU/PL255,
Gallbladder, Bad blood, JULS34,
Baldness VFCHL36,
EHCHL92
Baccharis glutinosa Persoon Chilco Macho Leaves, fresh Oral Diabetes JULS135, GER29,
GER198
Chuquiraga spinosa sp Chuquiragua, Leaves, dried Oral Inflammation, Kidneys, EHCHL168,
huamanpinta C. Ezcurra Huamanpinta Prostate, Bladder, Prostate TRUBH9,
inflammation, Sexual JULS276,
impotence RBU/PL373
Chuquiragua weberbaueri Amaro Amaro Whole plant, Oral Cough, Bronchitis, Asthma, JULS99, HCHL131
Tovar fresh or dried Liver, Air
Cronquistianthus . Clavelillo, Espino de Flowers, Leaves and Oral Cough,Bronchitis,Headache, ISA5, ULS233,
lavandulifolius DC hoja, Pulmonaria Stems, fresh or dried Cold,Asthma,Pulmonary GER163
disease
Eupatorium gayanum Asma Chilca, Leaves, fresh 1. Topicial 1.,2. Cough, Bronchitis, RBU/PL276,
Wedd. Asma (Chica) 2. Oral Asthma EHCHL164
Flaveria bidentis Mata Gusano Flowers, Oral Cough, Bronchitis JULS68
(L.) Kuntze Leaves and Stems,
fresh or dried
Gnaphalium americanum Mill. Lechuguilla Whole plant, fresh Oral Diabetes, Nerves JULS179
or dried
Loricaria ferruginea Palmerilla, Palmita, Leaves and Topical Spiritual Flowering / GER108, RBU/
(R. & P.) Wedd. Pata de Gallina, Stems, fresh Florecimiento, Menstrual PL339, RUBH20,
Palmera, Trencilla, delay, Blood circulation ISA136,
Palmilla, Patita de TRU Van/ Erica23,
Gallo, Palmia Pina, TRU VanErica10,
Palmera Blan ISA 148(105a)
Loricaria pauciflora Palmilla Ancha, Whole plant, fresh 1. Seguro 1. Business TRUVan/Erica18,
Cuatr. Palmilla Verde,Palma 2. Topical 2. To cast away bad EHCHL13
Bendita spirits
Matricaria frigidum Manzanilla Whole plant, 1. Oral 1. Pain of love, Nerves, JULS22, EHCHL1,
(HBK) Kunth fresh or dried 2. Topical Insomnia, Inflammation TRUBH7
of wounds, Colic, Stomach
ache, Bronchitis 2.
Inflamation, Colic,
Inflammation of the vagina,
Injuries, Wounds (open),
Wounds (closed)
Matricaria recutita L. Manzanillon, Agua de Whole plant, 1.,3.Topical 1.Fright / Susto, Infection of JULS192, RBU/
la Banda, Manzanilla fresh 2. Oral wounds, Vaginal cleansing PL306, ISA120,
Blanca, Manzanilla 2.Blood purification,Menstrual ISA76, GER145
Amarga, Manzanilla colics 3.Infection of wounds
Monactis flaverioides H.B.K. Hierba del Susto Stems and Leaves, 1. Topical 1., 2. Prostate, Vaginal EHCHL19, RBU/
(Amarillo),Malva, fresh 2. Oral cleansing PL274, TRUVan/
Mocura, Hierba del Erica7, SA104,
Susto, Hierba Susto ISA72

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Maguanmarica,
 Bussmann et al.: Antibacterial activity of Northern-Peruvian Medicinal plants

Oritrophium peruvianum (Lam.) Huamanripa, China Linda, Whole plant, 1. Oral1. Asthma, Bronchitis, JULS58,EHCHL126,
Cuatrec. Wiña Wiña, Vira Vira, fresh or dried Pneumonia TRUBH26, ISA96,
Oronamo, Hierba del Sol, TRUBH29,TRUVan/
Hierba del Lucero, Erica2,GER166
Paranephelius uniflorus Pacha Rosa, Carapa de Whole plant, Oral Inflammation of the ovaries, EHCHL133,
Poepp. & Endl. Chancho fresh or dried Uterus, Inflammation (internal JULS125
female parts), Stones,
Inflammation
Perezia multiflora (H.& B.) Corzonera, Escorcionera, Whole plant, fresh Oral
Lessing Escorzonera Nerves, Cough, Bronchitis, RBU/PL323,
or dried Asthma, Sharp pain in JULS16,
the body EHCHL52,
GER160
Perezia pungens Lengua de Vaca Leaves, fresh Topical Infection of wounds, ISA4
(H.B.K.) Cas. Prevents Peeling of skin
after sunburn
Porophyllum ruderale Hierba Gallinazo, Whole plant, dried 1. Incense 1. Clean the energy of ISA73, GER89,
(Jacq.) Cas. Hierba del Gallinazo 2. Topical the home 2. Daño,Fright / JULS180
Susto
Pseudogynoxis San Juan Whole plant, fresh Topical Fright / Susto, Bad Air / JULS294
cordifolia (Cass.) Cabr. or dried Mal Aire
Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Canchalagua, Whole plant, fresh Oral Blood Cleansing, Liver, RBU/PL266,
Kuntze Canchalagua (Chica) Blood purification, JULS42,
Gallbladder,Bad breath, VFCHL27,
Diabetes, Menstrual delay, GER228
Allergies, Menstruation,
Blood irrigation, Inflammation
of the urinary tract
Senecio canescens (H.B.K.) Vira Vira, Whole plant, fresh 1. Oral Bronchitis, Asthma, Cough, TRUBH8, RBU/
Cuatrecasas Oreja de Conejo 2. Topical Nerves PL322,
EHCHL104,
TRUVan/Erica12,
EHCHL24, ISA108,
JULS14, GER158
Senecio pseudotites Arnica Leaves and Topical Inflammation, GER217
Grieseb. Stems, fresh Rheumatism, High fever

Smallanthus sonchifolius Hojas de Yacon, Leaves, dried Oral Diabetes, Kidneys, EHCHL143
(Poepp. & Endl) H. Rob. Llacon Inflammation of the prostate,
Cholesterol
Sonchus oleraceus L. Cerraja, Serraja, Whole plant, fresh Oral Cholera, High blood RBU/PL368,
Zeraja pressure EHCHL54,
JULS64,FCHL48,
JULS248
Tagetes elliptica Sm. Culantrillo Serrano Whole plant, Oral Colds, Bronchitis, GER184
fresh or dried Congestion
Tagetes erecta L. Flores del Muerto, Flowers and 1. Topcial 1. Colic of the stomach EHCHL141,
Claveles Chino, Leaves, fresh 2. Oral 2. Cough, Nerves, JULS156,
Flor de Muerto Inflammation (general) G E R 11 2
Taraxacum officinale Diente de Leon, Whole plant, 1.Topical 1., 2. Liver, Stomach, RBU/PL252,
Wiggers Amargon, fresh 2. Oral Inflammation JULS150,
Hierba del Leon (internal), Ovaries GER62, GER189

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Tesaria integrifolia R. & P. Pajaro Bobo Flowers and Oral Liver, Kidneys, Gallbladder, JULS71, GER12
Leaves, fresh Inflammation (general),
Fever, Bad breath

BALANOPHORACEAE
Corynaea crassa Hook. F. Huanarpo Tuber/Root, fresh Oral Fertility, Sexual potency, JULS171,
(hembra & macho) Male impotence, VFCHL52
Elderly men, Tension
BETULACEAE
Alnus acuminata H.B.K. Aliso Blanco (Liso), Bark, fresh 1.,3. 1. Sealing wounds, ISA18, ISA17,
Aliso Colorado 2. Oral Topical Rashes, Skin irritations, RBU/PL292
(Arrugado) Arthritic pain 2. Arthritis,
Cold, Colic of the stomach,
Colic of the intestine
3. Bone pain, Arthritis
BORAGINACEAE
Borrago officinalis L. Borraja Whole plant, Oral Bronchitis, Lungs, Blood ISA112, JULS24,
fresh or dried problems, Burn fat, Lose RBU/PL300,
weight, Anxiety,Depression, EHCHL58
Heart, Nerves, Cough,
Cold, Bruises, Insomnia
Cordia lutea Lam. Overo, Flor de Flowers, fresh Oral Liver, Bladder, Hepatitis, ISA125,
Overo, Overal or dried Inflammation of the kidneys, EHCHL77,
Prostate inflammation. JULS62, GER10
Heliotropium Alacran, Alacrancillo Whole plant, fresh Topical Spiritual Flowering JULS305
curasavicum L. or dried
BRASSICACEAE
Capsella bursa-pastoris Bolsita del Pastor, Whole plant, fresh Oral Kidneys, Prostate, JULS7,
(L.) Medic Hierba del Pastor, or dried Inflammation, Inflammation VFCHL42,
Bolsa de Pastor (internal), Liver, Gallbladder, VFCHL12, RBU/
Stomach infection, Urinary tract PL257, EHCHL6
Rorippa nasturtium- Berros Whole plant except Oral Liver, Urine retention, RBU/PL367,
aquaticum (L.) Hayek root, fresh or dried Bronchitis, Kidneys, EHCHL25,
Inflammation JULS113
of the liver, Inflammation
of the kidneys, Anemia
BROMELIACEAE
Puya hamata L.B. Sm. Hierba del Carnero, Hairy part of the 1. Oral Tumors, JULS162, GER95,
Hierba de Borrego Seeds, dried 2. Topical Infections EHCHL121
C A P PA R I D A C E A E
Capparis crotonoides H.B.K. Simuro, Bichayo, 1. Flowers, fresh 1. Oral 1. Bronchitis 2.Arthritis, GER4, JULS250
Simulo Leaves, fresh 2.,3.,4. 2., 3., 4. Rheumatism
Topical 3.Cold, General pain:
muscular, bone, etc.4. Colds
CAPRIFOLIAEAE
Lonicera japonica Madre Selva Whole plant, fresh Oral Depression, Heart, Pain of love, JULS28
Thunberg or dried Nerves, Epilepsy, Psychological
pain 1. Swelling, Kidneys,
Sambucus Sauco, Saucotillo 1.Leaves, 1., 4. Oral Cough, Concussions, 2., 3. EHCHL140, RBU/
peruviana H.B.K. Flowers and 2., 3. Prostate, Fever, Bronchitis, PL291, VFCHL44,
Leaves, fresh Topical 4. Flowers and Yellow Fever JULS246,
Stems, fresh 2. Fever, Yellow Fever EHCHL110
or dried 3. Inflammation of the
Leaves, fresh kidneys, Gastritis 4. Nerves,
Cough, Cold, Fever, Insomnia

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CHENOPODIACEAE
Chenopodium Paico Leaves and Oral 1. Parasites (worms) EHCHL112, RBU/
ambrosioides L. Stems, fresh 2. Cough PL280, EHCHL53,
JULS206
CHLORANTHACEAE
Hedyosmum racemosum M a s a m o c h e , Bark, dried Oral Bronchitis, Cold, Cough, EHCHL147, RBU/
(R. & P.) G. Don. Asarcito, Asarquiro, Asthma, Rheumatism, PL377
Choleta, Asancito, Bone pain, Nervous system
C U C U R B I TA C E A E
Sicana odorifera (Vell.) Secana Whole plant, Charm Jealousy JULS247
Naud. fresh
CUPRESSACEAE
Cupressus Miller Cipre, Cipres Whole plant, 1. Oral 1. Vaginal hemorrhage, RBU/PL288,
lusitanica fresh 2. Topical Hemorrage 2. Acne, Hair loss JULS302
CYPERACEAE
Cyperus articulatus L. Baston de San Whole plant, 1. Seguro 1. Protection JULS267
Jose, Varita de San fresh 2. Topical 2. Spiritual Flowering
Jose, Pura pura
DIOSCOREACEAE
Dioscorea tambillensis Papa Semitona Tuber, fresh Oral Inflammation of the kidneys, JULS283,
Kunth Inflammation of ovaries, GER140
Inflammation of the liver,
Inflammation (internal)
Dioscorea trifida L.f. Papa Madre, Tuber, fresh 1. Oral 1. Inflammation, JULS214,
Papa Pacta 2. Topical Renal disease, Uterus EHCHL40,
disease and discharge, JULS212,
Cysts, Internal Inflammation, GER142,
Cancer of the Uterus, JULS213
Inflammation of the ovaries,
Vaginal discharge,
Inflammation of the kidneys
2. Fungus, Vaginal cleansing,
cancer of the Uterus,
Washings (wounds).
DIPSACACEAE
Dipsacus jallonum L. Cardo Santo Whole plant, fresh Oral Diabetes, Liver, Cholesterol EHCHL90
EQUISETACEAE
Equisetum bogotense Cola de Caballo,
(H.B.K.) Kunth Cola de Caballo (Hembra) Stems, dried 1. Oral 1., 2. Inflammation
of the ISA52, TRUVan/
2. Topical kidneys, Wounds (cleansing), Erica6, ISA107
Stomach, Urinary tract,
Kidneys, Kidneystones,
Inflammation (gral)
EPHEDRACEAE
Ephedra americana H. & B. Diego Lopez, Whole plant, fresh
Suelda con Suelda or dried 1. Oral. 1., 2. Bruises, Fractures, EHCHL150,
2 Topical Broken bones, External JULS38,
injuries GER75
ERICACEAE
Bejaria aestuans L. Pullunrosa, Cadillo, Flowers, Leaves and Oral Diabetes, Liver, Prostate, VFCHL22,
Payama, Hierba de la Stems, fresh or dried Allergies, JULS50,
Postema, Purenrosa, Menstrual regulation, EHCHL39,
Hierba de la Postema Inflammation of the ISA114, ISA43,

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Rosada, Pulrosa, Inflammation of the Liver, JULS234,

Hierba del buen querer Inflammation of the Bladder, GER121
kidneys, Inflammation of uterus,
Cysts, Blood related illnesses,
Inflammation of ovaries,
Inflammation of the womb, Uterus,
Complement blood pressure,
Menstrual pain, Inflammation (gral)
Gaultheria erecta Vent. Mullaca Mistura, Whole plant, fresh or Oral Bronchitis, Asthma JULS288,
Mullaca, Mullaca Real dried JULS198
Gaultheria reticulata H.B.K. Toromaique, Toro Maique,1., 3. Whole plant, 1.,3. Topical 1. Cold, Arthritis, Bronchitics, EHCHL57,
Toromaike,Maique, fresh 2. Leaves, dried 2. Oral Rheumatic pain,
Bone pain, JULS259,
MaqueCandela, Toro Hallucinogen, Bad Air / Mal RBU/PL293,
Maique Amarillo, Aire, Wounds, Ulcers, Sores, EHCHL171,
Toro Maique Verde, Anything else that bothers EHCHL51,
Gavilan Maique Amarillo, the body 2.
Purgative GER81, GER241,
Gavilan Maique Verde 3. Wounds, Cysts GER57
ERYTHROXYLACEAE
Erythroxylon coca Lam. Coca Leaves, dried Oral Cold, Cough, Inflammation JULS144,
of the throat, Induce child GER201
birth, Strength for woman during
childbirth, Helping delivery of
newborn, Alertness, Ritual practices
EUPHORBIACEAE
Alchornea castaneifolia Chilca Dulce Leaves, dried Oral Liver Inflammation, Clean RBU/PL294b
(Willd.) Juss. blood from toxins
Hura crepitans L. Habilla Seeds, dried Oral Laxative, Removing laziness JULS161,
GER205
Phyllanthus niuriri L. Chanca Piedra Whole plant, fresh or Oral Liver Inflammation, Clean blood GER152
dried from toxins, Inflammation,
Bladderstones, Liver, Kidneys, Blood,
Inflammation of the gall bladder
Phyllanthus urinaria L. Chanca Piedra Whole plant, fresh or Oral Liver Inflammation, Clean JULS133,
dried blood from toxins, Inflammation, EHCHL167
Bladderstones, Liver, Kidneys,
Blood, Inflammation of the gall bladder
FABACEAE
Acacia macracantha Faique, Espino, Bark, dried Topical 1. Wounds, Stops bleeding GER28, JULS172
H. & B. ex Willd. Huarango 2. Arthritis, Rheumatism
Caesalpinia paipai R. & P. Pay Pay Fruits, fresh or dried Topical Killing lice, Wounds GER40
Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Tara, Talla, Seeds pods, 1. Oral 1. Pharyngitis, Throat, Skin
Kuntze Chanchalagua Whole plant, 2. Topical infection, Animal bites, ISA55, EHCHL27,
fresh or Antibiotic, Inflammation VFCHL21,
dried of the tonsils 2. Fungus, Skin JULS255, GER143
infection, Angina pectoris and similar
conditions, Antibiotic, Wounds,
Cleaning wounds, Boils,
Animal bites, Amoeba
infections, Inflammation of
ovaries,Inflammation of uterus,
Inflammation of the vagina
Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Chivato Whole plant, fresh Topical Bad Air / Mal Aire JULS136
or dried

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Cassia fistula L. Caña Fistula Seeds, fresh or dried Oral Nervous system, Epilepsy RBU/PL386
Desmodium molliculum Pie de Perro, Pata Whole plant, 1. Oral 1. Inflammation (internal), JULS41, RBU/
(H.B.K.) DC. -Perro, Pata de Perro, fresh or dried 2. Topical Inflammation (external), PL268, GER135,
Chancas de Comida, Inflammation of the kidneys, JULS44,
Muña, Manayupa Diarrhea, Stomachache, EHCHL109, RBU
Kidneys, Inflammation of the PL256
ovaries, Inflammation of the
womb, Gastritis2.
Wounds (cleansing), Scars
Erythrina spp. Huailulo, Huairuro Seeds, dried Charm Protection from evil GER196
Leucaena leucocephala Arabisca, Huaba Bruja Bark, Flowers and Topical Antiseptic, Clean wounds JULS104
(Lam.) De Wit Stems, fresh
Mimosa albida H. & B. Tapa Tapa Leaves, Stems, Oral Hemorrhage, especially JULS
Flowers, fresh afterabortion
Myroxylon balsamum Quina Quina, Seeds, dried 1., 3. Oral 1. Nervous system, Bronchitis JULS287, RBU/
(L.) Harms. Kina Kina 2. Topical 2. Bronchitis, Headache PL382, EHCHL151,
3.Cough, Bronchitis, Asthma VFCHL46, GER91

Otholobium glandulosum (L.) Culén, Culén Stems, fresh Oral Diarrhea, Cold of the stomach EHCHL5,
Grimes or dried JULS40
Senna monilifera H.S. Irwin Hojas de Sen Leaves,dried Oral Purgative, Constipation, EHCHL34,
& Bowley Cleansing of the stomach EHCHL12
Spartium junceum L. Retama 1. Flowers and 1. Oral 1. Hepatitis, Liver, High blood EHCHL60,
or fresh 2. Whole 2. Topical pressure, Diabetes 2. Arthritis, EHCHL 146,
plant, fresh Good Luck, Bone pain, RBU/PL279,
Sinusitis, Blood purification JULS239
Trifolium repens L. Trebol, Flowers, Leaves Oral Inflammation, Inflammation ISA47,RBU/L330,
Trebol de agua and Stems, fresh of the urinary tract, Stomach, EHCHL30
or dried Stomach Pain, Ulcer, Inflammation
of the kidneys, Kidneys, Blood
GENTIANACEAE
Coutoubea ramosa Aublet Genciana Fruits, fresh Topical Wounds, Scars, Rashes, Cold GER207
sores
Gentianella bicolor (Wedd.) Corpus Way, Whole plant, fresh Oral Arthritis, Diabetes, Bone EHCHL14,
J. Pringle Corposhuar, or dried pain, Cholesterol, Gastritis, VFCHL5, RBU/
Hornamo Leon Liver, Blood, Rheumatism PL304, JULS167
Gentianella bruneotricha Anga Macha Whole plant, fresh Oral Infection of the uterus, After JULS282
(Gilg.) J.S. Pringle. giving birth
Gentianella crassicaulis Violeta Genciana Whole plant, Oral Gastritis, Diabetes VFCHL7
J.S. Pringle fresh or dried (special types), Dizziness
GERANIACEAE
Geranium ayavacense Puli Punchi, Pasuchaca, Whole plant, fresh 1., 2. Oral 1. Diabetes2. Inflammation, JULS48,
Willd ex H.B.K. Pachuchaca, or dried Kidneys, Liver, Urinary EHCHL63,
Miscamisca tract,Inflammation of all kinds VFCHL6
Geranium sesiliflorum PuliPunchi, Whole plant, 1., 2. Oral 1. Diabetes 2. Inflammation, JULS48,
Cavanilles Pachuchaca,
Miscamisca, fresh or dried Kidneys, Liver,Urinary tract, EHCHL63
Pasuchaca Inflammation of all kinds VFCHL6
Pelargonium odoratisimum Malva de Oro, Whole plant, fresh Oral Arthritis, Heart, Nerves, Blood, TRUVan/Erica14,
(L.) L’Herit. Malva de Olor, or dried Mal de susto, Inflammation TRUBH6,
Malva Olorosa of the ovaries, Inflammation EHCHL89,
of the womb JULS188

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JUGLANDACEAE
Juglans neotropica Diels Nogal Leaves, fresh 1., 2., 5. 1.Hairloss2.Sorcery,Daño, RBU/PL273, ISA67,
Topical Arthritis, Wounds (cleansing), EHCHL4, ISA123
3., 4. Oral Fright / Susto 3. Cough,
Bronchitis, Asthma
4. Diabetes 5. Arthritis,
Wounds (cleansing)
LAMIACEAE
Hyptis sidifolia (L´Her.) Pedorera, Pedrorera, Whole plant, fresh Oral Gases, Colic of the intestine, EHCH L21, RBU/
Briq. Hierba de la or dried Gastritis, Cramps PL254, JULS222,
Ventosedad, Pedorrera, JULS4, GER76
Albaca Serrana
Lepechinia meyenii Salvia, Salvia Real Whole plant, fresh 1. Oral 1. Bronchitis, Heart, Nerves, RBU/PL303,
(Walpers) Epling or dried 2. Topical Memory, Menstruation VFCHL17,
2. Wounds, Hair loss ISA91
Marrubium vulgare L. Cordon de Muerto, Whole plant, Topical Inflammation of the body JULS132
Chanca de Comida, fresh or
Chancaz de Muerto dried
Melissa officinalis L. Toronjil, Melissa Whole plant, fresh Oral Nerves, Insomnia, Heart, JULS26, EHCHL2,
or dried Tachycardia RBU/PL260,
VFCHL14
Mentha spicata L. Hierba Buena, Whole plant, fresh 1. Oral 1. Parasites, Colic, Stomach RBU/PL308,
Hierba Buena 2. Topical ache, Gastritis, Indigestion, Colic EHCHL74, RBU/
Silvestre, Menta of the stomach,Tapeworms, PL267, JULS72,
Intestinal worms, Headache, VFCHL3, JULS20,
Aphrodisiac,Gases, Bad breath GER15, GER134,
2. Colic, Stomach ache JULS20
Origanum majorana L. Mejorana Leaves and Stems, Oral Colic, Heart, Nerves, Menstration, EHCHL88, JULS19,
fresh Anxiety,Depression, Pain of love RBU/PL317,
GER165
Origanum vulgare L. Oregano Leaves and Stems, Oral Colic, Menstrual cramps, JULS205, GER114
fresh or dried Menstration, Stomach ache,
Gases, Lower stomach
cramps related to PMS
Salvia discolor H.B.K. Palmeras (Chica), Stems, fresh 1., 2. Oral 1. Cough 2. Preventing ISA93, ISA151(93a),
Llatama, Yatama infections related to birth ISA25
Salvia rosmarinifolia Romero del Campo, Whole plant, fresh 1., 2., 3. 1., 2., 3. Inflammation, JULS49, ISA118,
Hort. ex G. Don. Romero Blanco, Topical Sinusitis ISA77, EHCHL108,
Romero Serrano GER111
Satureja pulchella Panizara, Panisara Leaves, fresh Oral Bronchitis, Asthma, Liver GER148, JULS43
(H.B.K.) Briquet or dried disease, Infection (internal),
Nerves, Menstrual delay,
Providing vitamins
LAURACEAE
Persea americana Mill. Palta 1. Leaves, fresh or 1.,2.,3. Oral 1. Lose weight JULS211, GER18
dried 3. Flowers, 2. Diarrhea, Kidneystones,
fresh Contraceptive, Sterilization
2. Seeds, fresh for women only 3. Cough
LINACEAE
Linum sativum L. Linaza Seeds, dried Oral Inflammation of the kidneys, EHCHL159,
Liver, Inflammation, JULS185,
Inflammation of the prostate, GER139
Galbladder stones, Kidneystones

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LOGANIACEAE
Buddleja utilis Kraenzl. Flor Blanca Flowers, fresh Oral Menstruation, Inflammation RBU/PL333,
or dried of the womb, Ovarian cysts, EHCHL38, ISA60,
Inflammation of uterus, JULS155, GER136
Inflammation
LY T H R A C E A E
Cuphea strigulosa H.B.K. Lancetilla, Gacetilla, Leaves and Stems, Oral Blood circulation, GER104, EHCHL35,
Sanguinaria, Gansetilla, fresh Fever, Blood VFCHL34, JULS33,
Hierba del Toro purification, Intestinal SA51, RBU/PL259,
infections, Heart, I EHCHL43,
Nervous system, JULS59,
Blood, Liver, ISA53, GER147
Discharges,
Colic, Gases, Diarrhea,
Inflammation of the
stomach, Kidneys,
Internal Inflammation,
Strengthen the body,
Anemia
M A LVA C E A E
Alcea rosea (L.) Cavanilles Malva Blanca, Whole plant except Inflammation, Cough, JULS78, JULS79
Malva Morada Stems, fresh Oral Hemorrhages
MONIMIACEAE
Peumus boldus Molina Boldo Leaves, dried Oral Inflammation of the liver, JULS114, GER157
Kidney Inflammation
MORACEAE
Ficus carica L. Higo Leaves and Stems, Oral Diabetes JULS165
fresh or dried
Morus alba L. Morera Leaves and Stems, Oral Diabetes JULS197
fresh or dried
MYRICACEAE
Myrica pubescens H. & B. Laurel Leaves and Stems, Topical Fright / Susto, Sorcery ISA84, ISA128
ex Wild. dried
M Y R TA C E A E
Eugenia obtusifolia Cambes. Unquia Real, Leaves and Stems, Oral Inflammation (general) JULS32
Rumilanchi fresh or dried
Eucalyptus citriodora Hooker Citrodora Whole plant, fresh Oral Diabetes JULS60
or dried
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Alcanfor, Eucalipto 1. Leaves, dried 1., 2., 4.Oral 1., 2., 4. Bronchitis, ISA130, JULS61,
Serrano, Eucalipto 2., 3. Leaves, 3. Topical Respiration, Cold, Cough, VFCHL35,
fresh or dried Sinusitis, Asthma 3. Cold, JULS153, GER14,
Rheumatism, Bone Pain,
Congestion, Burn fat EHCHL12
Psidium guajava L. Hoja de Guanábana, Leaves and Stems, Oral Cancer, Liver sicknes VFCHL24
Graviola fresh or dried
OLACACEAE
Heisteria acuminata Chuchuasi, Bark, fresh or dried 1., 2. Oral 1. Cold, Cough, Bones, RBU/PL287,
(H. & B.) Engler Chuchuhuasi 3. Topical Arthritis2. Fertility, JULS138, GER164
Sexual potency
3. Arthritis, Muscle pain,
Bone pains, Sprains,
Colds, Burning fat, Burning
cholesterol

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ORCHIDACEAE
Stelis sp. Huaime-Huaime, Root, dried Topical Inflammation of ovaries, JULS169,RBU/
Cucharilla Inflammation of uterus PL296,
EHCHL45,
GER129
PA S S I F L O R A C E A E
Passiflora caerulea L. Pasionara Flowers, Leaves Oral Nerves, Insomnia, Anxiety JULS217
and Stems,fresh

Passiflora ligularis Jus. Hoja de Granadilla, 1. Leaves and Oral 1. Liver, Blood circulation, EHCHL47,
Granadilla new shoots, fresh Inflammation, Inflammation JULS163
2. Peel of the Fruit, of the kidneys, Inflammation
fresh of the liver 2. Diarrhea
Passiflora . Hojas de Tumbo Leaves, fresh Oral Liver, Menstrual pain, EHCHL135
quardrangularis L Stomachache
PHYTOLACCACEAE
Phytolacca bogotensis Laylambo, Ilambo Flowers, Leaves 1., 2. 1., 2. Malaria, ISA81, ISA111,
H.B.K. and Stems, fresh Topical Dengue, Yellow fever JULS218
PIPERACEAE
Piper aduncum L. Yerba del Soldado, 1. Leaves, fresh or 1. Oral 1. Cold, Fungus, VFCHL26, RBU/
Tilonga, Matico, dried 2. Leaves, 2. Topical Cough, Wounds, PL277, TRUVan/
Mogo-Mogo fresh Bronchitis, Chills, Erica24,JULS15,
Tuberculosis, Stopping a GER141,
hemorrhage2. Wounds JULS199
reluctant to heal, Immune
System, Infection,
Inflammation, Bronchitis,
Colic (women), Wounds
P L A N TA G I N A C E A E
Plantago linearis H.B.K. Llantén Serrano, 1.,2. Whole plant, 1. Topical 1.Inflammation of wounds,.
Llantén de la Costa, fresh Wounds (cleansing)2. Liver, JULS35, JULS86,
Llantén 3. Root, fresh 2., 3. Oral Inflammation of the kidneys, GER133
Wounds, Bladder3. Cough,
Bronchitis
Plantago sericea R. & P. var. Pajilla Blanca Whole plant, fresh Oral Vaginal discharge JULS207
lanuginosa Grieseb. or dried
POACEAE
Cenchrus echinatus L. Abrojo, Cadillo Whole plant, fresh Oral Sharp pain in any part of JULS89
the body, Inflammation
(general), Skin, Intestine,
Liver disease, Gallbladder
disease, Tumors, Urinary
disease
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Cedron, Hierba Luisa, Leaves, Roots and Oral Cold, Cough, Nerves, EHCHL16,
Stapf. Maria Luisa Stems, fresh or dried Flu, Varicose veins, Stomach VFCHL30, JULS181,
Pain, Blood circulation, Cancer GER25
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Grama Dulce Stems, dried Oral Cysts of the ovary, Cysts of ISA61, JULS73,
Persoon the uterus, Inflammation of the ISA106, GER151
kidneys, Inflammation
(general), Uterus, Fibroids,
Uterus prolapse
Triticum sativum L. Trigo Seeds, dried Topical Vaginal infection, Vaginal discharge GER182

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P O LY G A L A C E A E
Polygala paniculata L. Canchalagua Whole plant, fresh Oral Blood circulation EHCHL59
or dried
P O LY G O N A C E A E
Polygonum Pica Pica Leaves, fresh Infections JULS223
hydropiperoides Michaux
P O LY P O D I A C E A E
Polypodium crassifolium L. Lengua de Ciervo, Stems, fresh Oral Inflammation of the EHCHL71,
Lengua de Servio, kidneys,Prostate,Bladder, TRUBH38, RBU/
Calaguala, Lengua de Internal Inflammation, PL331, RBU/
Ciervo Inflammation, Liver, PL332, JULS52,
Kidneys, Ulcers JULS303
RANUNCULACEAE
Laccopetalum giganteum Huamanripa, Pacra, 1., 2. Leaves, fresh 1., 2., 4. 1. Cough, Bronchitis, VFCHL53, RBU/
(Wedd.) Ulbrich Flor de Guarmarya or dried3. Whole Oral Asthma, Flu, Cold PL321, EHCHL42,
plant, fresh 3. Topical 2. Fertilization (Heat Ovaries) JULS284, GER162
3. Rheumatism
4. Epilepsy, Heart disease,
Palpitation

ROSACEAE
Cydonia oblonga Miller Membrillo 1. Fruit Peel, fresh Oral 1., 3. Depression, Nerves, JULS194
2. Fruit pulp, fresh Insomnia, Heart problems
3. Leaves, dresh 2. Vomiting, Nausea
Rubus robustus C. Presl. Zarzamora, Moyaca, Flowers and Leaves, 1. Topical 1. Pain of the body EHCHL132(a),
Zarza, Zarza Parrilla, fresh or dried 2., 3. , 4. 2.Diabetes, ISA41,
Mora, Cushai Oral Cough, Cholesterol (high), ISA48, JULS47,
Bronchitis3. Thoat (dried), EHCHL132(b)
Cannot speak4. Kidneystones,
Inflammation of the kidneys,
Inflammation of uterus, Arthritis
Sanguisorba minor Scop. Pimpinela, Whole plant, fresh Oral Heart, Nervous system, EHCHL117,
Flor de Overa Nerves, Insomnia, TRUBH35, RBU/
Depression, Heart, Pain of PL262, ISA57,
love, Anxiety, Menstrual JULS25,
regulation, Arthritis, Blood, ISA147(103a),
Mal de susto VFCHL20,ER170

RUBIACEAE
Cinchona officinalis L. Cascarilla, 1. Flowers and 1., 2., 1. Cough2. Fertility, RBU/PL314,
Quinuagiro Leaves, dried2., 3., 4. Sexual potency3. JULS127,
4. Bark, dried Oral Cancer4. Colds, ISA19, GER167
3. Root, fresh Rheumatism VFCHL11, RBU/
Uncaria tomentosa Uña de Gato, Leaves and Stems, Oral, Bronchitis, Kidneys, EHCHL103,
(Willdenow ex Roemer Uncaria Tormentosa, fresh or dried Topical Asthma, AIDS, JULS275,
& Schultes) DC. Una de Gato de la Allergies, Rheumatic GER230
Selva infections, Cancer,
Contraceptive, Ulcers,
Prostate, Bladder, Arthritis,
Bones, Blood circulation,
Hemorrhages (internal),
Wounds (internal), Kidney
Inflammation

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R U TA C E A E
Ruta graveolens L. Ruda, Ruda Whole plant, fresh 1., Oral2. 1. Abortion, Strong colics, ISA152, JULS1,
(Macho y Hembra), Topical Good luck, Fright / Susto, TRUVan/Erica20,
Hierba del Quinde Heart, Menstrual regulation, EHCHL128,
Depression, Bad Air / VFCHL16,
Mal Aire, Rheumatism, ISA145(108a),
Nerves, Vomiting, Nausea2. GER24
Aphrodisiac
SALICACEAE
Salix chilensis Molina Sauce Leaves, fresh 1. Topical2. 1., 2. Hangover fever, TRUBH25,
Oral Fever, Malaria, Colds JULS82, GER39
S A P O TA C E A E
Pouteria lucuma (R. & P.) Lucuma Fruit, fresh Oral Promoting lactation on JULS186
Kuntze. women after giving birth
SAXIFRAGACEAE
Escallonia pendula Chuque 1. Leaves, dried2. 1., 2. 1., 2. Arthritis, Bone pain, ISA23, ISA63
(R. & P.) Pers. Leaves, fresh Topical Sorcery, Rheumatism, Susto
of Death
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Caprania peruviana Flor Arenilla, Whole plant, fresh Oral Urine retention, Inflammation RBU/PL374,
Bentham Te de Indio or dried of the urinary tract, Colic, EHCHL170
Kidney, Dissolving acids
Escobedia grandiflora Azafran Flowers, dried Oral Bronchitis, Pneumonia, JULS110
(L.f.) Kuntze Chills (general)
Galvesia fruticosa Curil, Macacha Flowers, Leaves 1 Topical2. 1. Arthritis, Rheumatism, VFCHL37,
J. Gmelin and Stems, fresh or Oral Nerve pain2. Cold, JULS289
dried Bronchitis, Asthma
SOLANACEAE
Cestrum auriculatum Hierba Santa, Leaves, fresh 1., 2., 3. 1. Wounds (cleansing)2. JULS166,
L’Herit Agrasejo or dried Topical4. Fever3. Relaxant, Fright / RBU/PL281,
Oral Susto, Pain of the body, EHCHL172,
High blood pressure, ISA122,
Typhoid fever, Preventing GER174,
spasms after giving birth, EHCHL102
Warming women4. Cough,
Fright / Susto, Bronchitis,
Colic of the stomach, High
blood pressure, Typhoid
fever, Diabetes, Liver,
Cholesterol
Cestrum strigilatum Santa María Flowers, leaves Control and regulate JULS245
R. & P. and Stems, fresh Oral menstrual cycle JULS131
Datura ferox L. Chamico or dried Oral Bewitching men,
Leaves, dried Lowering moral
Juanulloa ochracea Cuya Cuya Seeds, dried Toical Bad Air / Mal Aire, Pain EHCHL154
Cuatrecasas
anywhere on the body
Lycopersicon peruvianum Tomate de Monte Whole plant, fresh Oral Inflammation (internal), GER237
(L.) Mill. Urinary infections

Nicotiana tabacum L. Ta b a c o Leaves, dried 1. Oral2. 1. Improving vision and JULS251,

Topical insight during rituals, GER92
Suspend the patient
(te voy levantando),
Raise the energy of
the patient2.
Bone fractures

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Solanum americanum Hierba Mora, Whole plant, fresh Topical 1. Sinusitis, Flu, Cold, EHCHL125,
Mill. Hierba del Susto, Involuntary urination JULS76,
Baja del Espanto, 2. Fever3. Cold sores, EHCHL87,
Semora Mouth blisters, Herpes GER85, GER159
Solanum melongena L. Berenjena Whole Fruit, fresh Oral Burn fat, Lose weight JULS112
STERCULIACEAE
Theobroma cacao L. Cacao Fruit Peel, dried Oral Inflammation of the kidneys JULS117
T H E LY P T E R I D A C E A E
Thelypteris cf. scalaris Helecho Macho Whole plant, fresh Oral Contraceptive JULS291
(Christ.) Alton or dried
T R O PA E O L A C E A E
Tropaeolum minus L. Mastuerzo 1. Flowers, fresh 1. Topical 1.Sun spots2.Inflammation JULS81
2. Whole plant, fresh 2. Oral of the stomach

TYPHACEAE
Typha angustifolia L. Chante Stems, dried Oral Prostate ISA45
URTICACEAE
Pilea microphylla (L.)Lieberman Contra Hierba Whole plant, fresh Oral Bladderstones, RBU/PL282,
Inflammation of the kidneys, EHCHL33
Prostate, Cysts
Urtica magellanica A. Ortiga, Ortiga (Chica), Whole plant, fresh 1. Oral2. 1., 2. Blood purification, RBU/PL251,
Jussieu ex Poiret Ortiga de Obeja, Ortiga or dried Topical Happiness, Fever, ISA119,
Negra, Hortiga Rheumatism, Arthritis, Blood JULS11, EHCHL50,
circulation, Hemorrhages, VFCHL9, GER161
Hair loss, Asthma,
Hemorrhoids, Inflammation
(general)
VERBENACEAE
Aloysia triphylla Cedron, Pepas de 1. Whole plant, fresh 1., 3., 4. 1. Depression, Nerves, JULS130, RBU/
(L. Her.) Britt. Cedron, Sidrón, 2., 3., 4. Seeds, Oral2. Insomnia, Stomach2., 3. PL384, EHCHL161,
fresh or dried Topical Bad Air / Mal Aire4. RBU/PL305, GER90
Sharp pain in the body
Clerodendron sp. Brochamelia Flowers, fresh or dried Oral Bronchitis, Asthma, JULS115
Whooping cough RBU/PL369,
Verbena littoralis H.B.K. Verbena, Berbena Whole plant, 1., 2. Topical 1. Fever, Fungus2. JULS77,
fresh or dried 3. Oral Hyperactivity, ADHD, EHCHL69,
Tranquility3. Inflammation, VFCHL28,
Wounds (cleansing), GER138
Blood purification, Cholera,
Lower strong character, Colic,
Colds
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
Tribulus terrestris L. Abrojo, Cadillo Whole plant, fresh Oral Sharp pain in any part of GER137
the body, Inflammation
(general), Skin, Intestine,
Liver disease, Gallbladder
disease, Tumors, Urinary
disease
LICHENES
Siphula sp. Palalio, Papelillo, Leaves, fresh Oral Liver EHCHL115,
Papelilla JULS216

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 Bussmann et al.: Antibacterial activity of Northern-Peruvian Medicinal plants

Additional file 2. Screened plants showing antibacterial activity against at least one bacterial strain tested
Scientific Name Activity of Activity of water Activity of Ethanol Activity of Ethanol Positive
water extract extractagainst extractagainst extract against control
against E. coli S. aureus E. coli S. aureus
Acacia macracantha H. & B. ex Willd. 15mm ***
Alchornea castaneifolia (Willd.) Juss. 17mm 16mm ***
Alnus acuminata H.B.K. 14mm ***
Aloysia triphylla (L. Her.) Britt. 14mm ***
Ambrosia peruviana Willd. 12mm ***
Baccharis cillaris (Retz.) Koeler 8mm ***
Bejaria aestuans L. 15mm ***
Caesalpinia paipai R. & P. 17mm ***
Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze 10mm 24mm ***
CapraniaperuvianaBentham 11mm ***
Cassia fistula L. 12mm ***
Cestrum strigilatum R. & P. 12mm 19mm ***
Chuquiragua spinosa ssp. huamanpinta C. Ezcurra 13mm ***
Clerodendron sp. 8mm ***
Coutoubearamosa Aublet 12mm ***
Cuphea strigulosa H.B.K. 12mm ***
Cydonia oblonga Miller 11mm ***
Desmodium molliculum (H.B.K.) DC. 8mm ***
Dioscorea tambillensis Kunth 9mm ***
Dioscorea trifida L.f. 8mm ***
Dodonea viscosa L. 15mm ***
Ephedra americana H. & B. 8mm 22mm ***
Escallonia pendula (R. & P.) Pers. 18mm ***
Escobedia grandiflora (L.f.) Kuntze 22mm ***
Eucalyptus citriodora Hooker 21mm ***
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. 20mm ***
Eugenia obtusifolia Cambes. 15mm ***
Eustephia coccinea Cav. 8mm 7mm ***
Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze 10mm 9mm ***
Foeniculum vulgare P. Miller 8mm ***
Gaultheria erecta Vent. 13mm ***
Gentianella bicolor (Wedd.) J. Pringle 18mm ***
Gentianella bruneotricha (Gilg.) J.S. Pringle. 9mm ***
Geranium ayavacenseWilld. ex H.B.K. 12mm ***
Geranium sessiliflorum Cavanilles 8mm 18mm ***
Gnaphalium americanum Mill. 9mm ***
Heisteria acuminata (H. & B.) Engler 14mm ***
Ilex guayusa Loes 14mm 14mm ***
Laccopetalum giganteum (Wedd.) Ulbrich 9mm ***
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit 7mm ***
Lonicerajaponica Thunberg 9mm ***
Loricaria ferruginea (R. & P.) Wedd. 15mm ***
Mandevilla cf.trianae Woodson 13mm 24mm ***
Mauria heterophylla H.B.K. 14mm 17mm ***
Mentha spicata L. 12mm ***

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 Bussmann et al.: Antibacterial activity of Northern-Peruvian Medicinal plants

Mimosa albida H. & B. 12mm ***

Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms 12mm ***
Nicotiana tabacum L. 8mm ***
Oreopanax eriocephalus Harms 8mm ***
Origanum majorana L. 17mm ***
Oritrophium peruvianum (Lam.) Cuatrec. 14mm ***
Otholobium glandulosum (L.) Grimes 10mm ***
Passiflora ligularis Jus. 12mm 8mm ***
Pelargonium odoratisimum (L.) L’Herit 8mm ***
Persea americana Mill. 9mm ***
Peumus boldus Molina 13mm 15mm ***
Phyllanthus niuriri L. 9mm 12mm ***
Phyllanthus urinaria L. 15mm 14mm ***
Phytolacca bogotensis H.B.K. 17mm 7mm ***
Pilea microphylla (L.) Lieberman 10mm 8mm ***
Piper aduncum L. 12mm ***
Plantago sericea R. & P. var. lanuginosa Grieseb. 19mm ***
Polygonum hydropiperoides Michaux 9mm ***
Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cas. 23mm ***
Pseudogynoxis cordifolia (Cass.) Cabr. 8mm ***
Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek 7mm ***
Rubus robustus C. Presl 10mm ***
Salvia discolor H.B.K. 13mm ***
Schinus molle L. 12mm 14mm ***
Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Kuntze 12mm ***
Senecio canescens (H.B.K.) Cuatrec. 8mm ***
Senna monilifera H.S. Irwin & Bowley 10mm ***
Siphula sp. 10mm ***
Solanum americanum Mill. 16mm ***
Spartium junceum (L.) Harms 12mm ***
Tagetes erecta L. 20mm ***
Tagetes elliptica Sm. 13mm ***
Taraxacum officinale Wiggers 20mm ***
Tropaeolum minus L. 17mm ***
Verbena littoralis H.B.K. 12mm ***

*** positive control: at least 7mm inhibition ring against bacteria tested.

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