AAHL Further Calculus + Area Volume

1a. [8 marks]
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
The function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 .
Find the first two derivatives of 𝑓(𝑥) and hence find the Maclaurin series for 𝑓(𝑥) up to and
2
including the 𝑥 term.
1b. [4 marks]
3
Show that the coefficient of 𝑥 in the Maclaurin series for 𝑓(𝑥) is zero.
1c. [6 marks]
3𝑥
Using the Maclaurin series for 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 and 𝑒 − 1, find the Maclaurin series for
3𝑥 3
(
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑒 )
− 1 up to and including the 𝑥 term.
1d. [3 marks]
𝑓(𝑥)−1
Hence, or otherwise, find lim 3𝑥 .
𝑥→0 (
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑒 −1 )
2a. [2 marks]
A large tank initially contains pure water. Water containing salt begins to flow into the
tank The solution is kept uniform by stirring and leaves the tank through an outlet at its
base. Let 𝑥 grams represent the amount of salt in the tank and let 𝑡 minutes represent the
time since the salt water began flowing into the tank.
𝑑𝑥
The rate of change of the amount of salt in the tank, 𝑑𝑡
, is described by the
𝑡
𝑑𝑥 − 4 𝑥
differential equation 𝑑𝑡
= 10𝑒 − 𝑡+1
.

Show that 𝑡 + 1 is an integrating factor for this differential equation.

2b. [8 marks]
𝑡
−
200−40𝑒 4 (𝑡+5)
Hence, by solving this differential equation, show that 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑡+1
.

2c. [5 marks]
Sketch the graph of 𝑥 versus 𝑡 for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 60 and hence find the maximum amount of salt in
the tank and the value of 𝑡 at which this occurs.
2d. [2 marks]
Find the value of 𝑡 at which the amount of salt in the tank is decreasing most rapidly.
2e. [4 marks]
𝑥
The rate of change of the amount of salt leaving the tank is equal to 𝑡+1
.

Find the amount of salt that left the tank during the first 60 minutes.
3. [5 marks]

Use l’Hôpital’s rule to determine the value of lim

𝑥→0
( 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
5𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 )
( 2) .
4a. [3 marks]
Consider the differential equation
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑓 ( ), 𝑥 > 0
𝑦
𝑥

𝑑𝑣
Use the substitution 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 to show that ∫ 𝑓(𝑣)−𝑣
= 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶 where 𝐶 is an arbitrary
constant.
4b. [9 marks]
The curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) for 𝑥 > 0 has a gradient function given by
2 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 +3𝑥𝑦+2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 2 .
𝑥

The curve passes through the point (1, − 1).

By using the result from part (a) or otherwise, solve the differential equation and hence
show that the curve has equation 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑙𝑛𝑥) − 1).
4c. [6 marks]
π π
−2
(
The curve has a point of inflexion at 𝑥1, 𝑦1 where 𝑒 ) 2
< 𝑥1 < 𝑒 . Determine the
coordinates of this point of inflexion.
4d. [4 marks]
2 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 +3𝑥𝑦+2𝑥
Use the differential equation 𝑑𝑥
= 2 to show that the points of zero gradient on
𝑥
the curve lie on two straight lines of the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 where the values of 𝑚 are to be
determined.
5a. [3 marks]

Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 𝑥 for 𝑥 >− 1.

1
Show that 𝑓''(𝑥) =− 3
.
4 (1+𝑥)

5b. [9 marks]
1
1 𝑛−1 (2𝑛−3)! −𝑛
(𝑛)
Use mathematical induction to prove that 𝑓 (𝑥) = − ( 4 ) (𝑛−2)!
(1 + 𝑥 ) 2
for
𝑛 ∈ 𝑍, 𝑛 ≥ 2.
5c. [8 marks]
𝑚𝑥
Let 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑒 , 𝑚 ∈ 𝑄.
Consider the function ℎ defined by ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) × 𝑔(𝑥) for 𝑥 >− 1.
2 7
It is given that the 𝑥 term in the Maclaurin series for ℎ(𝑥) has a coefficient of 4
.

Find the possible values of 𝑚.

6. [5 marks]

Use l’Hôpital’s rule to find lim

𝑥→0
( 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝑥 ).
7a. [6 marks]
−2
The acceleration, 𝑎𝑚𝑠 , of a particle moving in a horizontal line at time 𝑡 seconds, 𝑡 ≥ 0, is
−1
given by 𝑎 =− (1 + 𝑣) where 𝑣𝑚𝑠 is the particle’s velocity and 𝑣 >− 1.
−1
At 𝑡 = 0, the particle is at a fixed origin 𝑂 and has initial velocity 𝑣0𝑚𝑠 .

By solving an appropriate differential equation, show that the particle’s velocity at time 𝑡 is
(
given by 𝑣(𝑡) = 1 + 𝑣0 𝑒 ) −𝑡 − 1.
7b. [2 marks]
Initially at 𝑂, the particle moves in the positive direction until it reaches its
maximum displacement from 𝑂. The particle then returns to 𝑂.
Let 𝑠 metres represent the particle’s displacement from 𝑂 and 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 its
maximum displacement from 𝑂.
𝑇
Show that the time 𝑇 taken for the particle to reach 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 satisfies the equation 𝑒 = 1 + 𝑣0.

7c. [5 marks]
By solving an appropriate differential equation and using the result from part (b) (i), find
an expression for 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 in terms of 𝑣0.

7d. [2 marks]
Let 𝑣(𝑇 − 𝑘) represent the particle’s velocity 𝑘 seconds before it reaches 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥, where

(
𝑣(𝑇 − 𝑘) = 1 + 𝑣0 𝑒 ) −(𝑇−𝑘) − 1.
𝑘
By using the result to part (b) (i), show that 𝑣(𝑇 − 𝑘) = 𝑒 − 1.
7e. [2 marks]
Similarly, let 𝑣(𝑇 + 𝑘) represent the particle’s velocity 𝑘 seconds after it reaches 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥.

Deduce a similar expression for 𝑣(𝑇 + 𝑘) in terms of 𝑘.

7f. [3 marks]
Hence, show that 𝑣(𝑇 − 𝑘) + 𝑣(𝑇 + 𝑘) ≥ 0.
8a. [3 marks]
1
The function 𝑓 has a derivative given by 𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑘−𝑥)
, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑥 ≠ 𝑜, 𝑥 ≠ 𝑘 where 𝑘 is a
positive constant.
𝑎 𝑏
The expression for 𝑓′(𝑥) can be written in the form 𝑥
+ 𝑘−𝑥
, where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅. Find 𝑎 and 𝑏
in terms of 𝑘.
8b. [3 marks]
Hence, find an expression for 𝑓(𝑥).
8c. [8 marks]
Consider 𝑃, the population of a colony of ants, which has an initial value of 1200.
The rate of change of the population can be modelled by the differential equation
𝑑𝑃 𝑃(𝑘−𝑃)
𝑑𝑡
= 5𝑘 , where 𝑡 is the time measured in days, 𝑡 ≥ 0, and 𝑘 is the upper bound for the
population.
1200𝑘
By solving the differential equation, show that 𝑃 = −5
𝑡 .
(𝑘−1200)𝑒 +1200

8d. [3 marks]
At 𝑡 = 10 the population of the colony has doubled in size from its initial value.
Find the value of 𝑘, giving your answer correct to four significant figures.
8e. [3 marks]
Find the value of 𝑡 when the rate of change of the population is at its maximum.
9a. [6 marks]
𝑥

𝑘𝑒 2 +
A function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 , where 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑥 ≥ 0 and 𝑘 ∈ 𝑅 .
1+𝑒

The region enclosed by the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the 𝑥-axis, the 𝑦-axis and the line 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛16
is rotated 360 about the 𝑥-axis to form a solid of revolution.
2
15𝑘 π
Show that the volume of the solid formed is 34
cubic units.

9b. [2 marks]
3
Pedro wants to make a small bowl with a volume of 300𝑐𝑚 based on the result from part
(a). Pedro’s design is shown in the following diagrams.

The vertical height of the bowl, 𝐵𝑂, is measured along the 𝑥-axis. The radius of the
bowl’s top is 𝑂𝐴 and the radius of the bowl’s base is 𝐵𝐶. All lengths are measured in 𝑐𝑚.
Find the value of 𝑘 that satisfies the requirements of Pedro’s design.
9c. [2 marks]
Find 𝑂𝐴.
9d. [2 marks]
Find 𝐵𝐶.
9e. [4 marks]
For design purposes, Pedro investigates how the cross-sectional radius of the bowl changes.
By sketching the graph of a suitable derivative of 𝑓, find where the cross-sectional radius of
the bowl is decreasing most rapidly.
9f. [2 marks]
State the cross-sectional radius of the bowl at this point.
10a. [1 mark]

( ), 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 .
2
𝑥 −1
A function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
𝑥 +1

Show that 𝑓 is an even function.

10b. [2 marks]
By considering limits, show that the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) has a horizontal asymptote
and state its equation.
10c. [6 marks]
2𝑥
Show that 𝑓′(𝑥) = 2 2
for 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑥 ≠ 0.
(
𝑥 𝑥 +1 )
10d. [3 marks]
2
By using the expression for 𝑓′(𝑥) and the result 𝑥 = |𝑥|, show that 𝑓 is decreasing for
𝑥 < 0.

10e. [5 marks]

( ), 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑥 ≥ 0.
2
𝑥 −1
A function 𝑔 is defined by 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
𝑥 +1

−1
Find an expression for 𝑔 (𝑥), justifying your answer.
10f. [1 mark]
−1
State the domain of 𝑔 .
10g. [3 marks]
−1
Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑔 (𝑥), clearly indicating any asymptotes with their equations and
stating the values of any axes intercepts.
11a. [1 mark]
−1
Write down the first three terms of the binomial expansion of (1 + 𝑡) in
ascending powers of 𝑡.
11b. [4 marks]
By using the Maclaurin series for 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 and the result from part (a), show that the Maclaurin
2 4
4 𝑥 5𝑥
series for 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 up to and including the term in 𝑥 is 1 + 2
+ 24
.

11c. [3 marks]
By using the Maclaurin series for 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 and the result from part (b),
find $\lim\limits_{x\rightarrow 0}\left( \frac{x\text{\,arctan}2x}{\text{sec}x - 1} \right)$.
12. [6 marks]
Use l’Hôpital’s rule to determine the value of
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
lim 3 .
𝑥→0 𝑥
13a. [4 marks]
Assuming the Maclaurin series for 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 and 𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥), show that the Maclaurin series for
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥)) is
1 2 1 3 5 4
1− 2
𝑥 + 2
𝑥 − 12
𝑥 +...

13b. [4 marks]
By differentiating the series in part (a), show that the Maclaurin series for 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥))
1 2 1 3
is 𝑥 − 2
𝑥 + 6
𝑥 +... .

13c. [5 marks]
3
Hence determine the Maclaurin series for 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑙𝑛(1 + 𝑥)) as far as the term in 𝑥 .
14a. [9 marks]
𝑑𝑦 𝑦−𝑥
Consider the differential equation 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦+𝑥
, where 𝑥, 𝑦 > 0.

It is given that 𝑦 = 2 when 𝑥 = 1.

Solve the differential equation, giving your answer in the form 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0.
14b. [4 marks]
The graph of 𝑦 against 𝑥 has a local maximum between 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 3. Determine the
coordinates of this local maximum.
14c. [4 marks]
Show that there are no points of inflexion on the graph of 𝑦 against 𝑥.
14a. [9 marks]
𝑑𝑦 𝑦−𝑥
Consider the differential equation 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦+𝑥
, where 𝑥, 𝑦 > 0.

It is given that 𝑦 = 2 when 𝑥 = 1.

Solve the differential equation, giving your answer in the form 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0.
14b. [4 marks]
The graph of 𝑦 against 𝑥 has a local maximum between 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 3. Determine the
coordinates of this local maximum.
14c. [4 marks]
Show that there are no points of inflexion on the graph of 𝑦 against 𝑥.
15. [7 marks]
Use l’Hôpital’s rule to find
2
lim (
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 −1 −1 ) .
𝑥−1
𝑥→1 𝑒 −𝑥
16a. [8 marks]
The curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) has a gradient function given by
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 − 𝑦.

The curve passes through the point (1, 1).

𝑑𝑦
Find the solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 − 𝑦, which passes through the point
(1, 1). Give your answer in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
16b. [2 marks]
Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) on the same set of axes as part (a)(i).
16a. [8 marks]
The curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) has a gradient function given by
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 − 𝑦.

The curve passes through the point (1, 1).

𝑑𝑦
Find the solution of the differential equation 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 − 𝑦, which passes through the point
(1, 1). Give your answer in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
16b. [2 marks]
Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) on the same set of axes as part (a)(i).
17a. [4 marks]
2 3
The following diagram shows part of the graph of 2𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 for 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ π.

𝑑𝑦
Using implicit differentiation, find an expression for 𝑑𝑥
.

17b. [4 marks]

Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point ( 1

4
,
5π
6 ).
17c. [3 marks]
The shaded region 𝑅 is the area bounded by the curve, the 𝑦-axis and the lines 𝑦 = 0 and
𝑦 = π.
Find the area of 𝑅.
17d. [6 marks]
The region 𝑅 is now rotated about the 𝑦-axis, through 2π radians, to form a solid.
3 2
( )
By writing 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 as 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦, show that the volume of the solid formed is
2π
3
.
18a. [8 marks]
1 1
The function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥), where − 2
≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
.

By finding a suitable number of derivatives of 𝑓, find the first two non-zero terms in the
Maclaurin series for 𝑓.
18b. [3 marks]
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑥)−2𝑥
Hence or otherwise, find lim 3 .
𝑥→0 (2𝑥)
19a. [5 marks]
2 2
𝑑𝑦 4𝑥 +𝑦 −𝑥𝑦
Consider the differential equation 𝑑𝑥
= 2 , with 𝑦 = 2 when 𝑥 = 1.
𝑥

Use Euler’s method, with step length ℎ = 0. 1, to find an approximate value of 𝑦 when
𝑥 = 1. 4.
19b. [1 mark]
2 2
Express 𝑚 − 2𝑚 + 4 in the form (𝑚 − 𝑎) + 𝑏 , where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑍.
19c. [10 marks]
Solve the differential equation, for 𝑥 > 0, giving your answer in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
19d. [1 mark]
Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) for 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1. 4 .
19e. [2 marks]
With reference to the curvature of your sketch in part (c)(iii), and without further
calculation, explain whether you conjecture 𝑓(1. 4) will be less than, equal to, or greater
than your answer in part (a).
20a. [1 mark]
A simple model to predict the population of the world is set up as follows. At time 𝑡 years
the population of the world is 𝑥, which can be assumed to be a continuous variable. The rate
of increase of 𝑥 due to births is 0.056𝑥 and the rate of decrease of 𝑥 due to deaths is 0.035𝑥.
𝑑𝑥
Show that 𝑑𝑡
= 0. 021𝑥.

20b. [6 marks]
Find a prediction for the number of years it will take for the population of the world to
double.
21. [9 marks]

Using L’Hôpital’s rule, find lim

𝑥→0
( 𝑡𝑎𝑛 3𝑥−3 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥−3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ).
22a. [11 marks]
𝑑𝑦 2 2
Consider the differential equation 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦 − 𝑥 , where 𝑥 > 0.
2 2
Solve the differential equation and show that a general solution is 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 where 𝑐 is a
positive constant.
22b. [5 marks]
Prove that there are two horizontal tangents to the general solution curve and state their
equations, in terms of 𝑐.
23a. [5 marks]
Use L’Hôpital’s rule to determine the value of

( )
2
−3𝑥
𝑒 +3 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥)−4
lim 2
𝑥→0 3𝑥

23b. [3 marks]

( )
𝑥 2
−3𝑡
∫ 𝑒 +3 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑡)−4 𝑑𝑡
Hence find lim ⎛ ⎞.
0
𝑥
𝑥→0
2
∫3𝑡 𝑑𝑡
⎝ 0 ⎠
24a. [4 marks]
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Consider the differential equation 𝑑𝑥
= 1+ 𝑥
, where 𝑥 ≠ 0.

Given that 𝑦(1) = 1, use Euler’s method with step length ℎ = 0.25 to find an approximation
for 𝑦(2). Give your answer to two significant figures.
24b. [6 marks]
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Solve the equation 𝑑𝑥
= 1+ 𝑥
for 𝑦(1) = 1.

24c. [3 marks]
Find the percentage error when 𝑦(2) is approximated by the final rounded value found in
part (a). Give your answer to two significant figures.
25a. [8 marks]
𝑑𝑦 𝑝
Consider the differential equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
− 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 where 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑥 ≠ 0 and 𝑝 is a
positive integer, 𝑝 > 1.
Solve the differential equation given that 𝑦 =− 1 when 𝑥 = 1. Give your answer in the
form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
25b. [2 marks]
𝑑𝑦
Show that the 𝑥-coordinate(s) of the points on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) where 𝑑𝑥
= 0 satisfy
𝑝−1 1
the equation 𝑥 = 𝑝
.

25c. [2 marks]
Deduce the set of values for 𝑝 such that there are two points on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) where
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 0. Give a reason for your answer.
26a. [4 marks]
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
Consider the differential equation 𝑑𝑥
+ 2 𝑦 = 𝑥 where 𝑦 = 1 when 𝑥 = 0.
𝑥 +1

2
Show that 𝑥 + 1 is an integrating factor for this differential equation.
26b. [6 marks]
Solve the differential equation giving your answer in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
27. [3 marks]
2 2
Consider the curve defined by the equation 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 7.
Find the volume of the solid formed when the region bounded by the curve, the 𝑥-axis for
𝑥 ≥ 0 and the 𝑦-axis for 𝑦 ≥ 0 is rotated through 2π about the 𝑥-axis.
28. [7 marks]
Use l’Hôpital’s rule to determine the value of
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
lim 𝑥𝑙𝑛(1+𝑥)
.
𝑥→0
29a. [3 marks]
Consider the differential equation
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑓 ( ), 𝑥 > 0.
𝑦
𝑥

Use the substitution 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 to show that the general solution of this differential equation is
𝑑𝑣
∫ 𝑓(𝑣)−𝑣
= 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.

29b. [10 marks]

Hence, or otherwise, solve the differential equation
2 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 +3𝑥𝑦+𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 2 , 𝑥 > 0,
𝑥

given that 𝑦 = 1 when 𝑥 = 1. Give your answer in the form 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥).

30a. [5 marks]

Consider the differential equation

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
+ ( )𝑦 = 𝑥 , given that 𝑦 = 2 when 𝑥 = 0.
2𝑥
1+𝑥
2
2

2
Show that 1 + 𝑥 is an integrating factor for this differential equation.
30b. [6 marks]
Hence solve this differential equation. Give the answer in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
31a. [8 marks]
The following graph shows the relation 𝑥 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑦 + 4, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ π.

The curve is rotated 360° about the 𝑦-axis to form a volume of revolution.
Calculate the value of the volume generated.
31b. [4 marks]
A container with this shape is made with a solid base of diameter 14 cm . The container is
3 −1
filled with water at a rate of 2 𝑐𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑛 . At time 𝑡 minutes, the water depth is
3
ℎ 𝑐𝑚, 0 ≤ ℎ ≤ π and the volume of water in the container is 𝑉 𝑐𝑚 .
𝑑𝑉 2 𝑑ℎ
(i) Given that 𝑑ℎ
= π(3𝑐𝑜𝑠2ℎ + 4) , find an expression for 𝑑𝑡
.
𝑑ℎ π
(ii) Find the value of 𝑑𝑡
when ℎ = 4
.

31c. [7 marks]
2
𝑑ℎ
(i) Find 2 .
𝑑𝑡

2
𝑑ℎ
(ii) Find the values of ℎ for which 2 = 0.
𝑑𝑡

𝑑ℎ
(iii) By making specific reference to the shape of the container, interpret 𝑑𝑡
at the values
of ℎ found in part (c)(ii).
32a. [4 marks]
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
Consider the differential equation 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦
− 𝑥𝑦 where 𝑦 > 0 and 𝑦 = 2 when 𝑥 = 0.

2 𝑑𝑧
Show that putting 𝑧 = 𝑦 transforms the differential equation into 𝑑𝑥
+ 2𝑥𝑧 = 2𝑥.

32b. [9 marks]
By solving this differential equation in 𝑧, obtain an expression for 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥.
33a. [2 marks]
The curves 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) both pass through the point (1, 0) and are defined by
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 2
the differential equations 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 − 𝑦 and 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦 − 𝑥 respectively.

Show that the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at the point (1, 0) is normal to the curve
𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) at the point (1, 0).
33b. [6 marks]
Find 𝑔(𝑥).
33c. [5 marks]
Use Euler’s method with steps of 0. 2 to estimate 𝑓(2) to 5 decimal places.
33d. [3 marks]
2
Explain why 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) cannot cross the isocline 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0, for 𝑥 > 1.
33e. [4 marks]
2
(i) Sketch the isoclines 𝑥 − 𝑦 =− 2, 0, 1.
(ii) On the same set of axes, sketch the graph of 𝑓.