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Artificial Intelligence
A Modern Approach

Fourth Edition
PEARSON SERIES

IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Editors

Artificial Intelligence
A Modern Approach

Fourth Edition

Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig

Contributing writers:

Ming-Wei Chang

Jacob Devlin

Anca Dragan

David Forsyth

Ian Goodfellow

Jitendra M. Malik

Vikash Mansinghka

Judea Pearl

Michael Wooldridge
Copyright © 2021, 2010, 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates, 221 River Street,
Hoboken, NJ 07030. All Rights Reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America.
This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the

publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission

in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise.
For information regarding permissions, request forms, and the appropriate contacts within
the Pearson Education Global Rights and Permissions department, please visit
www.pearsoned.com/permissions/.

Acknowledgments of third-party content appear on the appropriate page within the text.

Cover Images:

Alan Turing – Science History Images/Alamy Stock Photo

Statue of Aristotle – Panos Karas/Shutterstock

Ada Lovelace – Pictorial Press Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo

Autonomous cars – Andrey Suslov/Shutterstock

Atlas Robot – Boston Dynamics, Inc.

Berkeley Campanile and Golden Gate Bridge – Ben Chu/Shutterstock

Background ghosted nodes – Eugene Sergeev/Alamy Stock Photo

Chess board with chess figure – Titania/Shutterstock

Mars Rover – Stocktrek Images, Inc./Alamy Stock Photo

Kasparov – KATHY WILLENS/AP Images

PEARSON, ALWAYS LEARNING is an exclusive trademark owned by Pearson Education,

Inc. or its affiliates in the U.S. and/or other countries.

Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks, logos, or icons that may
appear in this work are the property of their respective owners, and any references to third-

party trademarks, logos, icons, or other trade dress are for demonstrative or descriptive
purposes only. Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement,
authorization, or promotion of Pearson’s products by the owners of such marks, or any
relationship between the owner and Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates, authors,
licensees, or distributors.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Russell, Stuart J. (Stuart Jonathan), author. | Norvig, Peter, author.

Title: Artificial intelligence : a modern approach / Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig.

Description: Fourth edition. | Hoboken : Pearson, [2021] | Series: Pearson series in artificial
intelligence | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “Updated edition

of popular textbook on Artificial Intelligence.”— Provided by publisher.

Identifiers: LCCN 2019047498 | ISBN 9780134610993 (hardcover)

Subjects: LCSH: Artificial intelligence.

Classification: LCC Q335 .R86 2021 | DDC 006.3–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019047498

ScoutAutomatedPrintCode

ISBN-10: 0-13-461099-7

ISBN-13: 978-0-13-461099-3
For Loy, Gordon, Lucy, George, and Isaac — S.J.R.

For Kris, Isabella, and Juliet — P.N.

Preface
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a big field, and this is a big book. We have tried to explore the
full breadth of the field, which encompasses logic, probability, and continuous mathematics;

perception, reasoning, learning, and action; fairness, trust, social good, and safety; and
applications that range from microelectronic devices to robotic planetary explorers to online
services with billions of users.

The subtitle of this book is “A Modern Approach.” That means we have chosen to tell the

story from a current perspective. We synthesize what is now known into a common
framework, recasting early work using the ideas and terminology that are prevalent today.
We apologize to those whose subfields are, as a result, less recognizable.

New to this edition

This edition reflects the changes in AI since the last edition in 2010:

We focus more on machine learning rather than hand-crafted knowledge engineering,

due to the increased availability of data, computing resources, and new algorithms.
Deep learning, probabilistic programming, and multiagent systems receive expanded
coverage, each with their own chapter.

The coverage of natural language understanding, robotics, and computer vision has
been revised to reflect the impact of deep learning.
The robotics chapter now includes robots that interact with humans and the application
of reinforcement learning to robotics.

Previously we defined the goal of AI as creating systems that try to maximize expected
utility, where the specific utility information—the objective—is supplied by the human
designers of the system. Now we no longer assume that the objective is fixed and
known by the AI system; instead, the system may be uncertain about the true objectives
of the humans on whose behalf it operates. It must learn what to maximize and must

function appropriately even while uncertain about the objective.

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 We increase coverage of the impact of AI on society, including the vital issues of ethics,

fairness, trust, and safety.

We have moved the exercises from the end of each chapter to an online site. This allows
us to continuously add to, update, and improve the exercises, to meet the needs of
instructors and to reflect advances in the field and in AI-related software tools.

Overall, about 25% of the material in the book is brand new. The remaining 75% has
been largely rewritten to present a more unified picture of the field. 22% of the citations
in this edition are to works published after 2010.

Overview of the book

The main unifying theme is the idea of an intelligent agent. We define AI as the study of
agents that receive percepts from the environment and perform actions. Each such agent

implements a function that maps percept sequences to actions, and we cover different ways
to represent these functions, such as reactive agents, real-time planners, decision-theoretic
systems, and deep learning systems. We emphasize learning both as a construction method
for competent systems and as a way of extending the reach of the designer into unknown
environments. We treat robotics and vision not as independently defined problems, but as

occurring in the service of achieving goals. We stress the importance of the task
environment in determining the appropriate agent design.

Our primary aim is to convey the ideas that have emerged over the past seventy years of AI

research and the past two millennia of related work. We have tried to avoid excessive
formality in the presentation of these ideas, while retaining precision. We have included
mathematical formulas and pseudocode algorithms to make the key ideas concrete;
mathematical concepts and notation are described in Appendix A  and our pseudocode is
described in Appendix B .

This book is primarily intended for use in an undergraduate course or course sequence. The
book has 28 chapters, each requiring about a week’s worth of lectures, so working through
the whole book requires a two-semester sequence. A one-semester course can use selected
chapters to suit the interests of the instructor and students. The book can also be used in a

graduate-level course (perhaps with the addition of some of the primary sources suggested
in the bibliographical notes), or for self-study or as a reference.
Throughout the book, important points are marked with a triangle icon in the margin.

Wherever a new term is defined, it is also noted in the margin. Subsequent significant uses
of the term are in bold, but not in the margin. We have included a comprehensive index and
an extensive bibliography.

Term

The only prerequisite is familiarity with basic concepts of computer science (algorithms,
data structures, complexity) at a sophomore level. Freshman calculus and linear algebra are
useful for some of the topics.

Online resources
Online resources are available through pearsonhighered.com/cs-resources or at the
book’s Web site, aima.cs.berkeley.edu. There you will find:

Exercises, programming projects, and research projects. These are no longer at the end
of each chapter; they are online only. Within the book, we refer to an online exercise

with a name like “Exercise 6.NARY.” Instructions on the Web site allow you to find
exercises by name or by topic.
Implementations of the algorithms in the book in Python, Java, and other programming
languages (currently hosted at github.com/aimacode).

A list of over 1400 schools that have used the book, many with links to online course
materials and syllabi.
Supplementary material and links for students and instructors.

Instructions on how to report errors in the book, in the likely event that some exist.

Book cover
The cover depicts the final position from the decisive game 6 of the 1997 chess match in

which the program Deep Blue defeated Garry Kasparov (playing Black), making this the first
time a computer had beaten a world champion in a chess match. Kasparov is shown at the

top. To his right is a pivotal position from the second game of the historic Go match
between former world champion Lee Sedol and DeepMind’s ALPHAGO program. Move 37 by
ALPHAGO violated centuries of Go orthodoxy and was immediately seen by human experts as
an embarrassing mistake, but it turned out to be a winning move. At top left is an Atlas
humanoid robot built by Boston Dynamics. A depiction of a self-driving car sensing its

environment appears between Ada Lovelace, the world’s first computer programmer, and
Alan Turing, whose fundamental work defined artificial intelligence. At the bottom of the
chess board are a Mars Exploration Rover robot and a statue of Aristotle, who pioneered the
study of logic; his planning algorithm from De Motu Animalium appears behind the authors’

names. Behind the chess board is a probabilistic programming model used by the UN
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization for detecting nuclear explosions
from seismic signals.

Acknowledgments
It takes a global village to make a book. Over 600 people read parts of the book and made
suggestions for improvement. The complete list is at aima.cs.berkeley.edu/ack.html;

we are grateful to all of them. We have space here to mention only a few especially
important contributors. First the contributing writers:

Judea Pearl (Section 13.5 , Causal Networks);

Vikash Mansinghka (Section 15.3 , Programs as Probability Models);

Michael Wooldridge (Chapter 18 , Multiagent Decision Making);

Ian Goodfellow (Chapter 21 , Deep Learning);

Jacob Devlin and Mei-Wing Chang (Chapter 24 , Deep Learning for Natural
Language);

Jitendra Malik and David Forsyth (Chapter 25 , Computer Vision);

Anca Dragan (Chapter 26 , Robotics).

Then some key roles:

Cynthia Yeung and Malika Cantor (project management);

Julie Sussman and Tom Galloway (copyediting and writing suggestions);
 Omari Stephens (illustrations);

Tracy Johnson (editor);

Erin Ault and Rose Kernan (cover and color conversion);

Nalin Chhibber, Sam Goto, Raymond de Lacaze, Ravi Mohan, Ciaran O’Reilly, Amit
Patel, Dragomir Radiv, and Samagra Sharma (online code development and mentoring);

Google Summer of Code students (online code development).

Stuart would like to thank his wife, Loy Sheflott, for her endless patience and boundless
wisdom. He hopes that Gordon, Lucy, George, and Isaac will soon be reading this book after
they have forgiven him for working so long on it. RUGS (Russell’s Unusual Group of

Students) have been unusually helpful, as always.

Peter would like to thank his parents (Torsten and Gerda) for getting him started, and his
wife (Kris), children (Bella and Juliet), colleagues, boss, and friends for encouraging and
tolerating him through the long hours of writing and rewriting.
About the Authors
STUART RUSSELL was born in 1962 in Portsmouth, England. He received his B.A. with
first-class honours in physics from Oxford University in 1982, and his Ph.D. in computer

science from Stanford in 1986. He then joined the faculty of the University of California at
Berkeley, where he is a professor and former chair of computer science, director of the
Center for Human-Compatible AI, and holder of the Smith–Zadeh Chair in Engineering. In
1990, he received the Presidential Young Investigator Award of the National Science
Foundation, and in 1995 he was cowinner of the Computers and Thought Award. He is a

Fellow of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence, the Association for Computing
Machinery, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, an Honorary
Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford, and an Andrew Carnegie Fellow. He held the Chaire
Blaise Pascal in Paris from 2012 to 2014. He has published over 300 papers on a wide range

of topics in artificial intelligence. His other books include The Use of Knowledge in Analogy and
Induction, Do the Right Thing: Studies in Limited Rationality (with Eric Wefald), and Human
Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control.

PETER NORVIG is currently a Director of Research at Google, Inc., and was previously the
director responsible for the core Web search algorithms. He co-taught an online AI class
that signed up 160,000 students, helping to kick off the current round of massive open
online classes. He was head of the Computational Sciences Division at NASA Ames
Research Center, overseeing research and development in artificial intelligence and

robotics. He received a B.S. in applied mathematics from Brown University and a Ph.D. in
computer science from Berkeley. He has been a professor at the University of Southern
California and a faculty member at Berkeley and Stanford. He is a Fellow of the American
Association for Artificial Intelligence, the Association for Computing Machinery, the

American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the California Academy of Science. His other
books are Paradigms of AI Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp, Verbmobil: A Translation
System for Face-to-Face Dialog, and Intelligent Help Systems for UNIX.

The two authors shared the inaugural AAAI/EAAI Outstanding Educator award in 2016.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 “In spite of the difficulties of handling the vast intricate masses of
still fluid material, the contributors have given readable and yet
valuable summaries of the progress of thought. For the beginner,
there could be no better introduction to the essential contributions of
man’s recent achievement.” M. J.

+ Int J Ethics 31:114 O ’20 460w

“Naturally, the essays by different authors vary in value. The least

satisfactory is the first, on philosophy.... The most brilliant essays are
those dealing with the fields of thought most intensively cultivated by
the last generation.... Compared with the treatment accorded history,
the studies here offered of political theory and of economic progress
are slightly disappointing.... Taken as a whole, the cumulative
impression of these various lectures is greater than that of any one
taken separately.” Preserved Smith

+ − Nation 111:379 O 6 ’20 1000w

“The personality of each of the twelve writers is given full

expression. It makes the diversity more interesting than the unity.”
H. W. C.

+ − Nature 105:607 Jl 15 ’20 500w

“The aim of the writers is to trace the progress and acquisitions of

thought and give a general picture of the results obtained by modern
knowledge; and they have succeeded in producing essays that are of
a high quality and also thoroughly readable.”

+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p247 Ap

22 ’20 2450w
 The Times [London] Lit Sup p742 N 11
’20 110w

MARX, MAGDELEINE. Woman; tr. by Adele

Szold Seltzer. *$1.90 (6c) Seltzer

20–11894

A translation of a novel that is said to have created a sensation in

France. It is a record of emotional moments. The characters have no
names, no appearances. They are only personalities. The “woman” of
the story loves and marries and bears a child. While still loving her
husband she takes a lover and then loses both husband and lover in
the war. Out of these experiences she emerges invincible, with an
undimmed capacity for life and an indomitable will to live. Henri
Barbusse says in his introduction, “In no other book perhaps so
markedly as in this has the integrity of an individual been more
respected, and never has an imaginary character so consistently
warded off whatever is not of itself. You don’t even seem to feel that
this ‘woman’ talks or tells a story. You simply know what she knows.”

Reviewed by Theodore Maynard

− + Bookm 52:75 S ’20 700w

Dial 69:433 O ’20 70w

“To those in search of a well-written book, not to mention a

contribution to real literature, Magdeleine Marx has nothing
whatever to offer. The style is wordy, pretentious and empty, a
disjointed collection of hollow phrases embodying all the platitudes
of the so-called revolt of woman.” E. A. Boyd

− Freeman 2:43 S 22 ’20 960w

Ind 104:64 O 9 ’20 500w

“The story is frank and sincere and full of isolated perceptions that
are both searching and beautiful. But it is also thin and scrappy and
disjointed, and the complete shadowiness of all the characters robs
its theories of the inner energy of a human content. In a word,
Madame Marx has felt very deeply and reflected intensely, and those
who agreed with her passionately have taken it for granted that she
has written a great book. But that is taking for granted far too much.”
Ludwig Lewisohn

− + Nation 111:134 Jl 31 ’20 900w

“A very great deal of it gives the reader the impression of a mind

out-stretching itself, to the point of dislocating all its joints, in order
to perceive and express something that nobody else has ever
perceived or expressed.”

− N Y Times 25:25 Jl 4 ’20 850w

“The book is written in a resignedly magnanimous strain, and

passages occur, which, taken by themselves, might affect us as noble.
Yet as a whole its absence of elevation in the midst of calls to
elevation is confounding.”

− + Review 3:347 O 20 ’20 750w

 “‘Woman,’ if nothing else, is an interesting psychological study of
the type of mind that dwells upon sex and psychoanalysis with a
neurasthenic intensity, when the world is full to overflowing with
real woman problems.” M. E. Sangster

+ − Social Hygiene 6:590 O ’20 260w

“It does seem to me that the book might more appropriately have
been called ‘A woman.’ For the rest, the book is perfervid in a way
that we do not quite like in America, perhaps because we are not
wholly acclimated to it. It has pages of unusual beauty, and a high
degree of unity and directness.”

+ − World Tomorrow 3:350 N ’20 350w

MASEFIELD, JOHN. Enslaved. *$2.50

Macmillan 821

20–13322

The long narrative poem of the title depicts courage born of love
and begetting the brotherhood of man even in the untamed. A fair
damsel is carried off by a pirate galley into the captivity of a khalif’s
harem. Her lover follows into slavery to rescue her. He does so with
the aid of a brother slave who must kill a traitor to accomplish their
purpose. Recaptured and brought before the khalif they are set free
because their tale causes human stirrings in the hawk breast of the
latter. The other poems are: The hounds of hell; Cap on head;
Sonnets; The passing strange; Animula; The Lemmings; Forget; On
growing old; Lyric.
 + Ath p718 My 28 ’20 60w

“It seems to us that Mr Masefield’s first business is to regain

control of his words; and that he can only do this by deliberately
attempting a subject that bristles with psychological nuances, and
insisting that his language shall accommodate itself to them.
Otherwise we fear he will never succeed in expressing that elusive
beauty which he sees, but which at present comes to us only in
assertion or in fitful gleams through the interstices of an opaque
style.” J. M. M.

+ − Ath p823 Je 25 ’20 2300w

+ Booklist 17:22 O ’20

“Mr Masefield is the single poet writing in English today who both
in popular esteem and by the most exacting critical estimate
legitimately belongs to the august line of poets who are among the
chief glories of our race: to his greatness no journalistic cavil can add
or take away.” R. M. Weaver

+ Bookm 52:65 S ’20 240w

“In this poem, [On growing old], as in so many aspects of the other
poems in this volume, one feels the shadows of the world, deepened
by the tumult of war, settling upon the radiance of a brave visionary
spirit. The thrill, the excitement, the adventures of living are all now
subdued to this key of sadness, in which the passion and beauty that
was once a flame becomes an effable glow.” W. S. B.

+ − Boston Transcript p6 Ag 18 ’20 2400w

 “The whole thing seems bookish, remote, unreal. The characters
do not become sufficiently interesting: seem, in fact, insufficiently
equipped with a back-ground of flesh and blood experience.” J: G.
Fletcher

− + Freeman 2:163 O 27 ’20 1050w

“One of the signs that the times are good in English poetry is the
fact that Mr Masefield keeps on writing poems which tell stories.”
Mark Van Doren

+ − Nation 111:sup670 D 8 ’20 310w

“In his latest volume there are some serious offenses against
rhyming, euphony, and scansion, but in the larger aspects, in the
essential substance and indescribable quality of authentic poesy, he
is more richly endowed than any other living writer.” Lawrence
Mason

+ New Repub 23:340 Ag 18 ’20 1250w

“‘Enslaved,’ his latest book of poems, offers a peculiarly fine view

of Masefield in all his variety. There is no poet in England, unless we
except Hardy, who possesses keener insight into the hearts of men. It
is this attitude toward life, this same fatalism that recognizes the
worst, yet sees the best behind, that makes John Masefield one of the
finest living figures in the whole field of English poetry.”

+ N Y Times 25:1 Jl 11 ’20 2450w

 “A volume which reveals anew the amazing power and versatility
of that English poet.”

+ Outlook 127:68 Ja 12 ’21 450w

“‘Enslaved’ is a dramatic adventure tale. But ‘Enslaved’ is likewise

a dreamy, semi-lyrical, murmurous, and caressing tale. It is
Masefieldian in its power to be both these things at once.” O. W.
Firkins

+ Review 3:317 O 13 ’20 600w

“The book is extraordinarily rich, for it contains beside others,

‘Forget’ and ‘On growing old,’ two of the most beautiful poems that
Mr Masefield ever wrote, and in this age of singers Mr Masefield
remains our poet of greatest achievements.”

+ Spec 124:765 Je 5 ’20 500w

[2]
MASEFIELD, JOHN. Right Royal. *$1.75
Macmillan 821

20–18954

“In ‘Right Royal’ Mr Masefield celebrates in a narrative poem the

story of a horse-race. The story of Mr Masefield’s poem is that of a
horse with great points and virtues, for speed and endurance, but
very undependable, having lost a number of races by going panicky
from fear. He was bought by Charles Cothill, who believed that all his
potential qualities as a winner could be developed. Cothill backed his
own horse to the extent of all his possessions, which created a crisis
in his love for the woman he hoped to marry. If he lost, his love was
lost. In fact, it was win all or lose all.”—Boston Transcript

“It will be acknowledged that the preliminaries of the race, the

discussions in the stables, the professional tips and omens, the
catalogue of the entries, are sandy soil for the growth of poetry. The
best of the poem has no relation to the worst; the worst might have
been sacrificed. Even in the best are imperfections, but we have
learnt to swallow Mr Masefield’s longer poems without straining at
the gnats.” E. B.

+ − Ath p692 N 19 ’20 600w

+ Booklist 17:146 Ja ’21

“It is growing very trite to say that Mr Masefield does this thing or
that thing better than any contemporary poet. He does the things
that nobody else does and is thus in competition with himself. ‘Right
Royal’ may not be as fine a poem as ‘Enslaved,’ but no one can
dispute that it is the best narrative of a horse-race that has been
written by any modern poet.” W: S. Braithwaite

+ Boston Transcript p5 N 20 ’20 1500w

“‘Right Royal’ is a bad poem, both intrinsically and because it fails

to satisfy certain necessary expectations. It promised to be as good as
‘Reynard the fox,’ but it is woefully, incredibly worse.” Mark Van
Doren

− + Nation 111:sup670 D 8 ’20 240w

 Reviewed by W. B. D. Henderson

+ N Y Evening Post p2 N 20 ’20 1650w

Reviewed by R: Le Gallienne

+ N Y Times p17 D 26 ’20 1700w

“The feeling that ‘Right Royal’ deserves to be placed below the

earlier volume [‘Reynard the fox’] may be purely a matter of
individual temperament on the part of the reviewer. In any case, it is
a volume which occupies an enviable place in the field of modern
poetry.”

+ Outlook 127:68 Ja 12 ’21 120w

Reviewed by G: D. Procter

+ Pub W 98:1893 D 18 ’20 320w

“The weather—cloud, sun, wind, and shower—is given more

prominence and is better conceived in ‘Right Royal’; but to balance
this, the unsuccessful passages are decidedly worse than those in
‘Reynard the fox.’ Another fault it seems to the present writer to
possess, which the incomparable ‘Reynard the fox’ does not: it is a
little monotonous. As a ‘galloping poem,’ however, it is certainly one
of the best in English.”

+ − Spec 125:675 N 20 ’20 1200w

 “He piles simile on simile and each simile is beautiful in itself, each
is a patch of ornament stuck on, not woven into the fabric. Mr
Masefield has told a brave tale bravely. If his courage had been like
Right Royal’s, he would have dared to leave undecorated the beauty
inherent in the tale.”

+ − The Times [London] Lit Sup p734 N 11

’20 1050w

MASON, ALFRED EDWARD WOODLEY.

Summons. *$2 (2c) Doran

20–18656

Harry Luttrell had a strong sense of military honor and of the

necessity for self-discipline. The first drove him to join the army, the
second to tear himself away from the woman he loved and accept a
post in Egypt. His friend and classmate, Martin Hillyard, had had a
chequered career: as a sailor; in a three years’ struggle for existence
in the port-towns of Spain; as an Oxford student and successful
playwright; and during the war his knowledge of Spain serves him in
good stead as a secret service agent. Stella Croyle, Luttrell’s one-time
love, in his absence eats her heart out in neurotic, undisciplined
longing and occasionally has recourse to the comfort of drugs. While
on a leave of absence during the war, Luttrell meets Stella again
without experiencing the old-time thrill and at the same time he
meets and falls in love with Joan Whitworth. Poor Stella commits
suicide under circumstances that throw suspicion on Joan. Through
his experiences in the secret service, Hillyard is enabled to clear Joan
and smooth the way for her and Luttrell.
 “An interesting variant of the modern detective story.”

+ Booklist 17:159 Ja ’21

“It is a splendid story which Mr Mason has written, based upon his
experiences in the war, full of dramatic vigor—a real novel in every
sense of the word—and permeated with the atmosphere of England,
Spain, and Egypt.”

+ Bookm 52:368 D ’20 90w

“This novel is an excellent substitute for a modern detective story.

Instead of possessing a single, unified plot it is composed of a rosary
of minor plots which endows it with somewhat of the character of
real life.”

+ N Y Evening Post p21 O 23 ’20 250w

“One cannot help wishing that the important character of Joan

Whitworth were less exaggerated and more likable, for she does
more than a little to harm the book, but it is easy to forgive this
shortcoming when one remembers Martin Hillyard and the
picturesque José Medina, the very amusing Sir Chichester Splay,
Millie, and several others among the varied figures depicted on Mr
Mason’s richly colored canvas.”

+ − N Y Times p24 O 10 ’20 660w

“Mr Mason, here as always, has an exciting and unusual story to

unfold. This novel is hardly the equal of the ‘Four feathers’ or ‘The
broken road,’ for the author attempts to ming a not very successful
humorous vein with his natural plot-and-action type of fiction
writing.”

+ − Outlook 126:470 N 10 ’20 60w

“The touch of melodrama in the last section of the book is well

conceived and exciting. The best piece of writing in the book is the
description of the night passed by Martin Hillyard on the shore of a
river in the Sudan. This vivid picture of the life of the game-hunter in
wild countries affords a striking contrast to the sophisticated
chapters at the beginning of the book.”

+ − Spec 125:539 O 23 ’20 470w

“Mr Mason has shown better form than this.”

− The Times [London] Lit Sup p683 O 21

20 650w

MASON, ARTHUR. Flying bo’sun. *$1.75 (4c)

Holt

20–19236

The narrative, the author claims, is of his own experience. It tells

of the voyage of a sailing schooner from San Francisco to the Fiji
Islands, of the superstitious sailors’ taking alarm at the alighting on
the ship of the “flying bo’sun,” the bird of bad omen, the subsequent
death of the captain, his haunting of the cabin and spiritualistic
rappings. On the return voyage the Hindoo stowaway has a
mysterious illness and is left in a state of coma on the captain’s bed
while a terrific hurricane is raging. During a critical moment, when
all seems lost, the frail little Hindoo is suddenly seen in charge of the
wheel giving commands in the captain’s voice with the captain’s
ghost standing beside him. With the ship safe and calm restored the
Hindoo is found just coming to life on the captain’s bed. He
disclaims all knowledge of commanding a ship but is still shaken by
the memory of the hideous dream he has had.

“The feeling persists that, with the exception of the spiritual

phenomenon, the whole dramatic voyage actually occurred.” S. M. R.

+ Bookm 52:371 D ’20 90w

“As a story of the sea it ranks with the best of Jack London or
Morgan Robertson, and as a story of the uncanny it is comparable
with ‘Dracula’ and ‘The master of Ballantrae.’”

+ N Y Evening Post p22 O 23 ’20 200w

“In spite of the undoubted accuracy of Mr Mason’s idiom,

however, the discriminating layman is likely to find less of the
authentic or communicable essence of the sea in ‘The flying b’sun’
than in the spiritual reaction of Masefield, Conrad, Tomlinson and
McFee.”

+ − N Y Times p25 Ja 16 ’21 340w

MASON, AUGUSTUS LYNCH. Guiding

principles for American voters. *$2 Bobbs 320
 20–18679

“Mr Mason aims this ‘handbook of Americanism’ chiefly at the

newly enfranchised women and at the young men about to cast their
first vote. He analyzes the make-up of the government and argues for
what he aptly calls a ‘re-dedication to those principles which have
made America great’—i.e., a conservative application of the
underlying ideas of the Constitution. He objects to radical methods
of taxation, to too much government ownership, governmental price
fixing, etc., and he sees ‘Socialism’ as a menace.”—N Y Evening Post

“His arguments are cogently presented and supported by carefully

examined data: an excellent brief for the preservation of a
conservative republic rather than a radical democracy.”

+ N Y Evening Post p11 O 30 ’20 100w

“Its purpose is to popularize an argument, and it has no other

value.”

− Springf’d Republican p8 N 9 ’20 50w

MASON, WILLIAM LESLEY. How to become

an office stenographer. (Just how ser.) il $1.50
Pitman 652

20–26543
 “A handy book intended for the untrained shorthand student who
is ambitious to secure a good position without previous experience.”
(Title page) The book is adapted for use as a text in business schools
and in high school commercial departments. There are thirteen
chapters, entitled: Your attention, please! “Safety first”; What
business men expect of a stenographer; Preparedness; Your “busy”
day; Taking the business letter; Transcribing the business letter;
Typing the business letter; Typing business forms; The use and care
of the typewriter; Words: their use and abuse; Filing letters; Time-
saving office appliances. There are two appendixes giving postal
regulations and information regarding the civil service.

Booklist 16:303 Je ’20

MASSENET, JULES ÈMILE FRÉDÉRIC. My

recollections. il *$3 Small

19–15403

“An autobiography telling the story of this modern French musical

leader’s career, and especially of his many works. [It is] translated,
by express desire of the author, by his friend H. Villiers Barnett.
Illustrated.”—Brooklyn

“Will be enjoyed by the average reader as well as the opera-goer

and student of music.”

+ Booklist 16:79 D ’19

 Reviewed by H: T. Finck

Bookm 51:171 Ap ’20 180w

“A charming autobiography.”

+ Brooklyn 12:68 Ja ’20 40w

“His narrative, like his music, reveals facility, grace, and charm,
and is alternately gay and sentimental to the point of pathos. One is
not very much wiser after reading the book, but one closes it with a
certain regret at parting from such amiable company.” Henrietta
Straus

+ − Nation 111:76 Jl 17 ’20 190w

Reviewed by Lawrence Gilman

Yale R n s 9:872 Jl ’20 1100w

MASSEY, MRS BEATRICE (LARNED). It

might have been worse. *$1.75 (6½c) Wagner, Harr
917.3

20–4452

An account of a motor trip from coast to coast taken in the

summer of 1919, with notes on roads, hotels, and other matters of
interest to travelers. Contents: The start; New York to Pittsburgh;
Ohio and detours; On to Chicago; Through the dairy country;
Clothes, luggage, and the car; The Twin cities and ten thousand
lakes; Millions of grasshoppers; The Bad lands; The dust of
Montana; A wonderland; Westward ho! Nevada and the desert; The
end of the road.

MASSINGHAM, HAROLD JOHN. Letters to

X. *$2.50 Dutton 824

20–26887

“In ‘Letters to X,’ H. J. Massingham discourses on a great many

phases of modern life and literature. There is hardly a modern
English author of any consequence who does not come under the
appraisement of his pen.”—Springf’d Republican

“The book contains many excellences of detail, and reaches at

times and maintains for a while a level notably above its average.
Perspective is perhaps Mr Massingham’s outstanding quality.” F. W.
S.

+ − Ath p110 Ja 23 ’20 950w

“Familiar, rambling essays of a book lover that will please the

‘gentle reader’ with like leanings, particularly if he be fond of the
Elizabethans and Carolines. Their exclusive bookishness will make
them seem cold and remote to others.”

+ − Booklist 17:62 N ’20

 Reviewed by S. P. Sherman

Bookm 52:108 O ’20 1950w

“These are essays of rare quality in which the essayist is writing

continuously of the alliance between literature and life.” E. F. E.

+ Boston Transcript p7 Jl 17 ’20 1100w

“Mr Massingham’s essays are delivered ex-cathedra and in a style

both heavy and dense. He is a lover of dust covered books, but he
seems widely read rather than discriminating, and though he ranges
all the way from Richard de Bury’s ‘Philobiblon’ to John Gould
Fletcher, he hardly does much to illuminate the names which he
mentions. He declares many enthusiasms but lacks the gift of
differentiation.”

− + Nation 111:162 Ag 7 ’20 180w

“It is a pity that Mr Massingham has chosen to hide this wise,

witty, companionably learned and most comforting book under the
bushel of a title which not only gives no hint of its quality, but is
actually dry and forbidding. Of the value of good literature, of the
qualities which constitute it and of the laws of its making, he says
some of the wisest, most pertinent, things written in a long day.” R:
Le Gallienne

+ N Y Times p7 Ag 8 ’20 2650w

“The word which fits his style exactly is one of the best adjectives
in our language which the language is guilty of criminal negligence in
permitting itself gradually to lose—the word ‘lusty.’ If it were dead
instead of merely decaying, it might be recalled to life by the easy,
careless, rushing vigor of Mr Massingham’s undaunted prose.”

+ − Review 3:172 Ag 25 ’20 360w

“Mr Massingham’s attacks on his own age, sharp, dipped in

bitterness, aimed with truth though they are, do not really touch the
monster. Bad though the age may be, he is too impatient and
petulant with it; and he is divided in his desires.”

+ − Sat R 129:232 Mr 6 ’20 1050w

Springf’d Republican p8 Jl 10 ’20 40w

“Treating his work as art, susceptible to form, even in the rather

strained sense of that word which he adopts, we find it deficient in
that very quality, and especially in that element of form, tranquillity,
upon which he so insists.”

+ − The Times [London] Lit Sup p30 Ja 15

’20 1300w

MASSINGHAM, HAROLD JOHN, ed.

Treasury of seventeenth century English verse, from
the death of Shakespeare to the Restoration (1616–
1660). (Golden treasury ser.) il *$1.50 Macmillan
821.08

(Eng ed 20–10754)
 “Mr Massingham has marked out as his claim the most
characteristic part of the century in time, and has not excluded any
kind except the dramatic. Most of his selections are naturally lyrical,
but by no means all; and he has thus been able to find room for at
least specimen fruits from the half-wilderness gardens of
‘Pharonnida’ and ‘Cupid and Psyche.’ He has also cast his gathering
net unusually wide, and his readers will make acquaintance with
authors who will pretty certainly be new to them, such as Thomas
Fettiplace and Robert Gomersal. In giving uniform modern spelling
throughout Mr Massingham may invite censure from some purists,
but certainly not in this place. Whatever may be the case earlier, the
printers’ spelling of the mid-seventeenth century is, as he justly says,
‘only externally archaic.’ Half its differences from present use are not
uniform and are evidently haphazard. One may not perhaps approve
quite so heartily his practice of excluding some beautiful things as
‘too well known.’ The authors are alphabetically arranged.”—Ath

Reviewed by G: Saintsbury

+ Ath p40 Ja 9 ’20 1400w

“A fresh, provocative, beautiful little book. Palgrave’s volume was

not a bit better gauged for Palgrave’s time than Mr Massingham’s is
for ours. The purest twentieth-century principles are in operation
here. Mr Massingham’s notes are lively to the end, though often they
are cleverly irrelevant and gloriously slap-dash. It is as if Mr
Saintsbury were twenty again.”

+ Nation 110:151 Ja 31 ’20 370w

“The completeness of the book makes it an excellent compendium

for any one studying that era, although it is to be feared that many a
general reader will be frightfully bored by the stiff artificiality that