Republic of Malawi

Silabasi ya

Chichewa
Fomu 3 ndi 4

Unduna wa za Maphunziro, Sayansi ndi Luso

 Silabasi ya

Chichewa
Fomu 3 ndi 4

Unduna wa za Maphunziro, Sayansi ndi Luso

Adakonza ndi kusindikiza

Insitichuti ya za Maphunziro m’Malawi

PO Box 50
Domasi
Malawi

Email: [email protected]

© Insitichuti ya za Maphunziro m’Malawi, 2013

Zonse za m’bukumu n’zosati munthu akopere mu njira ina iliyonse popanda chilolezo.
N’zosatinso munthu achitire malonda mpang’ono pomwe. Komabe ngati munthu afuna
kugwira ntchito ya za maphunziro ndi bukuli, ayambe wapempha ndi kulandira chilolezo
kuchokera kwa eni ake omwe adalisindikiza.

Kusindikiza koyamba 2013

Kuthokoza
A ku Unduna wa za Maphunziro, Sayansi ndi Luso pamodzi ndi a ku Insitichuti ya za
Maphunziro m’Malawi akuthokoza anthu onse omwe adathandiza m’njira zosiyanasiyana
kuyambira pokonzekera kufikira poti silabasiyi isindikizidwe. Undunawu pamodzi ndi a ku
Insitichuti akuthokozanso anthu omwe mayina awo ali m’munsimu chifukwa cha ntchito yawo
yolemba ndi kuzukuta silabasiyi kuti ifike pamenepa.

Mario Simeon Thodi - University of Malawi, Centre for Language Studies

Amos Moses Chauma - University of Malawi, Chancellor College
Trevor Zondola - Malawi National Examinations Board
Jane T Somanje - South West Education Division
Foster N J Gama - Malawi Institute of Education
Ismael D Zabuloni - Ludzi Girls Secondary School
Chrissie Misuli Chiweza (Mrs) - Masongola Secondary School
Wisdom A Nkhoma - Domasi College of Education
Jeremiah Kamkuza - Ministry of Education, DIAS
John P Yohane - Mulanje Secondary School
Valentino T Zimpita - Domasi Demonstration
R Kanjirawaya - Gowa CDSS
Stella Kachiwanda (Dr) - University of Malawi, Centre for Language Studies
Alick K Bwanali - University of Malawi, Centre for Language Studies
Hodgeson M Bango - Mvera Girls Secondary School
James G Sitima - Bunda College of Agriculture
Jeremiah Kamkuza - Ministry of Education, DIAS
HDC Phiri - Chichiri Secondary School
Evance N S Dzinza - Mulanje Secondary School
Micah Zingani - Malosa Secondary School
Sylvester J L Ngoma - MCDE Headquarters
Mike Chithonje - Box 121, Likuni

Mwapadera, a ku Undunawu pamodzi ndi aku Insitichutiwa akuthokozanso Mkulu wa DIAS,

Raphael Agabu, ndi onse ogwira ntchito kumeneko; Mkulu wa MIE, Dr William Susuwele-
Banda, ndi onse ogwira ntchito kumeneko, Mkulu wa Department of Curriculum Development
(DCD) ndi gulu lomwe limatsogolera ntchito yolemba silabasiyi (Enia Ngalande [Mtsogoleri
wantchitoyi], Nairreti Molande, Dr E Kachisa ndi Austin Kalambo).
A ku Undunawu pamodzi ndi aku Insitichutiwa akuthokozanso Prof Pascal J Kishindo, EL
Loga ndi EM Mulenga omwe adaunikanso mwapadera silabasiyi ndi kupereka malangizo
osiyanasiyana pa nthawi imene inkakonzedwa.

Okonza

Mkonzi: Peter Ngunga

Wotayipa ndi
Kuyala buku: Mazganga Lino
Mkonzi wankulu: Max J Iphani
 Zamkatimu

Kuthokoza …………...……………………………………………………………………...… iii

Mawu oyamba ……………………………………………………………………………...… v
Ndondomeko ya maphunziro a m’sukulu zasekondale m’Malawi .……………….….... vii
Zolinga zikuluzikulu za maphunziro m’Malawi .......………………………….…….….… viii
Kufunika kwa phunziro la Chichewa …………..............................….……………….… 1
Maluso ndi zolinga zawo …...…………………………………………………………..…… 2
Kayalidwe ka ntchito ya Chichewa ya Fomu 1 ndi 2 …..…………..…………….………. 3
Kayalidwe ka ntchito ya Chichewa ya Fomu 3 ndi 4 …..…………..……………..………. 6
Kayalidwe ka ntchito ya nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa ya Fomu 1 ndi 2 …………. 9
Kayalidwe ka ntchito ya nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa ya Fomu 3 ndi 4 …………. 10
Silabasi yophunzitsira Chichewa ya Fomu 3 ndi 4 ………………………..……….………. 11
Mabuku ……………………………………………………….……………….………………… 98
Choonjezera choyamba ………………………………………………………………………... 99
Choonjezera chachiwiri ….…………………………………………………………………….. 109
Mawu oyamba
Maphunziro ndi njira yothandiza kuti munthu aliyense athe kuchita zonse zomwe angathe
ndi kutengapo gawo pa chitukuko chadziko. Masomphenya a Unduna wa za Maphunziro
muno m’Malawi ndi kukhala njira yobweretsera chitukuko kwa anthu komanso m’dziko.
Maphunzirowa amaperekanso mphamvu kwa anthu maka osauka ndi oponderezedwa.
Cholinga chachikulu cha Undunawu ndi kupereka maphunziro apamwamba ndi oyenerera
kwa Amalawi. Ngati njira yobweretsera chitukuko, maphunzirowa akuyenera kumupatsa
munthu nzeru, luso ndi makhalidwe abwino omwe angamuthandize kugwira bwino ntchito
ina iliyonse pofuna kutukula ndi kusamala umoyo ndi zachuma m’dziko.

Maphunziro a kupulayimale pawokha sangakwaniritse masomphenya ngati amenewa.

Mfundo zoyendetsera maphunziro mu zaka za 2008 – 2017, za National Educational Sector
Plan (NESP), zimanena poyera kuti ndi momwe likutukukira dziko lapansi, maphunziro a
pulayimale paokha siokwanira kubweretsa kusintha pa chitukuko cha dziko. Izi
zikutsimikiza kuti maphunziro a kusekondale ndi ofunika kwambiri kuti dziko la Malawi
lisatsalire m’mbuyo pa chitukuko. Maphunziro a kusekondale ndi ofunika pa zifukwa izi:
• ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense komanso amathandiza kuti pasakhale kusiyana pa
zochita pakati pa amuna ndi akazi
• amathandiza kupititsa patsogolo umoyo wa munthu payekha, m’banja komanso
m’dziko
• ndi gwero la chitukuko pachikhalidwe, chuma ndi ndale m’dziko
• angathandize kukwaniritsa mfundo za chitukuko za MilleniumDevelopment Goals
(MDG), zopereka maphunziro kwa munthu aliyense za Education for All (EFA) ndi
zopereka maphunziro aulere kwa aliyense za Universal Primary Education (UPE)

Pofuna kukwaniritsa mfundo zimenezi, boma la Malawi kudzera mu Unduna wa za

Maphunziro, Sayansi ndi Luso launikanso maphunziro a kusekondale ndi cholinga chakuti
maphunziro akhale apamwamba ndi okwaniritsa zosowa za dziko lathu mogwirizana ndi
maphunziro a kusukulu za pulayimale omwe anawunikidwanso ndipo akutsindika
kwambiri kufunika komawayesa ophunzira pafupipafupi ngati njira imodzi yophunzirira.

Cholinga chosinthira ndondomeko ya maphunziroyi chidafotokozeredwa bwino lomwe mu

mfundo za NESP (2008 – 2017), ndiponso mumfundo zoyendetsera maphunziro za Policy
Investment Framework (PIF) za m’chaka cha 2000. Mfundozo zimanena poyera kuti
maphunziro a kusekondale akuyenera kupatsa ophunzira mwayi wolembedwa ntchito
m’boma, m’makampani ngakhalenso m’mabungwe. Mfundozi zimanenanso poyera kuti
maphunziro akusekondale akuyenera kupatsa ophunzira mwayi wokapitiriza maphunziro
kusukulu zaukachenjede molingana ndi nzeru zawo. Pozindikira kuti muno m’Malawi,
ophunzira ambiri amathera maphunziro awo pasekondale, ndondomeko ya maphunziroyi
yatsindika kwambiri kufunika kwa maluso omwe angathandize ophunzira kugwira ntchito
yodzilemba okha.

Chinthu china chofunika ndi chakuti ndondomeko ya maphunziro ya kusekondale

imuthandize munthu kuti akamakula akhwime mu nzeru, mu thupi, mu umunthu
komanso m’mene amakhudzidwira ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana m’moyo. Kaamba ka ichi,
ndondomeko ya maphunzirowa ikuyenera kukhudza maluso ndi zokhumba za ophunzira

v
zosiyanasiyana. Powonjezera apa, maphunzirowa akuyenera kumuthandiza munthu
kuphunzira payekha kuti pakutero athe kudzitukula yekha, kutukula banja lake, dera lake
ngakhalenso dziko. Kusintha kwa ndondomekoyi kwachitika ndi cholinga chofuna
kukwaniritsa zolinga zonsezi. Kotero, kufunika kwa silabasi ya Chichewayi n’kosaneneka.

Ndafuna ndithokoze anthu onse amene adatengapo mbali m’njira zosiyanasiyana polemba
silabasiyi. Mwapadera, ndithokoze aku Department of Inspectorate and Advisory Services
(DIAS) mu Unduna wa za Maphunziro, Sayansi ndi Luso ndi a Malawi Institute of
Education (MIE) poonetsetsa kuti ntchitoyi yagwiridwa moyenera. Ndithokozenso
mayunivesite (aboma komanso omwe ndi oyima pawokha), aphunzitsi a m’sukulu
zasekondale (zaboma ndi zomwe si zaboma) azipembedzo zosiyanasiyana ndi magulu ena
onse okhudzidwa ndi maphunziro monga Malawi Revenue Authority (MRA), Anti–
Corruption Bureau (ACB) ndi Malawi Blood Transfusion Service (MBTS) chifukwa
chotengapo gawo pantchitoyi.

Potsiriza ndili ndi chikhulupiriro kuti aphunzitsi ayigwira ntchitoyi mwakhama ndi
modzipereka pofuna kukwaniritsa zosowa za ophunzira kuti pakutero cholinga cha
kusintha kwa ndondomeko ya maphunziroyi chikwaniritsidwe.

Dr McPhail Magwira
Mlembi wa za Maphunziro, Sayansi ndi Luso

vi
 Ndondomeko ya maphunziro a m’sukulu zasekondale m’Malawi

Mwa zifukwa zina, ndondomeko ya maphunziro a kusekondaleyi yakonzedwanso ndi

cholinga chakuti igwirizane ndi maphunziro a ku pulayimale. Chidwi chachikulu cha
maphunziro amenewa chili pa kuonetsetsa kuti njira zophunzitsira zimene zimapatsa
mwayi ophunzira kutenga gawo lalikulu pa maphunziro awo zikutsatidwa kuphatikizapo
kuwayetsa ophunzirawo pafupipafupi.

Ndondomeko ya maphunziroyi ikuyika chidwi chachikulu pa kakhozedwe ka ophunzira.

Kuti izi zitheke, ophunzira akuyenera kuphunzitsidwa nzeru, luso ndi machitidwe
olongosoka kudzera mu zomwe akuzidziwa kale ndi cholinga chakuti azame m’nzeru ndi
m’kuzindikira kwawo. Izi zidzathandiza kuti cholinga cha maphunziro chikwaniritsidwe.
Zomwe ophunzira atola pa maphunziro awo, zingakhale zaphindu ngati azigwiritsa ntchito
m’moyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku atamaliza maphunziro awo kuti pamene dziko likusintha
iwo asatsalire m’mbuyo.

Chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa chikusonyeza kasanjidwe ka mfundo zazikulu za

maphunziro atsopanowa zomwe zafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane m’munsimu.

Kuphunzitsa Kuphunzira

Zolinga zikuluzikulu za maphunziro m’Malawi

Zolinga za maphunziro a sekondale

Zizindikiro za kakhozedwe

Milingo
yakakhozedwe

Kuyesa

Kasanjidwe ka ndondomeko ya maphunziro a m’sukulu zasekondale m’Malawi

vii
Zolinga zikuluzikulu za maphunziro m’Malawi
Izi ndi zolinga zomwe ophunzira ayenera kukwaniritsa adakali pasukulu komanso
atatsiriza. Zolinga zimenezi zikukhudza maphunziro onse a m’sukulu za sekondale ndipo
zachokera mu Malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino, a Malawi Constitution, mfundo
zoyendetsera chitukuko za MGDS, mfundo zoyendetsera maphunziro m’dziko muno za
NESP, Education Act, Secondary School Curriculum and Assessment Reform (SSCAR) ndi
mfundo zina zoyendetsera maphunziro pa dziko lonse lapansi za Education for All (EFA),
zomwe dziko la Malawi lidazivomereza ndi kusayinira. Zolingazi zimafuna kuti
ophunzirawa:
1 asonyeze makhalidwe oyenera mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chathu.
2 asonyeze kumvetsa zochitika kuno kwathu, m’dera lino la Africa ndi pa dziko lonse.
3 alumikizane ndi ena m’zochitika zosiyanasiyana moyenera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito
chiyankhulo choyenera.
4 apereke ndi kulandira uthenga momveka bwino m’nthawi zosiyanasiyana pogwiritsa
ntchito chiyankhulo cha ku Malawi kapena kunja.
5 agwiritse ntchito nzeru zomwe adaphunzira pa masamu m’nkhani za kakhalidwe ndi
chikhalidwe, ndale, chuma, chilengedwe komanso sayansi ndi luso pofuna kuthana ndi
mavuto.
6 agwiritse ntchito nzeru za sayansi, luso, ntchito zamanja ndi kayendetsedwe ka ntchito
zosiyanasiyana mozama ndi mofikapo kuti azitha kupeza njira zothanirana ndi mavuto
awo pofuna kuthandiza dera lawo.
7 asonyeze makhalidwe olimbikitsa umoyo wabwino wa iwo eni, wa anzawo ndi wa ena
onse poganizira kuti kunja kuno kuli matenda osiyanasiyana.
8 asamalire ndi kuchita ndi zinthu zachilengedwe mosamala pofuna kuzisungabe.
9 agwiritse ntchito nzeru ndi luso zachibadwa zomwe zingathandize kuti akhale
akuphunzira nthawi zonse, apititse patsogolo miyoyo yawo, apeze ntchito komanso
athandize pa chitukuko cha m’dera lawo.
10 agwiritse ntchito maluso amakono ofalitsira mauthenga mwadongosolo ndi
mopindulitsa.
11 asonyeze kumvetsa momwe nkhani zachuma zimayendera komanso m’mene ulimi ndi
ntchito zina zimathandizira pa chitukuko chadziko.
12 agwiritse ntchito umisiri ndi luso lamanja pa chitukuko chawo ndi chadziko.
13 agwiritse ntchito luso la kafukufuku pofuna kuthana ndi mavuto.
14 amvetse ndi kuvomereza nkhani zokhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu, ulamuliro
wa zipani zingapo, kusasiyanitsa pakati pa akazi ndi amuna pa zochita, ulamulilo
komanso nkhani zina zotumphuka.

viii
Zolinga za maphunziro m’sukulu zasekondale
Zolinga za maphunziro a m’sukulu za sekondale zagawidwa m’magulu asanu ndi awiri
mogwirizana ndi maluso omwe ayenera kuphunziridwa. Maguluwo ndi awa:
1 maluso a unzika
2 maluso a chikahlidwe ndi dongosolo la anthu
3 maluso ozitukulira pachuma ndi zosamalira zachilengedwe
4 maluso opezera ndi kugwira ntchito zosalembedwa ndi zaumisiri
5 maluso pa ntchito zamanja
6 maluso oganizira mwakuya ndi kupezea zinthu zofunika
7 maluso asayansi ndi ndi zaluso zina

Zolinga zonena za maluso a unzika

Ophunzira:
1 asonyeze kumvetsetsa ndi kukonda zinthu zoimira dziko lawo
2 asonyeze mtima wa umodzi, wokonda ndi wokhulupirika ku dziko lawo
3 agwiritse ntchito luso lothandiza kukonza mfundo zothandiza pamene atenga mbali pa
ntchito za m’dziko
4 asonyeze mtima wa utsogoleri ndi utumiki
5 alemekeze bwino ufulu ndi udindo wawo komanso wa ena
6 azilolera maganizo ndi zikhulupiriro za ena
7 azilemekeza ulamuliro wotsatira malamulo
8 azindikire momwe ulamuliro wabwino umakhalira
9 ayambitse ndi kukwaniritsa ntchito zachitukuko m’dera lawo
10 asonyeze moyo wa kukhalirana bwino ndi ena/anzawo
11 asonyeze kumvetsa zinthu zochitika m’dziko lawo, m’mayiko oyandikana nawo ndi
m’mayiko a’mdziko lapansi lonse
12 asonyeze khalidwe logwirizana ndi anthu ena
13 asonyeze udindo wawo pa iwo eni ndi pa anthu ena

Zolinga zonena za maluso ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu

14 asonyeze kusiyanitsa moyo wabwino ndi woyipa, moyo wauzimu komanso
chikhalidwe choyenera cha anthu
15 adziwe chikhalidwe chamakolo chosiyanasiyana ndi zochitika zake
16 avomereze miyambo yomwe ilipo ndi momwe mibado ndi mibado imaphunzirira
17 avomere kufunika kwa kuti munthu azikhala mwamtendere pakati pa anthu
18 azilemekeza chikhalidwe chawo ndi cha anthu ena
19 azindikire zikhulupiriro zomwe zimathandiza pa chitukuko ndi zomwe zimabwezereza
chitukuko m’mbuyo
20 awunike miyambo ndi zikhulupiriro zina zoletsedwa mogwirizana ndi chitukuko cha
dziko
21 asunge zikhulupiriro zomwe zimathandiza kupititsa chitukuko patsogolo

ix
Zolinga zonena za maluso odzitukulira pachuma ndi zosamalira
zachilengedwe
22 amvetse chuma cha dziko la Malawi ndi momwe chimayendera
23 asonyeze umisiri ndi luso la ntchito zamanja zothandiza pogwira ntchito yolembedwa
kapana yodzilemba okha
24 agwiritse ntchito ulimi ngati mwayi wopezera chuma
25 asonyeze chidwi chosamalira nthaka, ziweto ndi zam’madzi
26 agwiritse ntchito njira zabwino zaulimi zosiyanasiyana
27 aphunzire kukhala ndi maganizo olongosoka komanso luso ndi kugwiritsa ntchito
zimenezi potukula ndi kusunga zachilengedwe
28 azindikire kufunika kwa ulimi wambewu ndi wa ziweto zosiyanasiyana pa chuma cha
dziko la Malawi
29 azindikire kufunika kwa maluso osiyanasiyana amakono pa kupeza chuma
30 agwiritse ntchito maluso amakono osiyanasiyana pantchito zachuma
31 agwiritse ntchito njira zowonjezera phindu pa ulimi ndi pa kugwiritsa ntchito
moyenera zinthu zachilengedwe
32 anyadire zinthu zachilengedwe za m’dziko la Malawi
33 azindikire kuyipa kwa kuchulukana kwa anthu pa zinthu zachilengedwe ndi
kapezedwe ka zinthu zofunika pa moyo wa anthu
34 agwiritse ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana posamalira zachilengedwe
35 Agwiritse ntchito maluso amakono ofalitsira mauthenga pofuna kudzitukula m’nzeru
ndi m’kaperekedwe ka mauthenga
36 awonetse momwe angakhalire mu nthawi ino pomwe nyengo ikusintha ndi kupeza
njira zochepetsera mavuto omwe angadze chifukwa cha kusinthaku
37 azindikire kufunika kwa mphamvu zosiyanasiyana pa chitukuko chachuma
38 amvetse kufunika kopeza njira zosiyanasiyana zokwezera chuma kudzera mu ntchito
zokopa alendo, zamigodi ndi zopangapanga

Zolinga zonena za maluso opezera ndi kugwira ntchito zosalembedwa ndi

zaumisiri
39 asonyeze kudzidalira pogwira ntchito zosalembedwa ndi zaumisiri
40 agwiritse ntchito umisiri ndi maluso othandiza kugwira ntchito zolembedwa ndi
zosalembedwa pa chitukuko cha munthu payekha ndi cha dziko lonse
41 asonyeze njira zabwino zolumikizirana ndi ena kuti pakutero athe kuphunzitsa ena pa
kakhalidwe ndi kufunika kwa umisiri ndi maluso a ntchito zamanja
42 agwiritse ntchito mfundo za sayansi ndi luso, umisiri pakagwiridwe ka ntchito pofuna
kulimbikitsa anthu kutengapo mbali pa zochita za magulu osiyanasiyana
43 asonyeze kuganiza mofulumira ndi mwatsopano pofuna kudzitukula, kutukula dera
ndiponso kutukula dziko
44 asonyeze kumvetsa nzeru, luso ndi luntha zachibadwa komanso zochita kuziphunzira
ndi kuzigwiritsa ntchito pa chitukuko chawo ndi cha dziko lonse.
45 agwiritse ntchito umisiri wa ntchito zamanja ndi maluso ena pofuna kupeza mwayi wa
zachuma mu ulimi ndi m’ntchito zina

x
Zolinga zonena za maluso a ntchito zamanja
46 aphunzire maluso okhudzana ndi ulimi, malonda ndi mafakitale
47 agwiritse ntchito maluso oyenera pa nkhani za ulimi, zamalonda ndi zamafakitale
48 aonyeze mtima wokonda kugwira ntchito zamanja
49 asonyeze ukatswiri pantchito ina iliyonse imene akugwira
50 awonetse luso ndi ukatswiri pamasewero osiyanasiyana
51 asonyeze luntha la kupanga zinthu mwaluso kuti pakutero athe kudzidalira

Zolinga zonena maluso oganizira mwakuya ndi kupeza zinthu zofunika

52 asonyeze luso lochita kafukufuku pa zinthu, ndi kuganiza mozama
53 agwiritse ntchito njira zogonjetsera zovuta pothana ndi mavuto owaonekera
54 asonyeze nzeru zochitira zinthu ndi kuganiza mozama ndi mwaluntha
55 agwiritse ntchito luso lawo loganiza mozama ndi mwaluntha
56 azindikire zomwe amachita bwino ndi zofooka zawo kuti azitha kuziwona kuti mwa
iwo muli kuthekera ndi kuti asamadziwonere pansi
57 agwiritse ntchito zinthu zomwe ali nazo mwaluntha

Zolinga zonena za maluso a nzeru zasayansi ndi maluso ena

58 agwiritse ntchito nzeru zasayansi, luso ndi umisiri popititsa patsogolo ntchito zachuma
59 agwiritse ntchito nzeru zatsopano mu sayansi ndi luso
60 asonyeze kuti atha kugwiritsa ntchito luso losiyanasiyana moyenera
61 asonyeze maluso ofunika pakafukufuku.

xi
Kufunika kwa phunziro la Chichewa
Chiyankhulo cha Chichewa ndi chofunika pa moyo wa munthu ndi pa chitukuko cha dziko,
choncho ndi kofunika kuti ophunzira a m’sukulu zasekondale azichiphunzira. Anthu ambiri
m’Malawi komanso m’maiko ozungulira monga Mozambique, Zambia ndi Zimbabwe amamva
ndi kuyankhula Chichewa ndipo izi zimalimbikitsa ubale komanso ntchito zamalonda.

Kumva, kuyankhula, kuwerenga ndi kulemba Chichewa kumathandiza ophunzira

kukonzekera ntchito zomwe adzagwire mtsogolo monga uphunzitsi, utolankhani ndi ulimi.
Kudziwa Chichewa kumathandizanso anthu kumvana pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga pa
malonje, malangizo ndi mauthenga.

Phunziro la Chichewa limathandizanso ophunzira kudziwa, kusunga, kulimbikitsa ndi

kulemekeza chikhalidwe cha Amalawi ndi anthu osiyanasiyana kudzera mu zilapi, miyambi,
nthabwala, masewero azisudzo, ndakatulo, nyimbo ndi nthano. Motero ophunzira akhoza
kuganiza mozama pa zinthu zomwe akuphunzira ndi zomwe angakumane nazo m’moyo
wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

Nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa m’sukulu za sekondale m’Malawi ndi zofunika kwambiri
chifukwa zimathandiza ophunzira kuti adziwe za chikhalidwe cha anthu pa moyo wawo wa
tsiku ndi tsiku. Izi zimachitika pophunzira zinthu monga zilapi, miyambi, nkhani, zisudzo,
ndakatulo ndi nyimbo. Phunziroli limathandizanso ophunzira kuti akondwe, anyadire,
akometse ndiponso asunge zabwino za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Nkhani zamchezo ndi
zolembedwa m’Chichewa zimathandiza ophunzira kuzama mu luso lomvetsera, loyankhula,
lowerenga, lolemba ndi lozukuta (losanthula mozama) zinthu zomwe akuphuzira ndi zomwe
angakumane nazo m’moyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Luso lonseli limawathandiza kuphunzira
zinthu mwa iwo okha komanso kuti akhoze kuphunzitsa dziko lonse. Zolinga zophunzitsira
nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa m’Chichewa ndi izi:

1 aphunzira zilapi, nkhani zazifupi ndi zazitali, zisudzo, ndakatulo ndi nyimbo
2 adziwa makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a anthu kudzera nkhani zazifupi ndi zazitali, zisudzo,
ndakatulo ndi nyimbo
3 azindikira kuti munthu amayenera kudalira ena
4 aonetsa kusiyana ndi kufanana kwa anthu enieni ndi a m’nkhani
5 asiyanitsa zochitika m’nkhani zopeka ndi za m’moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku
6 aonetsa kuti moyo ndi chikhalidwe cha munthu zimasintha
7 achita zisudzo mochititsa chidwi
8 alakatula ndakatulo
9 azindikira kufunika kwa zilapi, nkhani zazifupi ndi zazitali, zisudzo, ndakatulo ndi nyimbo
pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku

1
10 azindikira kuti pa moyo wa munthu pamakhala kupambana kapena kulephera
11 adziwa kufunika kwa abale ndi abwenzi pakati pa anthu kudzera m‘nkhani zosiyanasiyana
12 adziwa mitundu, magwero ndi magawo akuluakulu ndi zipangizo za zilapi, nkhani
zazifupi ndi zazitali, zisudzo, ndakatulo ndi nyimbo
13 apeka zilapi, nkhani, ndakatulo ndi nyimbo m’Chichewa
14 adziwa chiyankhulo cha Chichewa mozama

Maluso ndi zolinga zawo

Kumva
Ophunzira amve mwatcheru zomwe auzidwa kuti achitepo kanthu.

Kuyankhula
Ophunzira ayankhule mwaluntha kuti zomwe akuyankhulazo zimveke bwino.

Kuwerenga
Ophunzira awerenge molondola ndi kumvetsa zomwe awerenga.

Kulemba
Ophunzira alembe mwaluso ndi molondola zochitika, zopeka ndi zina.

Kuganiza mozama
Ophunzira agwiritse ntchito chiyankhulo poganiza mozama komanso pozukuta mfundo
zosiyanasiyana moyenera.

Kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo achiyankhulo

Ophunzira agwiritse ntchito malamulo a chiyankhulo moyenera poyankhula ndi polemba.

Mitundu ya nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa

Ophunzira afotokoza ndi kusanthula nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa

Magawo aakuluakulu a nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa

Ophunzira apeza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito magawo aakuluakulu a nkhani zamchezo ndi
zolembedwa.

Zipangizo za nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa

Ophunzira apereka, azindikira ndi kulongosola zipangizo za m’nkhani zamchezo ndi
zolembedwa

Kuzukuta nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa

Ophunzira azukuta mozama ndi kugwiritsa ntchito magawo aakuluakulu ndi zipangizo za
m’nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa.

2
 Kayalidwe ka ntchito ya Chichewa ya Fomu 1 ndi 2

Luso Mutu Fomu 1 Fomu 2

Kumva Zachikhalidwe

 Malonje - pasukulu - pamasewero

- pakhomo - pampalano
- panjira - pamsika
- m’sitolo

 Malangizo - pasukulu - ufulu wachibadwidwe

- pakhomo - kusamala katundu ndi zinthu
- ukhondo - kupewa ngozi zosiyanasiyana
- ulemu pakati pa anthu
- pamasewero
 Mauthenga - pasukulu - pampikisano (pampalano)
- ulimi - malonda
- pamisonkhano
Kuyankhula Zachikhalidwe

 Malonje - pasukulu - pamasewero

- pakhomo - pampalano
- panjira - pamsika
- m’sitolo

 Malangizo - pasukulu - ufulu wachibadwidwe

- pakhomo - kusamala katundu ndi zinthu
- ukhondo - kupewa ngozi zosiyanasiyana
- ulemu pakati pa anthu

 Mauthenga - pasukulu - pamasewero

3
Luso Mutu Fomu 1 Fomu 2
- ulimi - pampikisano (pampalano)
- pamisonkhano - malonda

Kuwerenga Kumvetsa nkhani - ulimi - kusamalira zinthu ndi katundu

- chitetezo - kusasiyanitsa pakati pa akazi ndi amuna
- chitukuko pa zochita
- kusasala olumala

Kulemba Chimangirizo - zachilengedwe - ufulu wachibadwidwe

- kuchulukana kwa anthu - chisankho
- chitukuko

Kalata - kusasiyanitsa akazi ndi amuna pa - ufulu wachibadwidwe

zochita - chisankho
- chitukuko

Chimasuliro - zachilengedwe - zachuma ndi zamalonda

- matenda - katangale ndi ziphuphu
- kusasalana - sayansi ndi luso

- kusintha kwa nyengo

Chifupikitso - maphunziro - nkhanza
- zikhulupiriro, miyambo ndi - uchembere wabwino
chipembedzo - moyo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu
- mtendere ndi ulamuliro wabwino

Kuganiza Mtsutso - ulimi - kusamalira katundu

mozama - ufulu wachibadwidwe - zachilengedwe
- chitetezo - nkhanza

4
Luso Mutu Fomu 1 Fomu 2

Zina za m’chiyankhulo - ndagi/zilapi  mikuluwiko

- zining’a - yofanana matanthauzo
- zifanifani - yotsutsana matanthauzo
 mpeputso
Kugwiritsa  mawu ndi maphatikizo  mitundu ndi ntchito za alowam’malo
ntchito  mitundu ndi ntchito za aphatikiri  mitundu ya afotokozi
malamulo a  zizindikiro za m’kalembedwe  mitundu ina ya aneni
chiyankhulo  zigawo za mawu  nthawi za mneni
 zizindikiro za m’kalembedwe  kugwiritsa ntchito malembo ndi
 masinde ndi mitundu yawo maphatikizo monga:
 mitundu, ntchito ndi magulu a - L ndi R
mayina - Dz ndi Z
- Ts ndi S
 mitundu ya aonjezi
 chachimuna ndi chachikazi
 chimodzi ndi zambiri
 mitundu ya ziganizo
 kuphwanya ziganizo

5
 Kayalidwe ka ntchito ya Chichewa ya Fomu 3 ndi 4

Luso Mutu Fomu 3 Fomu 4

Kumva Zachikhalidwe

Malonje  pamatenda  paukwati

 pamaliro  pantchito yachitukuko
 pamilandu  pamsonkhano

Malangizo  makhalidwe oipa  kugawa chuma

 kusamala chakudya  kusasalana
 kuchulukana  pantchito

Mauthenga  zaumoyo
 kusamala odwala  kufuna malo atsopano
 kusamalira zachilengedwe  a ntchito yachitukuko
 mwayi wantchito
Kuyankhula Zachikhalidwe

Malonje  pamatenda  paukwati

 pamaliro  pantchito yachitukuko
 pamilandu  pamsonkhano

Malangizo  makhalidwe oipa  kugawa chuma

 kusamala chakudya  kusasalana
 kuchulukana  pantchito

Mauthenga  zaumoyo  kufuna malo atsopano

 kusamala odwala  a ntchito yachitukuko
6
Luso Mutu Fomu 3 Fomu 4
 kusamalira zachilengedwe  mwayi wantchito

Kuwerenga Kumvetsa nkhani  uchembere wabwino  zachuma

 kupirira  kusintha kwa nyengo
 kuthetsa mikangano  katangale ndi ziphuphu

Kulemba Chimangirizo  matenda a edzi ndi ena opatsirana  mankhwala ozunguza bongo
 zikhulupiriro  ngozi zogwa mwadzidzidzi
 ulamuliro wabwino  nkhanza

 kupereka magazi  mankhwala ozunguza bongo

Kalata  zikhulupiriro  ngozi zogwa mwadzidzidzi
 ulamuliro wabwino  nkhanza

Chimasuliro
 zachilengedwe  kusintha kwa nyengo
 ngozi zachilengedwe  ngozi zachilengedwe
 mtendere  nkhanza kwa ana
 uchembere wabwino
 maluso amakono
Chifupikitso  maphunziro  zachuma
 ulimi wamakono  zamalonda
 kusasiyanitsa akazi ndi amuna pa  zachitukuko
ntchito  katangale ndi ziphuphu
 kusasalana  ntchito zamanja

Kuganiza mozama Mtsutso  uchembere wabwino  chikhalidwe

 kusasalana  zokopa alendo
 ntchito zamanja

7
Luso Mutu Fomu 3 Fomu 4

Zina za m’chiyankhulo  zining’a zofanana m’matanthauzo  mikuluwiko yofanana

 zining’a zotsutsana m’matanthauzo m’matanthauzo
 kusintha mikuluwiko kukhala  mikuluwiko yotsutsana
zifanifani m’matanthauzo
 nseketso

Kugwiritsa ntchito  kapangidwe ka mayina  kanenedwe ka mneni

malamulo a chiyankhulo  kapangidwe ka afotokozi  mitundu ndi ntchito za
 kapangidwe ka aonjezi alumikizi
 mitundu ina ya aneni  mitundu ndi ntchito za
 nthawi za aneni aperekezi
 kachitidwe ka aneni  mitundu ya agwirizanitsi
 msintho wa aneni  zoyankhula mwini ndi
 mitundu ndi ntchito za mifuwu zoyankhula wina
 magulu ndi mitundu ya mimvekero  mitundu ndi ntchito za
 zizindikiro za m’kalembedwe akapandamneni
 mitundu ndi ntchito za
nthambi
 kuphwanya chiganizo pounika
mawu paokhapaokha
 ntchito za ‘li’, ‘ti’ ndi ‘ndi’

8
 Kayalidwe ka ntchito ya nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa ya Fomu 1 ndi 2

Fomu 1 Fomu 2

Mitundu ya nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa Zipangizo za m’nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa
a Zamchezo a Nsinjiro za chiyankhulo
- zilapi - zifanifani
- nkhani yaifupi ndi yaitali - mikuluwiko
- zisudzo - zining’a
- nyimbo b Umunthu
- ndakatulo c Chizindikiro
b Zolembedwa d Msemphano
- zilapi e Ndime
- nkhani yaifupi ndi yaitali f Chibwereza cha mawu
- mbiri g Chikumbumtima
- zisudzo
- ndakatulo Kuzukuta nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa
c Kuwerenga nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa a Njira zozukutira
d Kuzukuta nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa b Magawo akuluakulu a nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa
Magawo akuluakulu opezeka m’nkhani zamchezo ndi c Zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zozukutira nkhani zamchezo ndi
zolembedwa zolembedwa
a Kupeza magawo Zilapi
b Kugwiritsa ntchito magawo
a Kupeka
c Nkhani ndi tsatanetsatane wake
b Kuponyerana
d Amfotokozankhani
e Ampangankhani
f Mfundo yaikulu
g Malo ndi nthawi

9
 Kayalidwe ka ntchito ya nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa ya Fomu 3 ndi 4

Fomu 3 Fomu 4

Kuzukuta nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa Kuzukuta nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa

Ndakatulo Nkhani yaitali

 Tanthauzo  Tsatanetsatane wa nkhani
 Kufunika kwake  Ampangankhani
 Mitundu  Mfundo yaikulu
 Zipangizo zopezeka m’ndakatulo  Malo ndi nthawi
 Mfundo zazikulu  Nsetso
 Mphendero

Nkhani yaifupi Masewero azisudzo

 Tsatanetsatane wa nkhani  tanthauzo
 Ampangankhani  kusiyanitsa masewero azisudzo ndi nkhani zina
 Mfundo yaikulu  kufunika kwa zisudzo
 Malo ndi nthawi  mitundu ya zisudzo
 Nsetso  Magawo a zisudzo
 Mphendero  Zipangizo za m’zisudzo
 Kayankhulidwe ka m’zisudzo
 Kuzukuta zisudzo
 Kuchita zisudzo

10
 Silabasi yophunzitsira Chichewa ya Fomu 3 ndi 4

Fomu 3
Chigawo: Choyamba
Luso: Kumva
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira amve mwatcheru zomwe auzidwa kuti achitepo kanthu.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Zachikhalidwe  kuchita malonje  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ophunzira akukhoza 1 achita  Malonje pozonda wodwala mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
ngati: moyenera - pamatenda - kunyumba  kufotokoza  matchati
 amva malonje, zomwe amva - kuchipatala  kusonyeza  ophunzira
malangizo ndi polonjerana  Malangizo  kutsatira malangizo  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
mauthenga kapena - makhalidwe okhudza makhalidwe  kuyesana  kalilole wogwiritsa
zolengeza 2 atsatira oyenera monga a: (kupimana) nzeru ntchito mbuwu
malangizo - m’banja  kudziyesa  nthenga zogwiritsa
omwe amva - pasukulu  kukambirana ntchito mbuwu
molondola - m’dera kwa kalasi yonse,  zithunzi
- m’dziko awiriawiri  zithunzi zotukuza
3 asonyeza  Mauthenga  kusonyeza zomwe kapena  chimkuzamawu
zomwe atolapo - zaumoyo atolapo pa mauthenga m’magulu
m’mauthenga a zaumoyo monga a:
osiyanasiyana - katemera
molondola - matenda ogwa
mwadzidzidzi

11
Luso: Kuyankhula
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira ayankhule mwaluntha kuti zomwe ayankhulazo zimveke bwino.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Zachikhalidwe
ophunzira akukhoza 1 afotokoza  Malonje  kufotokoza malonje  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: malonje - pamatenda pozonda wodwala mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
 ayankhula malonje, osiyanasiyana - kunyumba  kufotokoza  matchati
malangizo ndi molondola - kuchipatala  kusonyeza  ophunzira
mauthenga kapena  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
zolengeza 2 akambirana  kukambirana  kuyesana  kalilole
mwaluntha malonje malonje a (kupimana) nzeru wogwiritsa ntchito
moyenera kuchipatala  kudziyesa mbuwu
- sing’anga ndi  kukambirana kwa  nthenga
odwala kalasi yonse, zogwiritsa ntchito
- dokotala ndi awiriawiri kapena mbuwu
odwala m’magulu  zithunzi
 zithunzi zotukuza
3 alonjerana  kulonjerana
moyenera

4 akambirana  Malangizo  kukambirana

malangizo - makhalidwe malangizo okhudza
osiyanasiyana makhalidwe oyenera
molondola monga a:

12
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
- m’banja
- pasukulu
- m’dera
- m’dziko

5 afotokoza  Mauthenga  kufotokoza

mauthenga - zaumoyo mauthenga a
osiyanasiyana zaumoyo monga a:
molondola - katemera
- matenda ogwa
mwadzidzidzi

13
Luso: Kuwerenga
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira awerenge nkhani zosiyanasiyana mosadodoma ndi mwachidwi kuti amvetse ndi kuyankhapo mafunso pa
zomwe awerenga

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Kumvetsa
ophunzira akukhoza 1 awerenga nkhani  kuwerenga nkhani  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: nkhani - uchembere zokhudza mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
 awerenga nkhani mosadodoma wabwino uchembere  kufotokoza  matchati
moimvetsetsa wabwino monga za:  kusonyeza  ophunzira
- msinkhu  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
woyenera  kuyesana (kupimana)  kalilole
kubereka nzeru wogwiritsa ntchito
- kukachirira  kudziyesa mbuwu
kuchipatala  kukambirana kwa  nthenga
- kulera kalasi yonse, zogwiritsa ntchito
awiriawiri kapena mbuwu
2 ayankha  kuyankha mafunso m’magulu  zithunzi
mafunso atawerenga nkhani  zithunzi zotukuza
molondola mwachinunu
kapena mokweza
3 asanthula Zifanifani  kusanthula
chiyankhulo chiyankhulo pofuna
molondola kupeza zifanifani
m’nkhani

14
Luso: Kulemba
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira alembe mwaluso ndi molondola nkhani zosiyanasiyana zoona ndi zopeka.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira
ndi zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira:  Chimangirizo
ophunzira akukhoza 1 apeza mfundo chopeka  kupeza mfundo  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: zoyenera - matenda a edzi zoyenera mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
ndi ena  kufotokoza  matchati
 alemba 2 alemba opatsirana  kulemba  kusonyeza  ophunzira
chimangirizo chimangirizo chimangirizo  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
chopeka chopeka chopeka pa nkhani za  kuyesana  kalilole
matenda a edzi ndi (kupimana) nzeru wogwiritsa
ena opatsirana  kudziyesa ntchito mbuwu
monga izi:  kukambirana kwa  nthenga
- zikhulupiriro kalasi yonse, zogwiritsa
- kusamalira odwala awiriawiri kapena ntchito mbuwu
- kupewa matenda m’magulu  zithunzi
 zithunzi
 alemba kalata 3 alemba kalata  Kalata yamchezo  kulemba kalata zotukuza
yamchezo yamchezo - kupereka yamchezo pa
magazi kufunika kopereka
magazi kwa wodwala
ndi wovulala pangozi

15
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira
ndi zoyesera

 alemba chimasuliro 4 amasulira  Chimasuliro  kumasulira ndime ndi

cha ndime ndi ndime ndi - kusamalira nkhani zokhudza
nkhani nkhani zachilengedwe kusamalira
zachilengedwe
 alemba chfupikitso
cha ndime ndi 5 afupikitsa  Chifupikitso  kufupikitsa ndime ndi
nkhani ndime ndi - maphunziro nkhani zokhudza
nkhani maphunziro monga
izi:
- kusasiyanitsa akazi
ndi amuna pa
zochita
- kusasalana

16
Luso: Kuganiza mozama
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira aganize mozama pogwiritsa ntchito chiyankhulo.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira
ndi zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Zina
ophunzira akukhoza 1 apeza mfundo zam’chiyankhulo  kupeza mfundo  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: zochitira  Mtsutso zochitira mtsutso pa mayankho  zinthu
 achita zinthu mtsutso - uchembere nkhani zauchembere  kufotokoza zenizeni
zosonyeza kuti wabwino wabwino monga  kusonyeza  matchati
anaziganizira kulera  kuchita sewero  ophunzira
mozama  kuyesana  anthu ena
2 achita mtsutso  kuchita mtsutso pa (kupimana) nzeru  kalilole
moyenera nkhani za  kudziyesa wogwiritsa
uchembere  kukambirana kwa ntchito
wabwino monga kalasi yonse, mbuwu
kulera awiriawiri kapena  nthenga
m’magulu zogwiritsa
3 apeza zining’a  Zining’a  kupeza zining’a ntchito
zofanana - zofanana zofanana mbuwu
m’matanthauzo matanthauzo m’matanthauzo  zithunzi
monga izi:  zithunzi
- chiphadzuwa zotukuza
(njole)
- kafanikhale
(kadziotche)

17
Luso: Kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a chiyankhulo
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira adziwe ndi kutsatira malamulo a chiyankhulo poyankhula ndi polemba.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Malamulo a  kufotokoza njira  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ophunzira akukhoza chiyankhulo zopangira mayina mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
ngati: monga kuchokera ku:  kufotokoza  matchati
 agwiritsa ntchito 1 afotokoza njira  Dzina - masinde  kusonyeza  ophunzira
malamulo a zopangira - kapangidwe - mayina ena  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
chiyankhulo mayina ka mayina - aonjezi  kuyesana  kalilole
molondola molondola - ziyankhulo zina (kupimana) wogwiritsa ntchito
nzeru mbuwu
2 apanga mayina  kupanga mayina mu  kudziyesa  nthenga
molondola njira izi: kukambirana kwa zogwiritsa ntchito
- kuchokera ku masinde kalasi yonse, mbuwu
a mawu osiyanasiyana awiriawiri kapena  zithunzi
a (-nthu: munthu) m’magulu  zithunzi zotukuza
b (-tali: utali/litali)
c (chita: ntchito)
- kuchokera ku mayina
ena
a (kapolo: ukapolo)
b (mwana:
chimwana/kamwana)

18
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe ophunzira Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira zophunzitsira,
ndi zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
- kuchokera ku aonjezi
a (bwino: ubwino)
b (kale: chikale)
- kutenga mayina kuchokera
ku ziyankhulo zina monga
izi:
a Chingerezi (buku, sukulu)
b Chiswahili (ndege, bwana)
c Chipwitikizi (dona,
nsapato)
d Chingoni (malume)
 kunena njira zopangira
afotokozi monga izi:
3 anena njira Afotokozi - kuchokera ku masinde
zopangira afotokozi - kapangidwe enieni a mfotokozi
molondola ka afotokozi - kuchokera ku masinde ena
- kuchokera ku mayina
- kuchokera ku aneni
- kuchokera ku aonjezi

19
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
kakhozedwe zophunzirira zophunzitsira,
ndi zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
 kupanga afotokozi
4 apanga afotokozi osiyanasiyana
osiyanasiyana
moyenera
5 afotokoza Aonjezi  kufotokoza kapangidwe ka
kapangidwe ka - kapangidwe aonjezi monga:
aonjezi molondola - pophatikiza
mphatikiram’mbuyo ku tsinde
lamuonjezi (dala – mwadala)
- pophatikiza
mphatikiram’mbuyo ku dzina
(ulemu – mwaulemu)
- pophatikiza
mphatikiram’mbuyo ku
mneni (fulumira –
mofulumira)
- pophatikiza
mphatikiram’mbuyo ku
masinde aafotokozi(-ng’ono –
pang’ono)
- pophatikiza
mphatikiram’mbuyo ku
masinde owerengera (-tatu –
katatu)

20
Chigawo: Chachiwiri
Luso: Kumva
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira amve mwatcheru zomwe auzidwa kuti achitepo kanthu.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Zachikhalidwe
ophunzira akukhoza 1 achita  Malonje  kuchita zomwe amva  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: moyenera - pamaliro pa malonje a mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
 amva malonje, zomwe amva pamaliro  kufotokoza  matchati
malangizo ndi polonjerana - wotumidwa  kusonyeza  ophunzira
mauthenga kapena - namfedwa ndi  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
zolengeza omupepesa  kuyesana  kalilole wogwiritsa
- nthawi ya maliro (kupimana) ntchito mbuwu
- potsanzikana nzeru  nthenga zogwiritsa
(pobalalika)  kudziyesa ntchito mbuwu
 kukambirana  zithunzi
2 atsatira  Malangizo  kutsatira malangizo a kwa kalasi  zithunzi zotukuza
malangizo - kusamala kusamala chakudya yonse,
omwe amva chakudya - kuthira awiriawiri
mankhwala, kapena
- kufutsa, kuwamba m’magulu
- kusunga malo
oyenera
- kuphika chamlingo
woyenera

21
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera zoyesera

3 asonyeza  Mauthenga  kusonyeza zomwe

zomwe - kusamala atola pa mauthenga a
atolapo odwala kusamala odwala
m’mauthenga monga:
osiyanasiyana - kunyumba
- kusukulu
- kuchipatala

22
Luso: Kuyankhula
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira ayankhule mwaluntha kuti zomwe ayankhulazo zimveke bwino.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Zachikhalidwe
ophunzira akukhoza 1 afotokoza  malonje  kufotokoza malonje a  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: malonje - pamaliro pamaliro mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
 ayankhula osiyanasiyana - wotumidwa  kufotokoza  matchati
malonje, - namfedwa ndi  kusonyeza  ophunzira
malangizo ndi omupepesa  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
mauthenga kapena - nthawi yamaliro  kuyesana  kalilole wogwiritsa
zolengeza - potsanzikana (kupimana) ntchito mbuwu
(pobalalika) nzeru  nthenga zogwiritsa
 kudziyesa ntchito mbuwu
2 akambirana  kukambirana  kukambirana  zithunzi
malonje malonje kwa kalasi  zithunzi zotukuza
osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana yonse,  makaseti
awiriawiri
3 alonjerana  kulonjerana kapena
moyenera m’magulu

4 apereka  Malangizo  kupereka malangizo

malangizo - kusamala a kusamala chakudya
molondola chakudya monga awa:
- kuthira
mankhwala

23
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera zoyesera
- kufutsa (kuwamba)
- kusunga malo
oyenera
- kuphika chakudya
chamlingo
woyenera

5 afotokoza  Mauthenga  kufotokoza

mauthenga - kusamala mauthenga
molondola odwala akusamala odwala
- kunyumba
- kusukulu
- kuchipatala

24
Luso: Kuwerenga
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira awerenge nkhani zosiyanasiyana mosadodoma ndi mwachidwi kuti amvetse ndi kuyankhapo mafunso pa
zomwe awerenga.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Kumvetsa
ophunzira akukhoza 1 awerenga nkhani  kuwerenga nkhani  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: nkhani - kulimbikira zokhudza mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
 awerenga nkhani mosadodoma kulimbikira pochita  kufotokoza  matchati
moimvetsetsa zinthu monga  kusonyeza  ophunzira
pantchito,  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
pamaphunziro ndi  kuyesana (kupimana)  kalilole
pabanja nzeru wogwiritsa ntchito
 kudziyesa mbuwu
2 ayankha  kuyankha mafunso  kukambirana kwa  nthenga
mafunso atawerenga nkhani kalasi yonse, zogwiritsa ntchito
molondola mokweza kapena awiriawiri kapena mbuwu
mwachinunu m’magulu  zithunzi
 zithunzi zotukuza
3 asanthula Zifanifani  kusanthula
chiyankhulo chiyankhulo pofuna
molondola kupeza zifanifani
m’nkhani

25
Luso: Kulemba
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira alembe mwaluso ndi molondola nkhani zosiyanasiyana zoona ndi zopeka.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira:  Chimangirizo
ophunzira akukhoza 1 apeza mfundo chamtsutso  kupeza mfundo  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: zoyenera - zikhulupiriro zoyenera mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
 alemba chimangirizo  kufotokoza  matchati
chamtsutso 2 alemba  kulemba chimangirizo  kusonyeza  ophunzira
chimangirizo chamtsutso pa  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
chamtsutso zikhulupiriro monga  kuyesana  kalilole
molondola pa zakudya, matenda, (kupimana) nzeru wogwiritsa
imfa ndi ngozi  kudziyesa ntchito mbuwu
zachilengedwe  kukambirana kwa  nthenga
kalasi yonse, zogwiritsa
 alemba kalata 3 alemba kalata  Kalata  kulemba kalata awiriawiri kapena ntchito mbuwu
yamchezo yamchezo yamchezo yamchezo pa m’magulu  zithunzi
molondola - zikhulupiriro zikhulupiriro monga  zithunzi
pa zakudya, matenda, zotukuza
imfa ndi ngozi
zachilengedwe

 alemba chimasuliro 4 amasulira  Chimasuliro  kumasulira ndime ndi

cha nkhani ndime ndi - ngozi nkhani zokhudza
nkhani zachilengedwe ngozi zachilengedwe

26
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
molondola monga kusefukira
kwa madzi, chivomezi
ndi mphepo
yamkuntho

 alemba chifupikitso 5 afupikitsa  Chifupikitso  kufupikitsa ndime ndi

cha nkhani ndime ndi - ulimi nkhani zokhudza
nkhani wamakono ulimi wamakono
molondola monga wothirira ndi
mipopi

27
Luso: Kuganiza mozama
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira aganize mozama pogwiritsa ntchito chiyankhulo.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira
ndi zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Zina
ophunzira akukhoza 1 apeza zam’chiyankhulo  kupeza mfundo  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: mfundo  Mtsutso zochitira mtsuto mayankho  zinthu
 achita zinthu zochitira - kupirira  kuchita mtsutso pa  kufotokoza zenizeni
zosonyeza kuti mtsutso pamaphunziro nkhani za kupirira  kusonyeza  matchati
anaziganizira zoyenera pamaphunziro  kuchita sewero  ophunzira
mozama  kuyesana  anthu ena
2 achita (kupimana) nzeru  kalilole
mtsutso  kudziyesa wogwiritsa
moyenera  kukambirana kwa ntchito
kalasi yonse, mbuwu
3 apeza  Zining’a  kupeza zining’a awiriawiri kapena  nthenga
zining’a - zotsutsana zotsutsana m’magulu zogwiritsa
zotsutsana m’matanthauzo m’matanthauzo ntchito
m’matanthau monga izi: mbuwu
zo molondola - kafanikhale  zithunzi
(khwangwala)  zithunzi
- kafumbu (dzuwa) zotukuza

28
Luso: Kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a chiyankhulo
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira adziwe ndi kutsatira malamulo a chiyankhulo poyankhula ndi polemba.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira
ndi zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Malamulo a
ophunzira akukhoza 1 atchula chiyankhulo  kutchula mitundu  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: mitundu ina ya  Mneni yaaneni iyi: mayankho  zinthu
 agwiritsa ntchito aneni - mitundu - wothandizira  kufotokoza zenizeni
malamulo a molondola - wodalira  kusonyeza  matchati
chiyankhulo  kuchita sewero  ophunzira
2 afotokoza  Nthawi za aneni  kufotokoza mitundu  kuyesana  anthu ena
mitundu ina ya ya nthawi za aneni iyi: (kupimana)  kalilole
nthawi za - yatsopano nzeru wogwiritsa
aneni a yatsopano  kudziyesa ntchito
molondola yopitirira  kukambirana mbuwu
b yatsopano kwa kalasi  nthenga
yakawirikawiri yonse, zogwiritsa
c yatsopano yathayi awiriawiri ntchito
d yatsopano yathayi kapena mbuwu
yopitirira m’magulu  zithunzi
- yakale  zithunzi
a yakale yopitirira zotukuza
b yakale
yakawirikawiri
c yakale yathayi

29
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira
ndi zoyesera
d yakale yathayi
yopitirira
- yamtsogolo
a yamtsogolo
yopitirira
b yamtsogolo
yakawirikawiri
c yamtsogolo
yathayi

 kulongosola mitundu
ya kachitidwe
3 alongosola  Kachitidwe ka kamneni
mitundu ya mneni - kawochita
kachitidwe - kawochitidwa
kamneni a kawochitidwa
molondola poyera
b kawochitidwa
m’chibisira
c kawochitidwa
monyazitsa

30
Chigawo: Chachitatu
Luso: Kumva
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira amve mwatcheru zomwe auzidwa kuti achitepo kanthu.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira
ndi zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Zachikhalidwe
ophunzira akukhoza 1 amva malonje  Malonje  kumva malonje  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: osiyanasiyana - pamilandu apamilandu monga mayankho  zinthu
 amva malonje, molondola awa:  kufotokoza zenizeni
malangizo ndi - kwa mfumu  kusonyeza  matchati
mauthenga kapena - mu ofesi  kuchita sewero  ophunzira
zolengeza - ku khothi  kuyesana (kupimana)  anthu ena
nzeru  kalilole
2 afotokoza  Malangizo  kufotokoza  kudziyesa wogwiritsa
malangizo - kuchulukana malangizo  kukambirana kwa ntchito
omwe amva akuchulukana kalasi yonse, mbuwu
moyenera m’banja, m’dera ndi awiriawiri kapena  nthenga
m’dziko m’magulu zogwiritsa
3 asonyeza  Mauthenga  kusonyeza zomwe ntchito
zomwe atolapo - kusamalira atolapo pa mbuwu
pa mauthenga zachilengedwe mauthenga a  zithunzi
osiyanasiyana kusamalira  zithunzi
moyenera zachilengedwe zotukuza
m’mudzi, m’dera ndi
m’dziko

31
Luso: Kuyankhula
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira ayankhule mwaluntha kuti zomwe ayankhulazo zimveke bwino.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Zachikhalidwe
ophunzira akukhoza 1 akambirana  Malonje  kukambirana  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: malonje - pamilandu malonje a mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
 ayankhula malonje, osiyanasiyana pamilandu  kufotokoza  matchati
malangizo ndi molondola monga awa:  kusonyeza  ophunzira
mauthenga kapena - kwa mfumu  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
zolengeza - mu ofesi  kuyesana  kalilole wogwiritsa
- kukhothi (kupimana) ntchito mbuwu
2 alonjerana  kulonjerana nzeru  nthenga zogwiritsa
moyenera  kukambirana ntchito mbuwu
kwa kalasi  zithunzi
3 apereka  Malangizo  kupereka yonse, awiriawiri  zithunzi zotukuza
malangizo - kuchulukana malangizo a kapena  wayilesi yakaseti
molondola kuchulukana m’magulu
m’banja, m’dera
ndi m’dziko
4 apereka  Mauthenga  kukambirana
mauthenga - kusamalira mauthenga a
moyenera zachilengedwe kusamalira
zachilengedwe
m’mudzi, m’dera
ndi m’dziko

32
Luso: Kuwerenga
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira awerenge nkhani zosiyanasiyana mosadodoma ndi mwachidwi kuti amvetse ndi kuyankhapo mafunso pa
zomwe awerenga.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira:  Kumvetsa nkhani
ophunzira akukhoza 1 awerenga - kuthetsa  kuwerenga nkhani  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: nkhani mikangano zokhudza kuthetsa mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
 awerenga nkhani mosadodoma mikangano monga  kufotokoza  matchati
moimvetsetsa yam’banja, yamalo  kusonyeza  ophunzira
2 ayankha ndi yazipembedzo  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
mafunso  kuyesana  kalilole
molondola  kuyankha mafunso (kupimana) nzeru wogwiritsa
atawerenga nkhani  kudziyesa ntchito mbuwu
mwachinunu kapena  kukambirana kwa  nthenga
mokweza kalasi yonse, zogwiritsa
awiriawiri kapena ntchito mbuwu
3 asanthula  Zifanifani  kusanthula m’magulu  zithunzi
chiyankhulo chiyankhulo pofuna  zithunzi
molondola kupeza zifanifani zotukuza
m’nkhani

33
Luso: Kulemba
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira alemba mwaluso ndi molondola nkhani zosiyanasiyana zoona ndi zopeka.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira:  Chimangirizo
ophunzira akukhoza 1 apeza mfundo chofotokoza/  kupeza mfundo  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: zoyenera chopeka mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
 alemba 2 alemba - ulamuliro  kulemba chimangirizo  kufotokoza  matchati
chimangirizo chimangirizo wabwino chopeka pa nkhani za  kusonyeza  ophunzira
molondola ulamuliro wabwino  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
monga izi:  kuyesana  kalilole
- pabanja (kupimana) nzeru wogwiritsa
- pasukulu  kudziyesa ntchito mbuwu
- m’mudzi  kukambirana kwa  nthenga
- m’mabungwe kalasi yonse, zogwiritsa
- pantchito awiriawiri kapena ntchito mbuwu
m’magulu  zithunzi
 alemba kalata 3 alemba kalata  kulemba kalata  zithunzi
yantchito yantchito  Kalata yantchito yantchito pa nkhani zotukuza
molondola - ulamuliro za ulamuliro wabwino
wabwino monga izi:
- pabanja
- pasukulu
- m’mudzi
- m’mabungwe

34
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
- pantchito

 alemba chimasuliro 4 amasulira  Chimasuliro  kumasulira ndime ndi

cha ndime ndi - mtendere nkhani zokhudza
nkhani nkhani nkhani zamtendere
molondola monga izi:
- pabanja
- m’mudzi
- m’dera

 alemba chifupikitso 5 afupikitsa  Chifupikitso  kufupikitsa ndime ndi

cha nkhani ndime ndi - kusasiyanitsa nkhani zokhudza
nkhani akazi ndi kusasiyanitsa akazi
moyenera amuna ndi amuna pa zochita
- kusasalana ndi kusasalana monga
izi:
- pasukulu
- pantchito

35
Luso: Kuganiza mozama
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira aganize mozama pogwiritsa ntchito chiyankhulo.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Zina
ophunzira akukhoza 1 apeza mfundo zam’chilankhulo  kupeza mfundo zochitira  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: zochitira  Mtsutso mtsutso mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
 achita zinthu mtsutso - kusasalana  kufotokoza  matchati
zosonyeza kuti  kusonyeza  ophunzira
anaziganizira 2 achita mtsutso  kuchita mtsutso pa nkhani  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
mozama moyenera za kusasalana monga  kuyesana  kalilole
- kukhala ndi chilema (kupimana) nzeru wogwiritsa
- matenda ena  kudziyesa ntchito mbuwu
- kusauka kapena  kukambirana  nthenga
kulemera kwa kalasi yonse, zogwiritsa
awiriawiri ntchito mbuwu
3 asintha  Mikuluwiko  kusintha mikuluwiko kapena  zithunzi
mikuluwiko - kusintha kukhala zifanifani monga: m’magulu  zithunzi
kukhala mikuluwiko - mapanga awiri zotukuza
zifanifani avumbwitsa
(kuvumbwitsa ngati
mapanga awiri)
- tsabola wakale sawawa
(kusawawa ngati tsabola
wakale)

36
Luso: Kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a chiyankhulo
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira adziwe ndi kutsatira malamulo a chiyankhulo poyankhula ndi polemba.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Malamulo a
ophunzira akukhoza 1 afotokoza chiyankhulo  kufotokoza  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: kapangidwe ka  Msintho kapangidwe ka mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
 agwiritsa ntchito misintho ya - wamneni misintho yaaneni  kufotokoza  matchati
malamulo a aneni molondola monga iyi:  kusonyeza  ophunzira
chiyankhulo - womchitira  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
- wochititsa  kuyesana  kalilole
- wochititsitsa (kupimana) nzeru wogwiritsa
- wotsutsa  kudziyesa ntchito mbuwu
- wochitirana  kukambirana  nthenga
- wobwerezabwereza kwa kalasi yonse, zogwiritsa
- wochitidwa (poyera, awiriawiri ntchito mbuwu
mchibisira, kapena  zithunzi
monyazitsa) m’magulu  zithunzi
zotukuza
2 atchula mitundu  Mfuwu  kutchula mitundu ya
yamfuwu - mitundu mfuwu monga iyi:
molondola - ntchito - wosonyeza
kukondwa
- wosonyeza kukalipa
- wosonyeza kudabwa

37
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
- wosonyeza kulira

3 apereka ntchito  kupereka ntchito za

ya mifuwu mifuwu monga izi:
molondola - kusonyeza
kukondwa
- kusonyeza kukalipa
- kusonyeza kudabwa
- kusonyeza kulira

4 apereka magulu Mimvekero  kupereka magulu a

a mimvekero - magulu mimvekero monga
- mitundu awa:
- kusintha aneni - a phatikizo limodzi
kukhala monga ga, chi
mimvekero - a maphatikizo awiri
monga phofo, gada
- amaphatikizo atatu
monga balala, dululu
- amaphatikizo anayi
kapena opitirirapo
monga kholophethe,
deruderu

38
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
5 atchula mitundu  kutchula mitundu ya
ya mimvekero mimvekero monga iyi:
- wamamvekedwe
monga ngoo
- wamkhalidwe
monga chete
- wamaonekedwe
monga mbee
- wamchitidwe
monga gwirugwiru
- wosonyeza fungo
monga guu
6 asintha aneni  kusintha aneni kukhala
kukhala mimvekero monga:
mimvekero - zyolika – zyoli
- khoma – kho
7 agwiritsa ntchito  Zizindikiro  kugwiritsa ntchito
zizindikiro za zam’kalembedwe zizindikiro
m’kalembedwe zam’kalembedwe
monga izi:
- mtengero
- mkutiramawu
- mtamuliro
- mpumirapang’ono

39
Fomu 4

Chigawo: Choyamba
Luso: Kumva
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira amve mwatcheru zomwe auzidwa kuti achitepo kanthu.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Zachikhalidwe
ophunzira akukhoza 1 achita  Malonje  kuchita malonje  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: moyenera - paukwati apaukwati monga awa: mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
 amva malonje, zomwe amva - apofunsira mbeta  kufotokoza  matchati
malangizo ndi polonjerana - apachinkhoswe  kusonyeza  ophunzira
mauthenga kapena - apatsiku laukwati  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
zolengeza -  kuyesana  kalilole wogwiritsa
2 afotokoza  Malangizo  kufotokoza malangizo (kupimana ntchito mbuwu
malangizo - kugawa a kugawa chuma nzeru)  nthenga zogwiritsa
omwe amva chuma monga awa:  kudziyesa ntchito mbuwu
molondola - chamasiye  kukambirana  zithunzi
- banja likatha kwa kalasi  zithunzi zotukuza
yonse,
3 asonyeza  Mauthenga  kusonyeza zomwe awiriawiri,
zomwe atolapo - kufuna malo atolapo m’mauthenga kapena
m’mauthenga atsopano monga awa: m’magulu
osiyanasiyana - omangapo nyumba
molondola - olimapo
- ochitirapo malonda

40
Luso: Kuyankhula
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira ayankhule mwaluntha kuti zomwe ayankhulazo zimveke bwino.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Zachikhalidwe
ophunzira akukhoza 1 afotokoza malonje  Malonje  kufotokoza  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: osiyanasiyana - paukwati malonje a pa mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
 ayankhula molondola ukwati monga  kufotokoza  matchati
malonje, 2 akambirana awa:  kusonyeza  ophunzira
malangizo ndi malonje moyenera - pofunsira mbeta  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
mauthenga - achinkhoswe  kuyesana  kalilole wogwiritsa
kapena zolengeza - patsiku la (kupimana) ntchito mbuwu
mwaluntha ukwati nzeru  nthenga zogwiritsa
 kudziyesa ntchito mbuwu
3 alonjerana  kulonjerana  kukambirana  zithunzi
moyenera kwa kalasi  zithunzi zotukuza
yonse, awiriawiri
4 apereka  Malangizo  kupereka kapena
malangizo - kugawa malangizo a m’magulu
molondola chuma kugawa chuma
monga awa:
- chamasiye
- banja likatha

41
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera zoyesera

5 apereka  Mauthenga  kupereka

mauthenga - kufuna malo mauthenga
moyenera atsopano apofuna malo
atsopano monga
awa:
- omangapo
nyumba
- olimapo
- ochitirapo
malonda

42
Luso: Kuwerenga
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira awerenge nkhani zosiyanasiyana mosadodoma ndi mwachidwi kuti amvetse ndi kuyankhapo mafunso pa
zomwe awerenga.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Kumvetsa
ophunzira akukhoza 1 awerenga nkhani  kuwerenga nkhani  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: nkhani - zachuma zachuma monga mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
 awerenga nkhani mosadodoma kupeza chuma  kufotokoza  matchati
moimvetsetsa mwachilungamo ndi  kusonyeza  ophunzira
kusunga kapena  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
kusamala chuma  kuyesana  kalilole wogwiritsa
(kupimana) nzeru ntchito mbuwu
2 ayankha  kuyankha mafunso  kudziyesa  nthenga zogwiritsa
mafunso atawerenga nkhani  kukambirana kwa ntchito mbuwu
molondola mwachinunu kalasi yonse,  zithunzi
kapena mokweza awiriawiri kapena  zithunzi zotukuza
m’magulu
3 asanthula Mikuluwiko  kusanthula
chiyankhulo chiyankhulo pofuna
molondola kupeza mikuluwiko
m’nkhani

43
Luso: Kulemba
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira alembe mwaluso ndi molondola nkhani zosiyanasiyana zoona ndi zopeka.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira:
ophunzira akukhoza  Chimangirizo  kupeza mfundo  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: 1 apeza mfundo chofotokoza/ zoyenera mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
zoyenera chopeka  kulemba  kufotokoza  matchati
 alemba  alemba - mankhwala chimangirizo  kusonyeza  ophunzira
chimangirizo chimangirizo ozunguza chofotokoza pa  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
bongo nkhani za  kuyesana  kalilole
mankhwala (kupimana nzeru) wogwiritsa ntchito
ozunguza bongo  kudziyesa mbuwu
monga mowa ndi  kukambirana  nthenga
chamba kwa kalasi yonse, zogwiritsa ntchito
awiriawiri mbuwu
 alemba kalata 2 alemba kalata  Kalata yantchito  kulemba kalata kapena  zithunzi
yantchito yantchito - mankhwala yantchito pa nkhani m’magulu  zithunzi zotukuza
ozunguza za mankhwala
bongo ozunguza bongo
monga mowa ndi
chamba

44
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera

 alemba chimasuliro 3 alemba  Chimasuliro  kulemba chimasuliro

cha nkhani chimasuliro - kusintha kwa cha nkhani zokhudza
cha nkhani nyengo kusintha kwa nyengo
- ngozi ndi ngozi
zachilengedwe zachilengedwe
monga
kukonzekeratu,
magwero ndi
zotsatira zake

 alemba chifupikitso 4 afupikitsa  Chifupikitso  kufupikitsa nkhani

cha nkhani nkhani - zachuma ndi zachuma, zamalonda
zamalonda ndi zachitukuko
- zachitukuko

45
Luso: Kuganiza mozama
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira aganize mozama pogwiritsa ntchito chiyankhulo.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Zina
ophunzira akukhoza zam’chiyankhulo
ngati: 1 apeza mfundo  Mtsutso  kupeza mfundo  mafunso ndi  mabuku
 achita zinthu zochitira - chikhalidwe zochitira mtsutso pa mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
zosonyeza kuti mtsutso nkhani za  kufotokoza  matchati
anaziganizira chikhalidwe cha  kusonyeza  ophunzira
mozama makolo  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
 kuyesana  kalilole
2 achita mtsutso  kuchita mtsutso pa (kupimana) wogwiritsa ntchito
moyenera nkhani nzeru mbuwu
zachikhalidwe cha  kudziyesa  nthenga
makolo monga  kukambirana zogwiritsa ntchito
zinamwali kwa kalasi yonse, mbuwu
awiriawiri  zithunzi
kapena  zithunzi zotukuza
m’magulu

46
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera

3 apereka  Mikuluwiko  kupereka

mikuluwiko - yofanana mikuluwiko
yofanana m’matanthauzo yofanana
m’matanthauzo m’matanthauzo
monga iyi:
- mapanga awiri
avumbwitsa
(pawiripawiri
sipauzirika)
- mutu umodzi
susenza denga
(chala chimodzi
sichiswa nsabwe)

47
Luso: Kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a chiyankhulo
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira adziwe ndi kutsatira malamulo a chiyankhulo poyankhula ndi polemba.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Malamulo a
ophunzira akukhoza 1 afotokoza chiyankhulo
ngati: mitundu ya  Mneni  kufotokoza mitundu ya  mafunso ndi  mabuku
 agwiritsa ntchito kanenedwe ka - kanenedwe kanenedwe ka mneni mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
malamulo a mneni ka mneni monga iyi:  kufotokoza  matchati
chiyankhulo molondola - kolamula  kusonyeza  ophunzira
- kofotokoza  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
- kopempha  kuyesana  kalilole
2 afotokoza  kufotokoza mitundu ya (kupimana) wogwiritsa ntchito
mitundu ya alumikizi monga iyi: nzeru mbuwu
alumikizi - wophatikiza  kudziyesa  nthenga
molondola monga: ndipo, ndi  kukambirana zogwiritsa ntchito
- wotayanitsa kwa kalasi yonse, mbuwu
monga: koma, osati awiriawiri  zithunzi
- wamgwirizano kapena  zithunzi zotukuza
monga: popeza, m’magulu  mabuku
chifukwa  zinthu zenizeni
 matchati
 ophunzira
 anthu ena

48
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
3 apeza ntchito  Alumikizi  kupeza ntchito za  mafunso ndi  kalilole
za alumikizi - mitundu alumikizi monga izi: mayankho  wogwiritsa ntchito
molondola - ntchito - kulunzanitsa/kulu  kufotokoza mbuwu
mikiza (Takondwa  kusonyeza  nthenga
ndi Taliona apita  kuchita sewero zogwiritsa ntchito
kwao.)  kuyesana mbuwu
- kutayanitsa (kupimana)  zithunzi
(Utenge ichi osati nzeru  zithunzi zotukuza
icho)  kudziyesa
- kugwirizanitsa  kukambirana
(Sadagwire ntchito kwa kalasi yonse,
chifukwa awiriawiri
akudwala) kapena
m’magulu

4 afotokoza  kufotokoza mitundu ya  mafunso ndi  mabuku

mitundu ya aperekezi monga iyi: mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
aperekezi - wosonyeza mbali  kufotokoza  matchati
molondola - waumwini  kusonyeza  ophunzira
- wosonyeza pamalo  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
- wosonyeza nthawi  kuyesana  kalilole
- wosonyeza (kupimana) wogwiritsa ntchito
chipangizo nzeru mbuwu
 kudziyesa  nthenga

49
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
- wosonyeza  kukambirana zogwiritsa ntchito
mgwirizano kwa kalasi yonse, mbuwu
awiriawiri  zithunzi
kapena  zithunzi zotukuza
m’magulu

5 apereka  Mperekezi  kupereka ntchito za  mafunso ndi  mabuku

ntchito za - mitundu aperekezi monga izi: mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
aperekezi - ntchito - kusonyeza mbali  kufotokoza  matchati
molondola - kusonyeza umwini  kusonyeza  ophunzira
- kusonyeza pamalo  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
- kusonyeza nthawi  kuyesana  kalilole
- kusonyeza (kupimana) wogwiritsa ntchito
chipangizo nzeru mbuwu
- kusonyeza  kudziyesa  nthenga
mgwirizano  kukambirana zogwiritsa ntchito
kwa kalasi yonse, mbuwu
awiriawiri  zithunzi
kapena  zithunzi zotukuza
m’magulu
 mbuwu
 zithunzi
 zithunzi zotukuza

50
Chigawo: Chachiwiri
Luso: Kumva
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira amve mwatcheru zomwe auzidwa kuti achitepo kanthu.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Zachikhalidwe
ophunzira akukhoza  Malonje
ngati: 1 achita - pantchito  kuchita malonje  mafunso ndi  mabuku
 amva malonje, moyenera yachitukuko apantchito mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
malangizo ndi zomwe amva yachitukuko monga  kufotokoza  matchati
mauthenga kapena polonjerana awa:  kusonyeza  ophunzira
zolengeza - kulima msewu  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
- kuumba njerwa  kuyesana  kalilole
- kumanga sukulu (kupimana) wogwiritsa ntchito
nzeru mbuwu
2 atsatira  Malangizo  kutsatira malangizo  kudziyesa  nthenga
malangizo - kusasalana akusasalana monga  kukambirana zogwiritsa ntchito
omwe amva awa: kwa kalasi yonse, mbuwu
molondola - pamatenda awiriawiri  zithunzi
- pachikhalidwe kapena  zithunzi zotukuza
- pachibadwa m’magulu  wayilesi
- kulumala  wayilesi
yakanema

51
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera

3 asonyeza  Mauthenga  kusonyeza zomwe

zomwe atolapo - a ntchito atolapo pa mauthenga
m’mauthenga yachitukuko a ntchito yachitukuko
osiyanasiyana monga awa:
molondola - kukumba zitsime
- kulima misewu
- kumanga sukulu ndi
zipatala

52
Luso: Kuyankhula
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira ayankhule mwaluntha kuti zomwe ayankhulazo zimveke bwino.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Zachikhalidwe
ophunzira akukhoza 1 afotokoza  Malonje  kufotokoza malonje a  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: malonje - pantchito pa ntchito yachitukuko mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
 ayankhula malonje, osiyanasiyana yachitukuko monga awa:  kufotokoza  matchati
malangizo ndi moyenera - kuumba njerwa  kusonyeza  ophunzira
mauthenga kapena - kumanga sukulu  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
zolengeza - kulima misewu  kuyesana  kalilole
mwaluntha (kupimana) wogwiritsa ntchito
2 akambirana  kukambirana malonje a nzeru mbuwu
malonje pa ntchito yachitukuko  kudziyesa  nthenga
moyenera monga awa:  kukambirana zogwiritsa ntchito
- kulima misewu kwa kalasi yonse, mbuwu
- kuumba njerwa awiriawiri  zithunzi
- kumanga sukulu kapena  zithunzi zotukuza
- m’magulu
3 alonjerana  kulonjerana
moyenera

53
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera

4 apereka  Malangizo  kupereka malangizo

malangizo - kusasalana akusasalana monga
molondola awa:
- pamatenda
- pachikhalidwe
- pachilengedwe
- kulumala

5 afotokoza  Mauthenga  kufotokoza mauthenga

mauthenga - antchito antchito yachitukuko
molondola yachitukuko monga awa:
- kukumba zitsime
- kulima misewu
- kumanga sukulu
ndi zipatala

54
Luso: Kuwerenga
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira awerenge nkhani zosiyanasiyana mosadodoma ndi mwachidwi kuti amvetse ndi kuyankhapo mafunso pa
zomwe awerenga.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Kumvetsa nkhani
ophunzira akukhoza 1 awerenga - kusintha kwa  kuwerenga nkhani  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: nkhani nyengo zokhudza kusintha mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
 awerenga nkhani mosadodoma kwa nyengo monga  kufotokoza  matchati
moimvetsetsa magwero a kusintha  kusonyeza  ophunzira
kwa nyengo ndi  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
zotsatira zake  kuyesana  kalilole
(kupimana) nzeru wogwiritsa ntchito
2 ayankha  kuyankha mafunso  kudziyesa mbuwu
mafunso atawerenga nkhani  kukambirana kwa  nthenga
molondola mwachinunu kapena kalasi yonse, zogwiritsa ntchito
mokweza awiriawiri kapena mbuwu
m’magulu  zithunzi
3 asanthula Mikuluwiko  kusanthula  zithunzi zotukuza
chiyankhulo chiyankhulo pofuna
molondola kupeza mikuluwiko
m’nkhani

55
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera

Luso: Kulemba
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira alembe mwaluso ndi molondola nkhani zosiyanasiyana zoona ndi zopeka.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira:
ophunzira akukhoza 1 apeza mfundo  Chimangirizo  kupeza mfundo  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: zoyenera chamtsutso mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
- ngozi zogwa  kufotokoza  matchati
 alemba 2 alemba mwadzidzidzi  kulemba  kusonyeza  ophunzira
chimangirizo chimangirizo chimangirizo pa  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
chamtsuto molondola nkhani za ngozi  kuyesana  kalilole
zogwa mwadzidzidzi (kupimana) nzeru wogwiritsa ntchito
monga izi:  kudziyesa mbuwu
- mphenzi,  kukambirana kwa  nthenga
- mphepo kalasi yonse, zogwiritsa ntchito
yamkuntho awiriawiri kapena mbuwu
- madzi osefukira m’magulu  zithunzi
 alemba kalata 3 alemba kalata  Kalata yantchito  kulemba kalata  zithunzi zotukuza
yantchito yantchito - ngozi zogwa yantchito pa nkhani

56
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
molondola mwadzidzidzi za ngozi zogwa
mwadzidzidzi
monga izi:
- mphenzi
- madzi osefukira

- mphepo
yamkuntho
 alemba chimasuliro 4 amasulira  Chimasuliro
cha nkhani nkhani - nkhanza kwa  kumasulira nkhani
molondola ana zokhudza nkhanza
- uchembere kwa ana monga izi:
wabwino - kuwalemba
ntchito
- kuwagwirira
 kumasulira nkhani
zokhudza
uchembere
wabwino monga izi:
- kuchirira
kuchipatala
- kulera

 alemba chifupikitso 5 afupikitsa  Chifupikitso  kufupikitsa nkhani

57
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
cha nkhani nkhani - katangale ndi zokhudza kuipa
moyenera ziphuphu kwa katangale ndi
ziphuphu

Luso: Kuganiza mozama

Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira aganize mozama pogwiritsa ntchito chiyankhulo.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Mtsutso
ophunzira akukhoza 1 apeza mfundo - zokopa alendo  kupeza mfundo  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: zochitira zochitira mtsutso pa mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
 achita zinthu mtsutso nkhani zokopa alendo  kufotokoza  matchati
zosonyeza kuti  kusonyeza  ophunzira
anaziganizira  kuchita mtsutso pa  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
mozama 2 achita mtsutso nkhani zokopa alendo  kuyesana  kalilole wogwiritsa
moyenera  kupereka mikuluwiko (kupimana) nzeru ntchito mbuwu
yotsutsana  kudziyesa  nthenga zogwiritsa
3 apereka Mikuluwiko m’matanthauzo monga  kukambirana kwa ntchito mbuwu
mikuluwiko - yotsutsana iyi: kalasi yonse,  zithunzi

58
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera zoyesera
yotsutsana m’matanthauzo - tsabola wakale awiriawiri kapena  zithunzi zotukuza
m’matanthauz sawawa (mawu m’magulu
o molondola aakulu akoma
akagonera)
- ukayenda m’tchire
wayendera zonse
(ukayendera nzengo
usati asakhwi
afumbula)

Luso: Kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a chiyankhulo

Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira adziwe ndi kutsatira malamulo a chiyankhulo poyankhula ndi polemba.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Malamulo a
ophunzira akukhoza 1 atchula chiyankhulo:  kutchula mitundu ya  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati agwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya mgwirizanitsi agwirizanitsi monga mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
malamulo a agwirizanitsi - mitundu iyi:  kufotokoza  matchati
chiyankhulo mokhoza - wofunsira  kusonyeza  ophunzira
- wowerengera  kuchita sewero  anthu ena

59
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
- wamchitantchito  kuyesana  kalilole
- wamchitidwantchito (kupimana) wogwiritsa ntchito
- waumwini nzeru mbuwu
- wamgwirizano  kudziyesa  nthenga
- woloza  kukambirana kwa zogwiritsa ntchito
kalasi yonse, mbuwu
awiriawiri kapena  zithunzi
m’magulu  zithunzi zotukuza
2 asintha Zoyankhula  kusintha zoyankhula
zoyankhula mwini ndi mwini kukhala
mwini kukhala zoyankhula wina zoyankhula wina
zoyankhula monga “Ife tipita
wina molondola mawa” (Iwo adati apita
tsiku lotsatiralo)

3 apeza mitundu kapandamneni  kupeza mitundu ya  mafunso ndi  mabuku

ya - mitundu akapandamneni mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
akapandamneni - ntchito monga iyi:  kufotokoza  matchati
- wadzina (chovala  kusonyeza  ophunzira
chothina zedi)  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
- wamfotokozi  kuyesana  kalilole
(chothina zedi) (kupimana) wogwiritsa ntchito
- wamuonjezi nzeru mbuwu

60
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
(mokweza  kudziyesa  nthenga
kwambiri)  kukambirana kwa zogwiritsa ntchito
- wamperekezi (ku kalasi yonse, mbuwu
nkhalango) awiriawiri kapena  zithunzi
- wamfuwu (kalanga m’magulu  zithunzi zotukuza
ine!)
- wa mneni
wosasintha nthawi
(kudya zonse)

4 apereka ntchito  kupereka ntchito za  mafunso ndi  mabuku

za akapandamneni mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
akapandamneni monga izi:  kufotokoza  matchati
molondola a) kukhala  kusonyeza  ophunzira
mwininkhani  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
- Mwana wabwino  kuyesana  kalilole
amakondwere-tsa (kupimana) wogwiritsa ntchito
makolo. nzeru mbuwu
b) kukhala  kudziyesa  nthenga
pamtherankhani  kukambirana kwa zogwiritsa ntchito
- Iye amakonda kalasi yonse, mbuwu
nyama yootcha. awiriawiri kapena  zithunzi
c) kukhala mtsiriza m’magulu  zithunzi zotukuza
tanthauzo

61
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
- A Juma ndi
mfumu ya
mudzi wathu.
d) kusonyeza
maonekedwe
- Ng’ombeyo idali
yowonda zedi.
e) kusonyeza nthawi
- Takhala kuno kwa
sabata ziwiri.
f) kusonyeza malo
- Khazikani
chakudyacho pa
tebulo lalikululo.
g) kusonyeza
kudandaula
- Kalanga ine! Ndiwo
zija zapserera.

5 apeza mitundu Nthambi  kupeza mitundu ya

ya nthambi - mitundu nthambi monga iyi:
zaziganizo - ntchito a) yadzina (Iye
molondola adanena kuti
samadya ndiwo

62
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
zamasamba)
b) yamuonjezi
- yanthawi (Iwo
adafika pomwe
tinkadya)
- yamalo (Tidagona
pomwe adasiya
katunduyo)
- yamchitidwe
(Amayenda ngati
wamwa mowa)
- yachifukwa
(Walephera mayeso
chifukwa samawerenga)
- yacholinga (Boni
amalimbikira sukulu
kuti adzakhale pabwino)
- yazotsatira (Adavina
tsiku lonse kotero
adatopa zedi)
- yolabada (Adapitiriza
maphunziro ake
ngakhale makolo ake
adali ovutika)

63
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
- yapokhapokha
(Sindipita mpaka
mutandipatsa zanga)
c) yamfotokozi
(Munthu amene
adagula mbuzi
yanga ndi wakuba)

6 apereka ntchito  kupereka ntchito za

za nthambi nthambi yadzina
zaziganizo monga izi:
molondola - kukhala
mwininkhani
(Zimene wachitazi
ndi zopusa)
- kukhala
pamtherankhani
wachindunji
(Samadziwa kuti
anawa ndi
amwano)
- kukhala
pamthereankhani
wopanda chindunji

64
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
(Amayi aphikira
phala mwana amene
akudwala)
- kukhala
pamtherankhani
wamperekezi
(kudzakhala
chisangalalo kwa
onse adzapambane
masewerowa)
- kukhala mtsiriza
tanthauzo la mneni
(Limbani ndi amene
wapata mphoto ya
galimoto)

Chigawo: Chachitatu
Luso: Kumva
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira amve mwatcheru zomwe auzidwa kuti achitepo kanthu.

65
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Zachikhalidwe  kuchita zomwe
ophunzira akukhoza 1 achita moyenera  Malonje amva pa malonje a  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: zomwe amva - pamsonkhano pa misonkhano mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
 amva malonje, polonjerana monga iyi:  kufotokoza  matchati
malangizo ndi - yachitukuko  kusonyeza  ophunzira
mauthenga - yachipembedzo  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
kapena zolengeza - yamakolo ndi  kuyesana  kalilole
aphunzitsi (kupimana) nzeru wogwiritsa ntchito
2 atsatira  Malangizo  kutsatira malangizo  kudziyesa mbuwu
malangizo - pantchito apantchito monga  kukambirana kwa  nthenga
omwe amva awa: kalasi yonse, zogwiritsa ntchito
molondola - kulimbikira awiriawiri kapena mbuwu
- kukhulupirika m’magulu  zithunzi
- kupirira  zithunzi zotukuza
3 asonyeza  Mauthenga  kusonyeza zomwe  wayilesi
zomwe atolapo - mwayi atolapo pa  wayilesi
m’mauthenga wantchito mauthenga yakanema
osiyanasiyana odziwitsira mwayi  mafoni/lamya
molondola wantchito
Luso: Kuyankhula
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira ayankhule mwaluntha kuti zomwe ayankhulazo zimveke bwino.

66
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Zachikhalidwe
ophunzira akukhoza 1 afotokoza  Malonje  kufotokoza malonje a  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: malonje - pamsonkhano pa misonkhano mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
 ayankhula osiyanasiyana monga iyi:  kufotokoza  matchati
malonje, moyenera - yachitukukuko  kusonyeza  ophunzira
malangizo ndi - yachipembedzo  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
mauthenga kapena - yamakolo ndi  kuyesana  kalilole
zolengeza aphunzitsi (kupimana) wogwiritsa ntchito
nzeru mbuwu
2 akambirana  kukambirana malonje  kukambirana  nthenga
malonje a pa misonkhano kwa kalasi zogwiritsa ntchito
osiyanasiyana monga iyi: yonse, mbuwu
molondola - yachitukuko awiriawiri  zithunzi
- yachipembedzo kapena  zithunzi zotukuza
- yamakolo ndi m’magulu  wayilesi
aphunzitsi  kudziyesa  wayilesi
yakanema
3 alonjerana  kulonjerana  mafoni/lamya
moyenera

4 apereka  Malangizo  kupereka malangizo

malangizo - pantchito apantchito monga

67
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
moyenera awa:
- kulimbikira
- kukhulupirika
- kupirira

5 apereka  Mauthenga  kupereka mauthenga

mauthenga - mwayi odziwitsira mwayi
moyenera wantchito wantchito

Luso: Kuwerenga
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira awerenge nkhani zosiyanasiyana mosadodoma ndi mwachidwi kuti amvetse ndi kuyankhapo mafunso pa
zomwe awerenga.

68
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Kumvetsa
ophunzira akukhoza 1 awerenga nkhani  kuwerenga nkhani  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: nkhani - katangale ndi zokhudza katangale mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
 awerenga nkhani mosadodoma ziphuphu ndi ziphuphu monga  kufotokoza  matchati
moimvetsetsa pamalonda ndi  kusonyeza  ophunzira
polembana ntchito  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
 kuyankha mafunso  kuyesana  kalilole
2 ayankha atawerenga nkhani (kupimana) nzeru wogwiritsa ntchito
mafunso mwachinunu kapena  kudziyesa mbuwu
molondola mokweza  kukambirana kwa  nthenga
kalasi yonse, zogwiritsa ntchito
3 asanthula Mikuluwiko  kusanthula awiriawiri kapena mbuwu
chiyankhulo chiyankhulo pofuna m’magulu  zithunzi
molondola kupeza mikuluwiko  zithunzi zotukuza
m’nkhani

Chigawo: Chachitatu
Luso: Kulemba
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira alembe mwaluso ndi molondola nkhani zosiyanasiyana zoona ndi zopeka

69
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira:  Chimangirizo
ophunzira akukhoza 1 apeza mfundo chamtsutso  kupeza mfundo  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: zoyenera - nkhanza zoyenera mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
 kufotokoza  matchati
 alemba 2 alemba  kulemba chimangirizo  kusonyeza  ophunzira
chimangirizo chimangirizo chamtsutso pa nkhani  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
chamtsutso chamtsutso za nkhanza monga izi:  kuyesana  kalilole
molondola - kuzembetsa ndi (kupimana) nzeru wogwiritsa
kulemba ntchito ana  kudziyesa ntchito mbuwu
- kulanda katundu  kukambirana kwa  nthenga
ana ndi amayi kalasi yonse, zogwiritsa ntchito
amasiye awiriawiri kapena mbuwu
- kukwatiwitsa m’magulu  zithunzi
atsikana msanga  zithunzi
zotukuza
 alemba kalata 3 alemba kalata  Kalata  kulemba kalata
yamchezo yamchezo yamchezo yamchezo pa nkhani za
molondola - nkhanza nkhanza monga izi:
- kuzembetsa ndi
kulemba ntchito ana
- kulanda katundu
ana ndi amayi
amasiye
- kuwakwatiwitsa

70
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
atsikana msanga

 alemba chimasuliro 4 amasulira  Chimasuliro  kumasulira nkhani

cha nkhani nkhani - maluso zokhudza maluso
molondola amakono amakono monga awa:
- lamya
- wayilesi yakanema

 alemba chifupikitso 5 afupikitsa  Chifupikitso  kufupikitsa nkhani

cha nkhani nkhani - ntchito zokhudza kufunika
molondola zamanja kwa ntchito zamanja
monga izi:
- kumanga nyumba
- kukonza galimoto
- kusoka zovala

Luso: Kuganiza mozama

Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira aganize mozama pogwiritsa ntchito chiyankhulo.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa

71
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Zina
ophunzira akukhoza 1 apeza mfundo zam’chiyankhulo  kupeza mfundo  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: zochitira  Mtsutso zochitira mtsutso mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
 achita zinthu mtsutso - ntchito  kufotokoza  matchati
zosonyeza kuti zamanja  kusonyeza  ophunzira
anaziganizira  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
mozama 2 achita mtsutso  kuchita mtsutso  kuyesana  kalilole
moyenera pa nkhani za (kupimana) nzeru wogwiritsa
ntchito zamanja  kudziyesa ntchito mbuwu
monga kupala  kukambirana kwa  nthenga
matabwa kalasi yonse, zogwiritsa ntchito
awiriawiri kapena mbuwu
m’magulu  zithunzi
 zithunzi
zotukuza

3 apeza  Nseketso  kupeza

matanthauzo - matanthauzo matanthauzo

72
angapo a angapo a nseketso
nseketso monga izi:
- Kodi mbuzi
m’kasaka
zimayenda?
(mbuzi
m’kathumba
kapena
mukazikusa
zimayenda)

- Tigonera
chinangwa (tidya
chinangwa ngati
mgonero kapena
tiyala chinangwa
n’kugonapo)

73
Luso: Kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a chiyankhulo
Cholinga cha luso: Ophunzira adziwe ndi kutsatira malamulo a chiyankhulo poyankhula ndi polemba.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
Tidzadziwa kuti Ophunzira: Malamulo a
ophunzira akukhoza 1 alongosola chiyankhulo  kulongosola  mafunso ndi  mabuku
ngati: kaphwanyidwe  Kuphwanya kaphwanyidwe ka mayankho  zinthu zenizeni
 agwiritsa ntchito ka ziganizo chiganizo ziganizo pounika  kufotokoza  matchati
malamulo a pounika mawu pounika mawu mawu paokhapaokha  kusonyeza  ophunzira
chiyankhulo paokhapaokha paokhapaokha  kuchita sewero  anthu ena
molondola  kuyesana  kalilole
2 atchula ntchito  Ntchito za ‘li’,  kutchula ntchito za ‘li’, (kupimana) wogwiritsa
za ‘li’, ‘ti’, ‘ndi’ ‘ti’, ‘ndi’ ‘ti’, ndi ‘ndi’ nzeru ntchito mbuwu
- li monga kukhala  kudziyesa  nthenga
tsinde la mneni,  kukambirana zogwiritsa ntchito
mgwirizanitsi ndi kwa kalasi yonse, mbuwu
mphatikiramtsogolo awiriawiri  zithunzi
woloza kapena  zithunzi
- ti monga kukhala m’magulu zotukuza
tsinde la mneni,
tsinde lofunsira,
mgwirizanitsi ndi
mphatikiramtsogolo
woloza

74
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
- ndi monga kukhala
mneni wodalira,
mlumikizi, mvekero,
mgwirizanitsi ndi
mperekezi

75
Fomu 3
Mutu waukulu: Kuzukuta mozama nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa

Cholinga: Ophunzira azukuta mozama ndi kupereka maganizo awo pa nkhani zamchezo ndi
zolembedwa pogwiritsa ntchito magawo aakuluakulu ndi zipangizo zozukutira.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera zoyesera
Tidziwa kuti Ophunzira: Ndakatulo  kufunsa ndi  mabuku a ndakatulo
ophunzira akhoza 1 apereka tanthauzo  kupereka tanthauzo la kuyankha  mabuku a malembo
ngati: la ndakatulo ndakatulo mafunso otukuza
 kukambirana  nthano zazifupi
 azukuta 2 afotokoza  kufotokoza kufunika kwa  ntchito za zokhudza chuma
ndakatulo kufunika kwa ndakatulo m’magulu,  bolodi
zosiyanasiyana ndakatulo - kuphunzitsa awiriawiri,  zithunzi
molondola - kusangalatsa mmodzimmodzi  zithunzi zotukuza,
- kuchenjeza  kufotokoza ng’oma,
- kuyamikira  kulakatula nthenga/pepala,
- kuthokoza mwachisudzo cholembera malembo
- kutonthoza otukuza
 anthu odziwa
3 afotokoza  kufotokoza mitundu ya ndakatulo
mitundu ya ndakatulo  makaseti a ndakatulo
ndakatulo - zampululira
- zokamba za moyo wa
kumudzi
- zoyimbidwa

76
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera zoyesera
4 afotokoza  kufotokoza zipangizo za
zipangizo za m’ndakatulo
m’ndakatulo - zifanifani
- umunthu
- faniziro
- chithunzithunzi
- voko  kufunsa ndi
- chiyerekezo kuyankha
- chibwereza cha lembo mafunso
lamtsekulanjira ndi  kukambirana
mawu koyambirira,  ntchito za
pakatikati ndi m’magulu,
kumapeto awiriawiri,
- kam’bwereza mmodzimmodzi
- mafunso a  kufotokoza
chodziwadziwa kulakatula
- vume mwachisudzo
- phande

77
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera zoyesera
5 apeza mfundo  kupeza mfundo zazikulu
zazikulu - kudandaula
m’ndakatulo - kuchenjeza
- kuyamikira
- kusangalatsa
- kuthokoza
- kutonthoza

6 azukuta  kuzukuta matanthauzo a  kufunsa ndi

matanthauzo a ndakatulo mozama kuyankha
ndakatulo mafunso
mozama  kukambirana
 ntchito za
7 alakatula  kulakatula ndakatulo m’magulu,
ndakatulo mochititsa chidwi awiriawiri,
mochititsa chidwi mmodzimmodzi
 kufotokoza
kulakatula
mwachisudzo

78
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera zoyesera
 asonyeza 1 asiyanitsa nkhani Nkhani yaifupi  kusiyanitsa nkhani  kuchita ntchito za  nkhani
kumvetsa za yaifupi ndi yaitali yaifupi ndi yaitali m’magulu,
 pepala
magawo polondola polondola tsatanetsatane awiriawiri,
aakuluakulu a tsatanetsatane wake mmodzimmodzi  mabuku a nkhani
nkhani wake - chiyambi  kukambirana
 zithunzi
zazifupi ndi - chikwera  kutsutsana
zaztali - pampondachimera  kuchita  wayilesi
- mathero kafukufuku  wayilesi ya kanema
 kufotokoza  zotukuza
2 afotokoza
 kufotokoza  kufunsa ndi zosiyanasiyana monga
tsatanetsatane wa
tsatanetsatane wa nkhani kuyankha zithunzi, mabuku ndi
nkhani yaifupi
yaifupi kuchokera mafunso mapepala
pachiyambi mpaka  kuchita sewero
mathero ake  kuyerekeza
ampangankhani
3 azukuta
 kuzukuta tsatanetsatane
tsatanetsatane wa
wa zochitika mu nkhani
nkhani yaifupi
yaifupi

4 achita chidule cha

 kuchita chidule cha
nkhani yaifupi
nkhani yaifupi

79
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera zoyesera
5 akambirana  kukambirana mitundu  kutsutsana
mitundu ya ya ampangankhani mu  kuchita
ampangankhani nkhani yaifupi kafukufuku
mu nkhani yaifupi - mpangankhani  kufotokoza
wamkulu  kufunsa ndi
- mpangankhani kuyankha
wotsutsa mafunso
- mpangankhani  kuchita sewero
wosintha  kuyerekeza
- mpangankhani wopaza ampangankhani
- mpangankhani
wakathithi
- mpangankhani
wosasintha

6 akambirana  maonetsedwe a  kukambirana

maonetsedwe a ampangankhani mu maonetsedwe a
mpangankhani nkhani yaifupi: mpangankhani mu
mu nkhani yaifupi - mwachindunji nkhani yaifupi
- mlembi kapena - mwachindunji
mfotokozankhani - mlembi kapena
akukamba za mfotokozankhani
mpangankhani akukamba za
mpangankhani

80
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera zoyesera
- mopanda chindunji
- zoyankhula zawo  kutsutsana
- zochita zawo  kuchita
- zoganiza zawo kafukufuku
- maonekedwe awo  kufotokoza
- mmene  kufunsa ndi
ampangankhani ena kuyankha
akukhudzidwira ndi mafunso
mpangankhani  kuchita sewero
 kuyerekeza
7 akambirana  kukambirana ampangankhani
makhalidwe a makhalidwe a
mpangankhani mpangankhani
- wolimba mtima
- wachifundo
- wachimasomaso
- wankhanza

81
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
8 asiyanitsa  kusiyanitsa
ampangankhani ampangankhani  kufunsa ndi  mabuku
molingana ndi molingana ndi kuyankha  nkhani zazifupi
makhalidwe awo makhalidwe awo mafunso ndi zazitali
 kulemba chidule cha  kukambirana zokhudza chuma
9 alemba chidule makhalidwe a  ntchito za  bolodi
cha makhalidwe a mpangankhani ophunzira  zithunzi
ampangankhani mopereka umboni awiriawiri  zithunzi
mopereka  ntchito za zotukuza,
umboni  kuzukuta njira ophunzira ng’oma,
zoonetsa makhalidwe m’magulu nthenga/pepala,
10 azukuta njira a ampangankhani  kufotokoza cholembera
zoonetsera chotukuzira
ampangankhani  mabuku otukuza
opezeka
m’nkhani yaifupi

11 apereka  Mfundo yaikulu  kupereka tanthauzo la

tanthauzo la m’nkhani yaifupi mfundo yaikulu mu
mfundo yaikulu nkhani yaifupi
mu nkhani - zitsanzo za mfundo
yaifupi zazikulu

82
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera

12 apeza mfundo
yaikulu popereka  kupeza mfundo
umboni wake yaikulu popereka
umboni wake
13 alemba chidule
cha nkhani  kulemba chidule cha
yaifupi nkhani yaifupi

 Malo ndi nthawi

14 akambirana za m’nkhani yaifupi
malo ndi nthawi  kukambirana za malo
m’nkhani yaifupi ndi nthawi m’nkhani
yaifupi
- tanthauzo la malo
ndi nthawi
- zitsanzo za malo
enieni monga: msika,
kumudzi, kutchire,
kutawuni, Salima,
Malawi, kunyanja
 zitsanzo za nthawi
yeniyeni monga:
masana, chilimwe,

83
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
usiku
 zitsanzo za nthawi
mu mbiri monga:
nthawi ya John
Chilembwe, Kamuzu
Banda, Mchape
- nthawi mu ndale
monga: nthawi ya
atsamunda, chipani
chimodzi, zipani
zambiri
15 apeza magawo
osiyanasiyana a  kupeza magawo
malo ndi nthawi osiyanasiyana a malo
m’nkhani yaifupi ndi nthawi m’nkhani
yaifupi

16 afotokoza za
kufunika kwa  kufotokoza za
malo ndi nthawi kufunika kwa malo ndi
m’nkhani yaifupi nthawi m’nkhani
yaifupi

84
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
17 akambirana za
mgwirizano wa  kukambirana za
malo/nthawi ndi mgwirizano wa
ampangankhani malo/nthawi ndi
 Nsetso ampangankhani
18 apereka
tanthauzo la  kupereka tanthauzo la
nsetso nsetso
19 apeza zipangizo
za nsetso  kupeza zipangizo za
m’nkhani yaifupi nsetso m’nkhani
yaifupi monga:
- chikumbumtima
- kalosera
- m’malere
- kuyankhulana
- kunyogodola
- kasankhidwe ka
mawu
- njakata
- msemphano
- faniziro
- chithunzithunzi
- nsinjiro za

85
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zipangizo
zophunzirira ndi zophunzitsira,
zoyesera zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
- chiyankhulo
20 akambirana
kalembedwe ka  kukambirana
nkhani yaifupi kalembedwe ka nkhani
 Mphendero yaifupi
21 apereka
tanthauzo la  kupereka tanthauzo la
mphendero mphendero

22 afotokoza
mitundu ya  kufotokoza mitundu
mphendero ya mphendero monga:
- mkambazamwini
(ine, ife)
- mkambazawina
(iwe, iwo)
- mkambazawina
wodziwa zonse
- mkambazawina
wosadziwa zambiri

86
Fomu 4
Mutu waukulu: Kuzukuta mozama nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa

Cholinga: Ophunzira azukuta mozama ndi kupereka maganizo awo pa nkhani zamchezo ndi
zolembedwa pogwiritsa ntchito magawo aakuluakulu ndi zipangizo zozukutira.

Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi
zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
zoyesera

Tidziwa kuti Ophunzira: Nkhani yaitali

ophunzira 1 afotokoza  kufotokoza  kuchita ntchito za
 nkhani
akukhoza ngati: tsatanetsatane wa tsatanetsatane wa m’magulu,
 pepala
nkhani yaitali nkhani yaitali monga awiriawiri,
 mabuku
 asonyeza - chiyambi mmodzimmodzi
 zithunzi
kumvetsa za - chikwera  kukambirana
 wayilesi
magawo - pampondachimera  kutsutsana
 wayilesi ya kanema
aakuluakulu a - mathero  kuchita
 zotukuza
nkhani yaitali kafukufuku
zosiyanasiyana
2 azukuta  kuzukuta  kufotokoza
monga zithunzi,
tsatanetsatane wa tsatanetsatane wa  kufunsa ndi
mabuku ndi
nkhani yaitali zochitika mu nkhani kuyankha
mapepala
yaitali mafunso
 kuchita sewero
3 achita chidule cha  kuchita chidule cha  kuyerekeza
nkhani yaitali nkhani yaitali ampangankhani

87
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi
zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
zoyesera
4 akambirana  Ampangankhani  kukambirana mitundu  kufunsa ndi  mabuku
mitundu ya ya ampangankhani mu kuyankha  nkhani zazifupi ndi
ampangankhani nkhani yaitali monga: mafunso zazitali zokhudza
- mpangankhani  kukambirana chuma
wamkulu  ntchito za  bolodi
- mpangankhani ophunzira  zithunzi
wotsutsa awiriawiri  zithunzi zotukuza
- mpangankhani  ntchito za  ng’oma
wosintha ophunzira  nthenga/pepala
- mpangankhani m’magulu mabuku otukuza
wopaza  kufotokoza
- mpangankhani
wakathithi
- mpangankhani
wosasintha

5 akambirana  Maonetsedwe a  kukambirana

maonetsedwe a ampangankhani maonetsedwe
mpangankhani ampangankhani
monga:

88
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi
zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
zoyesera
- mwachindunji
(mlembi kapena
mfotokozankhani
akukamba za
mpangankhani)
- mopanda chindunji
- zoyankhula zawo
- zochita zawo
- zoganiza zawo
- maonekedwe awo
- mmene
ampangankhani
ena
akukhudzidwira
ndi mpangankhani

6 akambirana  kukambirana
makhalidwe a makhalidwe a
mpangankhani ampangankhani
monga:
- wolimba mtima
- wachifundo
- wachimasomaso
-

89
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi
zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
zoyesera
- wankhanza
7 asiyanitsa
 kusiyanitsa
ampangankhani
ampangankhani
molingana ndi
molingana ndi
makhalidwe awo
makhalidwe awo
8 alemba chidule
 Mfundo yaikulu  kulemba chidule cha
cha makhalidwe
makhalidwe a
a ampangankhani
ampangankhani
mopereka
mopereka umboni
umboni
 kuzukuta njira
9 azukuta njira
zoonetsera
zoonetsera
makhalidwe a
ampangankhani
ampangankhani
opezeka
m’nkhani yaitali
10 apereka  kupereka tanthauzo la
tanthauzo la mfundo yaikulu
mfundo yaikulu

90
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi
zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
zoyesera
11 apeza mfundo  kupeza mfundo
yaikulu popereka yaikulu popereka
umboni wake umboni wake
- zitsanzo za mfundo
zazikulu
12 alemba chidule
 kulemba chidule cha
cha nkhani yaitali
nkhani
13 akambirana za  Malo ndi nthawi  kukambirana za malo
malo ndi nthawi ndi nthawi m’nkhani
m’nkhani yaitali yaitali
- tanthauzo la malo
ndi nthawi
- zitsanzo za malo
enieni monga: msika,
kumudzi, kutchire,
kutawuni, Salima,
Malawi, kunyanja

 zitsanzo za nthawi
yeniyeni monga:
masana, chilimwe,
usiku

91
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi
zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
zoyesera
 zitsanzo za nthawi
mu mbiri monga:
nthawi ya John
Chilembwe, Kamuzu
Banda, Mchape

- nthawi mu ndale
monga: nthawi ya
atsamunda, chipani
chimodzi, zipani
zambiri
14 apeza magawo  kupeza magawo
osiyanasiyana a osiyanasiyana a malo
malo ndi nthawi ndi nthawi m’nkhani
m’nkhani yaitali yaitali

15 afotokoza za  kufotokoza za
kufunika kwa kufunika kwa malo ndi
malo ndi nthawi nthawi m’nkhani
m’nkhani yaitali

92
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi
zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
zoyesera
16 akambirana za  kukambirana za
mgwirizano wa mgwirizano wa
malo/nthawi ndi malo/nthawi ndi
mpangankhani ampangankhani
17 apereka  kupereka tanthauzo la
 Nsetso
tanthauzo la nsetso
nsetso
 kupeza zipangizo za
18 apeza zipangizo
nsetso m’nkhani yaitali
za nsetso
monga:
m’nkhani yaitali
- chikumbumtima
- kalosera
- m’malere
- kuyankhulana
- kunyogodola
- kasankhidwe ka
mawu
- njakata
- msemphano
- faniziro
- chithunzithunzi

93
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi
zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
zoyesera
19 apereka  kupereka tanthauzo la
tanthauzo la mphendero
mphendero
20 afotokoza  Mphendero  kufotokoza mitundu
mitundu ya ya mphendero monga:
mphendero - mkambazamwini
(ine, ife)
- mkambazawina
(iwe, iwo)
- mkambazawina
wodziwa zones
- mkambazawina
wosadziwa zambiri
21 akambirana  Kalembedwe ka  Kukambirana
kalembedwe ka nkhani yaitali kalembedwe ka nkhani
nkhani yaitali yaitali
22 akambirana  kukambirana kusiyana
kusiyana kwa ka kwa nkhani yaifupi ndi
nkhani yaifupi yaitali monga:
ndi yaitali - kuchuluka kwa
ampangankhani

94
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi
zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
zoyesera
Tidziwa kuti - kutalika kwa
ophunzira akhoza nkhani
ngati: - kuchepa kapena
kuchuluka kwa
mfundo zazikulu
 azukuta mozama Ophunzira:
ndi kuchita 1 apereka Masewero a zisudzo  kupereka tanthauzo la
mitundu tanthauzo la chisudzo
yosiyanasiyana chisudzo
ya zisudzo
2 afotokoza  kufotokoza kusiyana
zokhudza zinthu
kusiyana kwa kwa chisudzo ndi
monga matenda
chisudzo ndi nkhani zina zamchezo
a edzi, chuma,
nkhani zina ndi zolembedwa
ndale,
zamchezo ndi monga ndakatulo,
chilengedwe,
zolembedwa nkhani yaifupi ndi
ufulu
nkhani yaitali
wachibadwidwe
pounikira izi:
ndi zina
- gawo la chisudzo
- nunsu
- kuyankhulana
- amtengambali

95
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi
zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
zoyesera
3 afotokoza  Mitundu ya  kufotokoza mitundu
mitundu ya zisudzo ya zisudzo
zisudzo - zisudzo zothera
m’chisangalalo
- zisudzo zothera
m’chisoni
4 afotokoza  kufotokoza kufunika
kufunika kwa kwa zisudzo monga:
zisudzo - kusangalatsa
- kudzudzula
- kuphunzitsa
5 apereka magawo  kupereka magawo a
a zisudzo zisudzo monga:
- tsatanetsatane wa
chisudzo (magwero,
chikwera cha
nkhani,
pampondachimera,
zotsatira)
- mfundo yaikulu

96
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi
zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
zoyesera
- amtengambali
(mtengambali
wamkulu ndi
wotsutsa)
- malo ndi nthawi
- chisokonezo (cha
pakati pa
amtengambali,
mtengambali ndi iye
mwini, mtengambali
ndi chilengedwe,
mtengambali ndi
gulu la anthu)
6 akambirana
 kukambirana
zipangizo za
zipangizo za zisudzo
zisudzo
monga:
- njakata
- m’malere
- zovala
- nsinjiro za
chiyankhulo

97
Mlingo wa Zizindikiro za Mutu Zina mwa zomwe Zina mwa njira Zina mwa zipangizo
kakhozedwe kakhozedwe ophunzira achite zophunzitsira, zophunzitsira,
zophunzirira ndi
zophunzirira ndi
zoyesera
zoyesera
7 afotokoza  kufotokoza
kayankhulidwe kayankhulidwe ka
ka m’zisudzo m’zisudzo monga:
- kuyankhula
mwachibadwidwe
(mokweza, motsitsa)
- kuyankhulana
- kuyankhula
mogwiritsa ntchito
nsinjiro za
chiyankhulo

8 azukuta zisudzo  kuzukuta zisudzo

mozama mozama

9 achita zisudzo kuchita zisudzo mochititsa

chidwi

98
Mabuku
Centre for Language Studies (2000). Mtanthauzamawu wa Chichewa/Chinyanja. Blanture: Dzuka.
Chadza, EJ (1984). Tiphunzire Chichewa, Blantyre: CLAIM.
– (1982). Ntchito yapakamw. London: Macmillan
Chichewa Board, (1990). Chichewa grammatical terms. Zomba: Chichewa Board.
Gwengwe, JW (1965). Chimangirizo ndi Chifupikitso. Limbe: Malawi Publications & Literature Bureau
Gwengwe, JW (1994). Chinyanja china. Lusaka: Zambia Educational Publishing House.
– (1994). Chinyanja chin. Lusaka: Zambia Education Publishing House.
Kumakanga, SL (1992). Nzeru zakale. London: Longman.
Kumakanga, SL (1992). Nzeru zakale. Blantyre: Dzuka Publishing Company.
Mvula, TES (1981). Akoma akagonera. Limbe: Popular Publications.
Nankwenya, IAJ (1987). Zofunika m’galamala wa Chichewa. Blantyre: Dzuka.
Nkhoma, WA (1999). Kuphunzira Chinyanja. Zomba: Chancellor College Publications.
Nkhoma, WA (unpublished). A guide to literary terms with Chichewa equivalents and examples
Nthala, SJ (1994). Mawu okuluwika m’Chinyanja. Lusaka: Zambia Educational Publishing House.
Ulanga, AE (1980). Chilape nachize. Limbe: Popular Publications.

99
 Choonjezera choyamba

Nkhokwe ya mawu ozukutira chiyankhulo m’Chichewa

No English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa

1 Cognate noun A noun historically derived from the same Maina opangidwa kuchokera ku tsinde Dzina lamphukira
source limodzi monga:
-nthu = chinthu, munthu, kanthu
2 Copula A linking verb or a verb which has little Mneni wolumikizitsa amene alibe Mneni wodalira (si, ndi, li)
independent meaning and whose main tanthauzo lakelake
function is to relate other elements of
clause structure
3 Vowel Sounds articulated without a complete Liwu limene limatuluka posatsekeratu Lembo lamtsekulanjira
closure in the mouth or a degree of pakamwa politchula
narrowing which would produce audible
friction
4 Consonant Sounds made by a closure or narrowing in Liwu limene mumatseka kapena kupuya Lembo lamtsekanjira
the vocal tract so that the airflow is either pakamwa politchula kuti mpweya
completely blocked or so restricted that ozidutsa mopanikizika kapena kuti
audible friction is audible usadutse nkomwe
5 Figures of An expression that uses language in a Mawu amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito Nsinjiro za chiyankhulo
speech nonliteral way, such as a metaphor or pofuna kupereka tanthauzo lina lobisika.
synecdoche, or in a structured or unusual Zitsanzo zake ndi monga mikuluwiko,
way, such as anaphora or chiasmus, or that zifaniziro ndi zina
employs sounds, such as alliteration or
assonance, to achieve a rhetorical effect.

100
No English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa
6 Idiom A sequence of words which are Mawu angapo amene akaphatikizidwa Chining'a
semantically and often syntactically amapereka tanthauzo losiyana ndi
restricted so that they function as a single limene amapereka mawuwo akakhala
unit. The meaning of the individual words paokhapaokha
cannot be summed to produce the
meaning of the idiomatic expression as a
whole
7 Proverb A popular saying which contains advice or Mawu amene amapereka malangizo Mkuluwiko
states a generally accepted truth. ndipo amanena zoona zimene anthu
ambiri amazikhulupirira
Because most proverbs have their origins
in oral tradition, they are generally worded
in
such a way as to be remembered easily and
tend to change little from generation to
generation, so much so that sometimes
their specific meaning is no longer relevant
8 Allegory A narrative that serves as an extended Nkhani yopeka yofanana ndi nthano Mwambi
metaphor. Allegories are written in the imene imalongosola zinthu
form of fables, parables, poems, stories, zosiyanasiyana. Cholinga cha mwambi
and almost any other style or genre. The ndi kufotokoza nkhani yomwe ili ndi
main purpose of an allegory is to tell a amtengambali, malo ndi nthawi ndi
story that has characters, a setting, as well mitundu ina ya zizindikiritso zomwe zili
as other types of symbols, that have both ndi matanthauzo osabisika komanso
literal and figurative meanings. okuluwika.

101
No English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa
9 Euphemism Using a mild or gentle phrase instead of a Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu osawumitsa Mpeputso
blunt, embarrassing, or painful one. For thupi kapena osachititsa nthumanzi
instance, saying "Grandfather has gone to a m’malo mwa achindunji, ochititsa
better place" is a euphemism for manyazi kapena odzetsa chisoni
"Grandfather has died." The idea is to put n’cholinga choti chinthu chomwe
something bad, disturbing, or chikanakhala choipa, chodandaulitsa
embarrassing in an inoffensive or neutral kapena chopweteka kuchimva chikhale
light. chosawawa.
10 Demonstrative A class of items whose main role is to co- Mawu amene ntchito yake yeniyeni ndi Mlozi
/determiner occur with nouns to express a wide range kulozera mayina makamaka posonyeza
of semantic contrasts such as number or chiwerengero chawo malo amene ali
quantity (pafupi kapena patali)
11 Sound The sensation produced by stimulation of Kunjenjemera kumene kumadutsa Liwu
the organs of hearing by vibrations mumpweya kapena njira zina ndi
transmitted through the air or other kumveka m'makutu
medium.
12 Vowel sound A speech sound that is produced by Kumveka kwa liwu lamtsekulanjira Liwu lamtsekulanjira
comparatively open configuration of the
vocal tract
13 Consonant A speech sound that is articulated with Kumveka kwa liwu lamtsekanjira Liwu lamtsekanjira
sound complete or partial closure of the vocal
tract
14 Grammar The study of structural relationships in Kuzukuta kasanjidwe ndi maubale a Malamulo a chiyankhulo
language or in a language terms of words, mawu mu chiyankhulo kuphatikizapo
phrases, clauses, sometimes including matchuliro ndi matanthauzo a mawu
pronunciation, meaning, and linguistic ndi zina
history.

102
No English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa
15 Grammatical Words used to talk about structural rules Mawu a apadera ogwiritsa ntchito Mawu a malamulo a
terms governing the composition of words, m'malamulo a chiyankhulo chiyankhulo
clauses and phrases in any given natural
language.
16 Grammatical An examination/scrutiny of the grammar Kusanthula zinthu zosiyanasiyana za Kuzukuta malamulo a
analysis of a language malamulo a chiyankhulo chiyankhulo
17 Linguistic Words used to examine/scrutinize Mawu apadera ogwiritsa ntchito Mawu a za chiyankhulo
terms language and how it works pozukuta chiyankhulo
18 Linguistics An examination, scrutiny of language and Kusanthula zinthu zosiyanasiyana mu Kuzukuta mawu a
analysis how it works chiyankhulo zachiyankhulo
19 Phonic Of, relating to, or having the nature of Zokhudza mamvekedwe kapena maliwu Kaonekedwe ndi
sound, especially speech sounds. makamaka pa kayankhulidwe Kamvekedwe ka lembo
20 Conversion A word formation process whereby an Njira yopangira mawu pomwe mawu Mtembenuzo
already existing linguistic item changes omwe alipo kale amangosinthidwa
category and function without changing its mtundu ndi ntchito zawo popanda
kugwiritsa ntchito aphatikiri.
morphology.
21 Intonation A distinctive use of patterns of pitch or Kakwezedwe ndi katsitsidwe ka mngoli Katchulidwe
melody poyankhula
22 Pronunciation A way of speaking a word, especially a Njira yoyankhulira mawu makamaka Matchulidwe
way that is accepted or generally njira yomwe aliyense amagwirizana ndi
understood. kuvomerezana nayo
25 Translation The communication of the meaning of a Njira yoperekera uthenga yomwe mawu Chimasuliro cholemba
source-language text by means of an a chiyankhulo china amasinthidwa
equivalent target-language text through kupita m'chiyankhulo china polemba
writing

103
No English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa
26 Translator A person who converts the meaning of a Munthu amene amasintha uthenga Mmasuliri wa zolemba
source-language text by means of an kuchoka m'chiyankhulo chimodzi kupita
equivalent target-language text through mu china polemba
writing
27 Interpretation The communication of the meaning of a Njira yoperekera uthenga yomwe mawu Chimasuliro
source-language text by means of an a chiyankhulo china amasinthidwa chazoyankhula
equivalent target-language text by word of kupita m'chiyankhulo china poyankhula
mouth
28 Interpreter A person who converts the meaning of a Munthu amene amasintha uthenga Mmasuliri wa zoyankhula
source-language text by means of an kuchoka m'chiyankhulo chimodzi kupita
equivalent target-language text by word of mu china poyankhula
mouth
29 Transcription A method of writing down speech sounds Njira yolembera mwadongosolo zinthu Msandulizo
in a systematic and consistent way zomwe zayankhulidwa pakamwa
30 Summary/ A condensation or brief review of a subject Kunena mwachidule nkhani yofotokoza Chifupikitso
synopsis/ china chake
précis
31 Verb A suffix used to increase or decrease Mphatikiri amene amaphatikizidwa Chionjezeramneni
Extension valence, reorient action or mark aspect on kumapeto kwa tsinde la mneni pofuna
the verb kuwonetsa nthawi yochitika chinthu,
32 Enlargement – – Mkulitsiro
34 Clause A unit of grammatical organization Gulu la mawu lomwe ndi laling'ono Nthambi ya chiganizo
smaller than the sentence but larger poyerekeza ndi chiganizo koma ndi
phrases, words or morphemes lalikulu poyerekeza ndi akapandamneni
35 Adjective A subordinate clause that is used as an Nthambi ya chiganizo imene imagwira Nthambi ya chiganizo
clause adjective within a sentence ntchito ngati mfotokozi mu chiganizo yamfotokozi

104
No English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa
36 Relative clause A subordinate clause that gives essential Nthambi yachiganizo imene Nthambi ya chiganizo ya
information about the noun or noun imafotokoza zambiri za dzina kuti tithe mgwirizano
phrase it modifies, without which the kudziwa za dzina limene likukambidwa
sentence wouldn't make sense as the mu chiganizo
listener or reader would not be able to
identify the noun in the sentence
37 Aspiration Audible breath which may accompany a Kumveka kwa mpumo potchula liwu Mphuliko
sound's articulation when plosive lamtsekanjira lotsindika
consonants are released
38 Glottal A sound made in the larynx due to the Liwu limene limamveka poyankhula Liwukukhosi
closure or narrowing of the glottis mutatseka kapena kupuya pang'ono
njira ya mpweya yakukhosi
39 Syllable A unit of pronunciation typically larger Gulu la matchuliro limene ndi lalikulu Phatikizo
than a single sound and smaller than a kuposa liwu limodzi komanso ndi
word lochepa kuposa mawu amodzi
40 Affix A collective term for a morpheme that is Maphatikizo onse amene Mphatikiri
attached to a word stem to form a new amaphatikizidwa ku tsinde la mawu
word. popanga mawu ena
41 Prefix A term used in morphology referring to an Mphatikiri amene amaphatikizidwa Mphatikiram’mbuyo
affix which is added to initially to a root or kumayambiriro kwa tsinde la mawu
stem
42 Suffix A term used in morphology referring to an Mphatikiri amene amaphatikizidwa Mphatikira m’tsogolo
affix which is added following a root or kumapeto kwa tsinde la mawu
stem
43 Enclitic A word pronounced with so little Mawu amene amatchulidwa Mkulitsi
emphasis that it is shortened and forms mosatsindika ndipo amachepetsedwa
part of the preceding word, eg, n't in can't kuti akhale gawo la mawu amene ali
kumbuyo kwake

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No English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa
44 Tone The distinctive pitch level of a syllable Kukwera kapena kutsika kwa Mngoli
katchulidwe ka phatikizo
45 Stem Part of a classification of the kinds of Gawo lalikulu la mawu Tsinde
elements operating within the structure of
a word
46 High tone A distinct high pitch level of a syllable Katchulidwe kokwera ka phatikizo Mngoli wokwera
47 Low tone A distinct low pitch level of a syllable Katchulidwe kotsika ka phatikizo Mngoli wotsika
48 Immediate – – Nthawi ya mbulanda
future
49 Tense marker eg -ed, -en, etc Mphatikiri wosonyeza nthawi Mphatikiri wa nthawi
yochitikira ntchito (-dza, -na-)
50 Aspect A grammatical description of verbs Dongosolo la momwe aneni Mthandizanthawi
referring primarily to the way the amafotokozera za nthawi yochitikira
grammar marks the duration or type of chinthu
activity denoted by the verb
51 Object marker – Mphatikiri wopezeka pa mneni Mphatikiri wa pamthera
on the verb woyimira amene ntchito ikumuchitikira nkhani
kapena yamchitikira
52 Verb The process of creating a new verb out of Njira yopangira aneni ena kuchokera ku Msintho wa aneni
derivation one or more old words, either by adding a mneni wakale pophatikiza
prefix or suffix or by compounding mphatikiram'mbuyo kapena
mphatikiram'tsogolo kapena
pophatikiza mawu awiri
53 Application – – Msintho wochitira (er-, ir-
)
54 Causation – – Msintho wochititsa
(-etsa/-itsa)

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No English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa
55 Reciprocation – – Msintho wochitirana
(-ena)
56 Passivation – – Msintho wochitidwa
57 Neutral – – Msintho wamchibisira
passive (-eka, -ika)
58 Derogatory – – Msintho wonyazitsa
passive (menywa, pondwa,
pezwa)
59 True passive – – Msintho wochitidwa
poyera (-edwa, -idwa)
60 Intensity – – Msintho wochitsitsa (-
etsa, -itsa, -etsetsa, -itsitsa)
61 Derivational – – Mphatikiram'tsogolo wa
suffixes msintho wa aneni
62 Associative – Mluzanitsi Mluzanitsi
marker
63 Nasal Sounds produced while the soft palate is Maliwu amene amatulutsidwa Madzera mphuno
lowered to allow an audible escape of air potulutsira mpweya m'mphuno
through the nose
64 Syntax The study of rules governing the way Phunziro limene limaunika malamulo a Mlowanamawu
words are combined to form sentences in a kasanjidwe ka mawu mu chiganizo mu
language chiyankhulo chilichonse
65 Morphology The study of word structure Phunziro limaunika malamulo a Mpangiramawu
kasanjidwe ka maphatikizo a mawu mu
chiyankhulo chilichonse
66 Phonology A branch of linguistics that studies the Phunziro limene limaunika malamulo a Mlowanamaliwu
sound systems of a language katchulidwe ka maliwu mu chiyankhulo
chilichonse

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No English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa
67 Interjection A class of words which are unproductive, Gulu la mawu amene alibe ubale wina Mfuwu
do not enter into syntactic relationships uliwonse ndi mawu ena m'chiganizo
with other classes and whose function is koma amangosonyeza
purely emotive
68 Letter sound Liwu la lembo Liwu la lembo
69 Spelling The act or process of writing words by Njira yolembera mawu pogwiritsa Matchuliro
using the letters conventionally accepted ntchito malembo amene ndi
for their formation ovomerezeka
70 Cursive Having the successive letters joined Kulemba mawu molumikiza malembo Chikhukhuza
together
–
71 Phonic Kuzindikira liwu la lembo Kuzindikira liwu la lembo
awareness
72 Concord A formal relationship between elements Mgwirizano wa pakati mawu umene Mgwirizanitsi
whereby a form of one word requires a umasonyezedwa ndi
corresponding form of another amphatikiram'mbuyo
73 Subject A major constituent of sentence or clause Gawo lalikulu la chiganizo lomwe Mchitantchito
structure traditionally associated with the limafotokoza amene akuchita ntchito
doer of an action
74 Object A major constituent of sentence or clause Gawo lalikulu la chiganizo lomwe Mchitidwantchito
structure traditionally associated with the limafotokoza amene ntchito
receiver or goal of an action ikumuchitikira

75 Subject A concord which shows the relationship Mphatikiram’mbuyo wogwirirzanitsa Mgwirizanitsi

concord between the subject and other words in a mchitantchito ndi mawu ena. wamchitantchito
sentence

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No English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa
76 Object concord A concord which shows the relationship Mphatikiram’mbuyo wogwirizanitsa Mgwirizanitsi
between the object and other words in a mchitidwantchito ndi mawu ena. wamchitidwantchito
sentence

Orthographic observations 1 (a) Amalawi

1 How to write proper names/adjectives: (b) Chichewa
(a) A Malawi/Amalawi (c) ya Chingoni
(b) Chichewa/chiChewa
(c) mfumu Yachingoni/ya Chingoni 2 a Chimtengo
2 Honorific “a”:
aChimtengo/a Chimtengo 3 (a) ndaiona
3 Glide insertion (b) zoona
(a) ndaiona/ndayiwona/
(b) zoona/zowona

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 Choonjezera chachiwiri

Nkhokwe ya mawu ozukutira nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa m’Chichewa

English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa

1 Act A major division in a play. Often, individual Gawo lalikulu la chisudzo (sewero) Gawo la chisudzo
acts are divided into smaller units ("scenes") losonyeza zimene zikuchita pa malo ena
that all take place in a specific location ake
2 Actor A person who acts in a play, film, broadcast, Munthu amene amachita nawo sewero la Mtengambali
etc chisudzo
3 Action A real or fictional event or series of such Zochitika mu nkhani yopeka yomwe Zochitika
events comprising the subject of a novel, inachitikadi kapena yopeka yomwe
story, narrative poem, or a play, especially imakhala zokamba mu nthano yaitali,
in the sense of what the characters do in nkhani, ndakatulo yofotokozera kapena
such a narrative chisudzo makamaka pounikira zomwe
amtengambali akuchita mu nkhaniyo
4 Addressee A person who is addressed in conversation, Munthu amene akuyankhulidwa mu Woyankhulidwa
a speech, a poem, etc zokambirana kapena ndakatulo
5 Allegory A narrative that serves as an extended Nkhani yopeka yofanana ndi nthano Mwambi
metaphor. Allegories are written in the form imene imalongosola zinthu
of fables, parables, poems, stories, and zosiyanasiyana. Cholinga cha mwambi ndi
almost any other style or genre. The main kufotokoza nkhani yomwe ili ndi
purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that amtengambali, malo ndi nthawi ndi
has characters, a setting, as well as other mitundu ina ya zizindikiritso zomwe zili
types of symbols, which have both literal ndi matanthauzo osabisika komanso
and figurative meanings. okuluwika

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 English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa

6 Alliteration A pattern of sound that includes the Kapakizidwe ka liwu m'maphatikizo Chibwereza cha
repetition of consonant sounds. The kobwerezedwa. Kubwerezedwaku kutha liwu koyambirira
repetition can be located at the beginning of kuchitika kumayambiriro a mawu
successive words or inside the words. Poets otsatana kapena m'katikati mwa mawu.
often use alliteration to audibly represent Nthawi zambiri alakatuli amagwiritsa
the action that is taking place ntchito chibwereza cha liwu koyambirira
For instance, in the Inferno, Dante states: "I pofuna kuonetsa zochitika kudzera
saw it there, but I saw nothing in it, except m’kamvekedwe ka liwu
the rising of the boiling bubbles" (261). The
repetition of the "b" sounds represents the
sounds of bubbling, or the bursting action of
the boiling pitch
7 Allusion Reference in a literary work to a person, Kutchulapo za munthu, malo kapena Mlozo
place, or thing in history or another work of chinthu china chilichonse chodziwika
literature. Allusions are often indirect or bwino chimene chinachitikapo kapena
brief references to well-known characters or kulembedwa pamene ukukamba kapena
events kulemba za nkhani ina
8 Anadplosis The repetition of the last word of a Kubwereza mawu otsiriza a m’nthambi ya Kam'bwereza
preceding clause. The word is used at the chiganizo ya pambuyo. Mawuwo
end of a sentence and then used again at the amagwiritsidwa ntchito kumathero a
beginning of the next sentence chiganizo n’kukapezekanso
"Watch your thoughts; they become words. kumayambiriro a chiganizo chotsatira
Watch your words; they become actions. Chitsanzo:
Watch your actions; they become habits. Samalani maganizo anu, amasanduka

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 English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa

Watch your habits; they become character. mawu, samalani mawu anu; amasanduka
Watch your character; it becomes your zochita. Samalani zochita zanu
destiny.” zimasanduka zizolowezi…
9 Analogue A story that contains similar characters, Nkhani yomwe imakhala ndi Chikoza
situations, settings, or verbal echoes to those ampangankhani, zochitika malo ndi
found in a different story. Sometimes nthawi kapena mawu ofanana ndi omwe
analogues reveal that one version was ali m’nkhani ina. Nthawi zina chikoza
adopted from or inspired by another, or that chimaonetsa kuti nkhani inachokera ku
both tales originate in a lost, older text. inzakeyo kapena kuti nkhani zonsezo
When one version is clearly the ancestor of zinachokera ku ina yomwe inazilala. Ngati
another, literary scholars refer to it as a nkhani imodzi ikuonekeratu kuti ndi
"source” manthu wa ina, nkhaniyo imatchedwa
kuti ‘gwero’
10 Analogy A comparison that demonstrates the Kuyerekeza komwe kumaonetsa kufanana Mfananitso
similarity or similarities between two things kwa zinthu kapena maganizo awiri.
or concepts.
11 Analysis The separation of an intellectual or material Kuphwanya nkhani m’zigawo Mzukuto
whole into its constituent parts for zosiyanasiyana kuti chigawo chilichonse
individual study chiwunikidwe pachokha
12 Anaphora The intentional repetition of beginning Kubwereza mawu oyambirira m’chiganizo Chibwereza-
clauses in order to create an artistic effect pofuna kuti nkhani itsindikike ndi m'mbuyo
For instance, Churchill declared, "We shall kumveka mokoma
not flag or fail. We shall go on the end. We
shall fight in France. We shall fight on the

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 English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa

seas and oceans. We shall fight with

growing confidence and growing strength
in the air. We shall defend our island,
whatever the cost shall be." The repetition of
"We shall. . ." creates a rhetorical effect of
solidarity and determination
13 Anecdote A short narrative account of an amusing, Kankhani kakafupi konena za zinthu Njerengo
unusual, revealing, or interesting event. A zosangalatsa, zachilendo kapena
good anecdote has a single, definite point, kongowulula zobisika. Njerengo yabwino
and the setting, dialogue, and characters are imakhala ndi mfundo imodzi ndipo malo
usually subordinate to the point of the story ndi nthawi, zoyankhulana ndi
ampangankhani sakhala ofunikira
kwambiri m’nkhaniyo
14 Antagonist A character in a story or poem who Mpangankhani yemwe akunyenga, Mpangankhani
deceives, frustrates, or works against the kusokoneza kapena kuchita zinthu wotsutsa
main character, or protagonist, in some way zolimbana ndi mpangankhani wamkulu
15 Antithesis Using opposite phrases in close conjunction. Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu otsutsana Kamtsutse
Examples might be, "I burn and I freeze," or matanthauzo moyandikana
"Her character is white as sunlight, black as
midnight."
16 Aphorism A short, often witty statement that contains Kachiganizo kakafupi koonetsa kuganiza Langizo
a serious maxim, opinion, or general truth. mochenjera kwambiri komanso komveka
e.g Live simply, so that you may simply live moseketsa koma kokhala ndi ganizo
lozama kapena konena zoona

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 English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa

17 Apologue A brief fable or allegorical story with Kankhani kakafupi koma kochulukitsa Kanthano ka
pointed or exaggerated details, meant to zokamba n’cholinga chofuna kuonetsa malangizo
serve as a pleasant vehicle for a moral khalidwe labwino kapena kufuna
kupereka malangizo m’chibisira. Kusiyana
doctrine or to convey a useful lesson
kwake ndi nthano zina, n’kwakuti
without stating it explicitly. Unlike a fable,
malangizowo ndi omwe amakhala ofunika
the moral is more important than the kwambiri poyerekeza ndi tsatanetsatane
narrative details wa nkhaniyo
18 Aposiopesis Is a figure of speech wherein a sentence is Nsinjiro ya chiyankhulo pomwe chiganizo Kakasi
deliberately broken off and left unfinished, chimathera panjira kuti munthu
the ending to be supplied by the angoganizira yekha mathero ake ndi
imagination, giving an impression of kupereka maganizo oti woyankhulayo
unwillingness or inability to continue. An sanafune kapena analephera kupitiriza
example would be the threat "Get out, or
else—!"
19 Apostrophe Apostrophe is the act of addressing some Uwu ndi mchitidwe wochiyankhula Chindunji
abstraction or personification that is not chinthu chopanda moyo chosaoneka ndi
physically present. maso.
For instance, John Donne commands, "Oh,
Death, be not proud." King Lear proclaims,
"Ingratitude! Thou marble-hearted fiend, /
More hideous when thou show'st thee in a
child / Than the sea-monster." Death, of
course, is a phenomenon rather than a
proud person, and ingratitude is an

114
 English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa

abstraction that hardly cares about Lear's

opinion, but the act of addressing the
abstract has its own rhetorical power
20 Assonance A deliberate repetition of the same or Kubwereza mwadala malembo a liwu Chibwereza cha
similar vowel sounds in nearby words in a m’mawu oyandikana m’chiganizo liwu pakatikati
construction
21 Cause and effect Refers to the philosophical concept of Mawuwa amaimira ganizo lonena za Gwero ndi
causality, in which an action or event will chiyambi pomwe zochita kapena zochitika zotsatira
produce a certain response to the action in zimayambitsa zinzake (mchisudzo)/
the form of another event chiyambi ndi
mathero
(m’nkhani)
22 Character A personage in a narrative or dramatic Chinthu kapena munthu yemwe akuchita Mpangankhani
work. Most stories contain one or more kapena kukambidwa mu nkhani kapena
major characters and several minor sewero
characters
Dynamic A person who undergoes significant Mpangankhani yemwe amatambasulidwa Mpangankhani
character development or change during the story. kwambiri kapena kusintha wosintha
Flat Character A person with little depth or complexity, Mpangankhani yemwe sachita zambiri Mpangankhani
who may be described in one or two phrases ndipo atha kufotokozedwa m’mawu wopaza
owerengeka

Round A person with a fully developed, complex Mpangankhani wotambasulidwa Mpangankhani

Character (even contradictory) personality, who defies kwambiri wa khalidwe lovuta kulimvetsa wakathithi

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 English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa

simple analysis and description ndipo kaamba ka ichi n’kovuta

kumuzukuta ndi kumufotokozera
Static Character A person who remains essentially Mpangankhani yemwe amakhala Mpangankhani
unchanged throughout the story chimodzimodzi kuyambira pa chiyambi wosasintha
mpaka pa mathero a nkhani
23 Characterisation The methods by which writers create, Njira zomwe alembi amawumbira ndi Maonetsedwe a
reveal, or develop their characters. Writers kuonetsera ampangankhani awo. Njirayi mpangankhani
can focus on the external reality of their imatha kusonyeza maonekedwe, zochita
characters by describing their appearance, komanso kayankhulidwe ndi maganizo a
actions, or manner of speech. They can also mpangankhani
portray the inner reality of their characters
by revealing their thoughts and feelings

24 Climax The decisive moment in a drama. The Nthawi yomwe nkhani yafika pachimake Pampondachimera
climax is the turning point of the play to kotero kuti kuyambira nthawi imeneyo
which the rising action leads. This is the nkhaniyo imayamba kuzilala. Ili ndi gawo
crucial part of the drama, the part that la nkhani lofunikira kwambiri lomwe
determines the outcome of the conflict limawunikira zotsatira za chisokonezo
chomwe chili m’nkhani

25 Composition A piece of writing undertaken as an Nkhani yomwe yalembedwa mwaluso Mpeko

academic exercise in grammatically motsata malamulo oyenera a kalembedwe

116
 English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa

acceptable writing
26 Complication Plot events that plunge the protagonist Zochitika munkhani zomwe zimachititsa Kulimbana
further into conflict kuti mpangankhani wamkulu akhale
pachisokonezo
27 Conflict A problem or struggle between two Kusamvana kapena mkangano wa mbali Chisokonezo
opposing forces in a story. There are four ziwiri zosiyana maganizo. Pali mitundu
basic conflicts: inayi ya chisokonezo
 Person against Person: A problem  Cha pakati pa anthu. Chisokonezo cha
between characters. pakati pa ampangankhani.
 Person against Self: A problem within a  Cha iwe mwini. Mpangankhani
character’s own mind amatha kukhala ndi maganizo
otsutsana
 Person against Society: A problem  Cha pakati pa munthu ndi gulu la
between a character and society, school, anthu. Kusamvana kumatha
the law, or some tradition. kukhalapo pakati pa mpangankhani
ndi gulu la anthu, sukulu malamulo
kapena miyambo ina.
 Person against Nature: A problem  Cha pakati pa munthu ndi
between a character and some element chilengedwe. Mkangano wa
of nature-ablizzard, a hurricane, a mpangankhani ndi zinthu zina
mountain climb, etc zachilengedwe

28 Connotation An association that comes along with a Lingaliro lomwe limadza mogwirizana ndi Tanthauzo
particular word. Connotations relate not to a mawu akeake. Tanthauzo lapadera lapadera

117
 English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa

word's actual meaning, but rather to the silikhudza kwenkweni tanthauzo lenileni
ideas or qualities that are implied by that la mawuwo koma malingaliro kapena
word. A good example is the word "gold." zizindikiro zomwe mawuwo amaonetsa
The denotation of gold is a malleable, mopanda chindunji
ductile, yellow element. The connotations,
however, are the ideas associated with gold,
such as greed, luxury, or avarice
29 Consonance The repetition of consonant sounds at Kubwerezedwa kwa malembo opanda Mbwerezaliwu
sporadic positions liwu mwapatalipatali
30 Critical analysis The systematic division of a work of Kuphwanya nkhani zamchezo ndi Kuzukuta mozama
literature into its various parts or elements zolemba m’magawo osiyanasiyana
in order to achieve a better understanding of n’cholinga chofuna kuzimvetsa bwino
the whole
31 Cross link Starting a verse with the last word or phrase Kuyamba mzere ndi mawu kapena Kalumikiza
of preceding line kapandamneni wakumtsiriziro kwa mzere
wa pambuyo
32 Denotation The minimal, strict definition of a word as Ganizo lonena molunjika zomwe mawu Tanthauzo
found in a dictionary, disregarding any akuyimira mosaganizira mbiri kapena landunji
historical or emotional connotation malingaliro apadera
33 Dialogue The lines spoken by a character or characters Mawu oyankhulidwa ndi ampangankhani Kuyankhulana
in a play, essay, story, or novel, especially a makamaka pomwe akuyankhulana
conversation between two characters, or a m’nkhani zamchezo ndi zolemba
literary work that takes the form of such a
discussion

118
 English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa

34 Diction The choice of a particular word as opposed Kutenga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mawu Kasankhidwe ka
to others ogwirizana ndi malingaliro ako mawu
35 Dilemma a problem offering at least two possibilities, Kukhala ndi vuto loti usankhe chinthu Njakata
neither of which is practically acceptable chimodzi mwa ziwiri ngakhale kuti
zonsezo n’zosavomerezeka kwathunthu
36 Drammatic The act of performing drama Kuchita chisudzo Chisudzo
Performance
37 Elements of These are building blocks of a performance Zinthu zimene zimayenera kupezeka Magawo a
drammatic and include: focus, tension, mood, roles, pochita chisudzo chisudzo
performance symbols and contrast
38 Dramatic verse A literary work, other than a poem, Kankhani kopekedwa ngati ndakatulo Mlazandakatulo
composed in a poetic form
39 Dramatis A list of the complete cast, i.e., the various Mndandanda wa ampangankhani omwe Ochita chisudzo
personae characters that will appear in the play. This apezeke m’sewero. Mndandanda
list usually appears before the text of the umenewu kawirikawiri umapezeka
main play begins in printed copies of the koyambirira kwa sewero lolembedwa
text
40 Echo A verbal reverberation. It is the repetition of Kubwerezedwa kwa mawu kapena Kayowozi
words or phrases in a poem or prose to akapandamneni mu ndakatulo kapena
create a poetic effect. nkhani n’cholinga choti izimveka
mwandakatulo

41 End-stopped a line ending in a full pause, often indicated Mzere umene umatsirizira ndi malo Mpumulo
by appropriate punctuation such as a period opumira omwe kawirikawiri amakhala

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 English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa

or semicolon ndi chizindikiro chopumira monga

mpumiro

42 Enjambment A line having no pause or end punctuation Mawu oyalidwa bwino mopanda Mbweza
but having uninterrupted grammatical zizindikiro zopumira kuchoka mzere
meaning continuing into the next line umodzi kunka ku unzake koma wokhala
ndi tanthauzo lomveka bwino
43 Epilogue A conclusion added to a literary work such Mawu otsiriza omwe amapezeka Mkwanguliro
as a novel, play, or long poem. It is the kumathero kwa nkhani zamchezo ndi
opposite of a prologue. Often, the epilogue zolemba monga nthano yayitali, sewero,
refers to the moral of a fable. Sometimes, it kapena ndakatulo yayitali. Nthawi
is a speech made by one of the actors at the zambiri mkwanguliro umakamba za
end of a play asking for the indulgence of phunziro la m’nthano. Nthawi zina
the critics and the audience m’modzi mwa ochita sewero
amayankhula pakutha pa sewerolo pofuna
kuti anthu ena komanso owonera anene
maganizo awo
44 Epiphora Repetition of the ends of two or more Kubwereza mathero a mizere iwiri kapena Chibwereza
successive sentences, verses, etc yochulukirapo yoyandikana
45 Epiplexis a rhetorical device in which the speaker Njira yoyankhulira pomwe woyankhula Mtafu
reproaches the audience in order to incite or amadzudzula omvera pofuna
convince them kuwanyandula kapena kuwazindikiritsa
46 Epithet A short, poetic nickname--often in the form Dzina lodzipatsa kapena lopatsidwa Dzina la khalidwe
of an adjective or adjectival phrase--attached kuwonjezera pa lomwe umadziwika nalo
kale. Nthawi zambiri limakhala ngati

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 English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa

to the normal name. Frequently, this kapandamneni wa mfotokozi lomwe

technique allows a poet to extend a line by a limapakizidwa ku dzina lenileni la
few syllables in a poetic manner that munthuyo. Kawirikawiri njira iyi
imathandiza alakatuli kuti athe kutalikitsa
characterizes an individual or a setting
mzere ndi maphatikizo angapo mokhala
within an epic poem
ngati dakatulo
47 Eponymn A word that is derived from the proper Mawu amene amapangidwa kuchokera ku Mwinidzina
name of a person or place. For instance, the dzina lamwinimwini la munthu kapena
sandwich gained its name from its inventor, malo
the fourth Earl of Sandwich Chitsanzo: Dzulo tagonera domasi (matemba
opezeka ku Domasi)
48 Essay A short piece of nonfiction that expresses Nkhani yofotokoza maganizo a mlembi Chimangirizo
the writer’s opinion or shares information kapena yongokamba za mfundo zokhudza
about a subject mutu omwe ulipo kuti ena adziwe
49 Euphemism Using a mild or gentle phrase instead of a Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu osawumitsa Mpeputso
blunt, embarrassing, or painful one. For thupi kapena osachititsa nthumanzi
instance, saying "Grandfather has gone to a m’malo mwa achindunji, ochititsa
better place" is a euphemism for manyazi kapena odzetsa chisoni
"Grandfather has died." The idea is to put n’cholinga choti chinthu chomwe
something bad, disturbing, or embarrassing chikanakhala choipa, chodandaulitsa
in an inoffensive or neutral light kapena chopweteka kuchimva chikhale
chosawawa

50 Exposition The part of the story, usually near the Gawo la nkhani makamaka koyambirira Chiyambi
(beginning) beginning, in which the characters are komwe amafotokozako za

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 English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa

introduced, the background is explained, ampangankhani, gwero la nkhaniyo

and the setting is described komanso malo ndi nthawi
51 Falling action The action and dialogue following the Zochita ndi zoyankhulana zomwe Mtsetse wa nkhani
climax that leads the reader into the story’s zimadza pakadutsa pampondachimera
end n’kulunjika ku mathero a nkhaniyo
52 Fable A brief story illustrating human tendencies Kanthano kakafupi koonetsa makhalidwe Kanthano ka
through animal characters. Unlike the a anthu koma ampangankhani ake nyama
parables, fables often include talking amakhala nyama. Kusiyana kwake ndi
animals or animated objects as the principal fanizo n’kwakuti m’tinthanoti
characters kawirikawiri mumakhala nyama kapena
zinthu zina zomwe zimayankhula ngati
ampangankhani aakulu
53 Figures of A scheme or trope used for rhetorical or Mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito mwapadera Nsinjiro za
speech artistic effect. pokometsera nkhani zamchezo ndi chiyankhulo
zolembedwa
54 Metaphor Comparison of two unlike things using the Mfananitso wopanda chindunji pogwiritsa Chiyerekezero
verb "to be" and not using like or as, as in a ntchito mneni wodalira popanda mawu
simile. Example: He is a pig oyerekezera oti ‘ngati.’
55 Simile An explicit comparison between two Mfananitso wachindunji wa zinthu ziwiri Chifanifani
distinctly different things, using the word zosiyana pogwiritsa ntchito mawu oti
"like" or "as." ‘ngati.’
56 Flashback Interruption of the chronological (time) Kudukiza nkhani n’kuyamba kunena Chikumbumtima
order to present something that occurred zomwe zinachitika nkhani yomwe
before the beginning of the story imakambidwayo isanachitike

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57 Foil A character that serves by contrast to Mpangankhani yemwe ntchito yake Mpanduki
highlight or emphasize opposing traits in n’kusonyeza kapena kutsindika
another character kakhalidwe kake kotsutsana ndi ka
mpangankhani wina
58 Folktale Stories passed along from one generation to Nkhani zamchezo zimene anthu a m’bado Nthano zamakolo
the next by word-of-mouth rather than by a umodzi amakambira ndi kusiyira a
written text m’bado wotsatira mosachita kulemba
59 Foreshadow Important hints that an author drops to Mfundo zofunikira zomwe mlembi Kalosera
prepare the reader for what is to come, and amapereka pofuna kuti owerenga
help the reader anticipate the outcome akonzekere zomwe zikudza ndi
kuwathandizanso owerengawo kuti
akhale ndi chithunzithunzi cha zotsatira
60 Geasa/geisa/geis A magical taboo or restriction placed on a Chiletso chomwe mpangankhani Chizimba
hero wamkulu amapatsidwa kuti azitsatira kuti
zinthu zipitirire kumuyendera bwino
61 Glossary of A list of terms used in the field of literature Mndandanda wa mawu wozukutira Nkhokwe ya mawu
literary terms nkhani zamchezo ndi zolembedwa ozukutuira nkhani
za mchezo ndi
zolembedwa
62 Hamartia A term from Greek tragedy that literally Mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito Tchimo
means "missing the mark." Originally pofuna kunena za kulakwika makamaka
applied to an archer who misses the target, a kukhala ndi maganizo olakwika kapena
hamartia came to signify a tragic flaw, kusadziwa zakutsogolo, kusazindikira ndi
especially a misperception, a lack of some kusowa masomphenya, zomwe

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important insight, or some blindness that kudabwitsa kwake n’kwakuti zimadza

ironically results from one's own strengths kaamba koti munthuyo ndi waluntha
and abilities
63 Hot seating A drama technique where a character is Njira ya chisudzo imene ampangankhani Kuyerekeza
questioned by a group about their amafunsidwa ndi oonera za mbiri ya
background, behaviour or motivation. moyo wawo ngakhalenso za khalidwe
lawo
64 Hubris A negative term implying both arrogant, Mawu oonetsa kuti munthuyo ndi Matama
excessive self-pride or self-confidence wamakani, wodzimva kapena
wodzitamandira
65 Hyperbole A purposeful exaggeration for emphasis or Kukokomeza ndi cholinga chofuna Voko
humor kutsimikiza kapena kuseketsa
66 Imagery Common term of variable meaning, imagery Mawu odziwika koma okhala ndi Chithunzithunzi
includes the "mental pictures" that readers matanthauzo osiyanasiyana.
experience with a passage of literature. It Chithunzithunzi chimakhudza zomwe
signifies all the sensory perceptions referred awerengi amaziona m’maganizo awo
to in a poem, whether by literal description, akamawerenga nkhani zolembedwa.
allusion, simile, or metaphor. Imagery is not Chithunzithunzi chimaonetsa zinthu
limited to visual imagery; it also includes zonse zimene munthu amamva zomwe
auditory (sound), tactile (touch), thermal zakhudzidwa mu ndakatulo, kaya
(heat and cold), olfactory (smell), gustatory kudzera mu kungofotokozera chabe,
(taste), and kinesthetic sensation mlozo, chifanifani kapena chiyerekezo.
(movement) Chithunzithunzi sichimakhudza kuona
ndi maso kokha komanso chimakhudza

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kumva (liwu), kukhudza (khungu), kumva

(kutentha ndi kuzizira) kumva (fungo),
kumva (kakomedwe) ndiponso kumva
(kuyendayenda)
67 Inciting force Event or character that triggers conflict in a Zochitika kapena mpangankhani amene Kamshoshe
story amayambitsa chisokonezo mu nkhani
68 Irony Is an implied discrepancy between what is Kuyankhula mawu onena zina Msemphano
said and what is meant ukutanthauza zina.
Three kinds of irony: Mitundu itatu ya mnyazisto
1 Verbal irony is when an author says one 1 Mnyazitso wa mawu pomwe mpeki
thing and means something else. amanena zina akutanthauza zina.
2 Dramatic irony is when an audience 2 Mnyazitso wa m'chisudzo pomwe
perceives something that a character in owonera amatulukira zinthu zomwe
the literature does not know mpangankhani sakuzidziwa
3 3 Irony of situation is a discrepancy 3 3 Mnyazitso wa momwe zilili zinthu
between the expected result and actual pamene pamakhala kusiyana pakati pa
results zotsatira zoyembekezeka ndi zotsatira
zenizeni
69 Kinesics The analysis of how body movements can Kuwunika momwe kagwedezedwe ka Muuni wa
communicate meaning thupi kangaperekere uthenga. kuthimbwidzika
70 Literary genre A type or category of literature or film Mtundu kapena gulu la nkhani zamchezo Mitundu ya nkhani
marked by certain shared features or ndi zolembedwa kapena kanema yemwe zamchezo ndi
conventions. The three broadest categories amadziwika kaamba kokhala ndi zinthu zolembedwa
of genre include poetry, drama, and fiction zofunikira zofanana. Magulu atatu

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aakuluakulu ndi ndakatulo, zisudzo ndi

nkhani.
71 Literary terms – – Mawu ozukutira
nkhani za mchezo
ndi zolembedwa
72 Literature – – Nkhani zamchezo
ndi zolembedwa
73 Metonym Using a vaguely suggestive, physical object Kugwiritsa ntchito chinthu kuti chiyimire Mtengeradzina
to embody a more general idea. The term ganizo mwachidule koma mopanda
metonym also applies to the object itself chindunji
used to suggest that more general idea.
Some examples of metonym are using the
metonym crown in reference to royalty or
the entire royal family
74 Monologue A long speech made by one actor in a play Mawu oyankhulidwa kwa nthawi yayitali Kudziyankhulira
ndi mtengambali mu sewero
75 Mood The feeling a piece of literature is intended Momwe munthu amamvera (chisoni, Kaonekedwe/
to create in a reader. chimwemwe, mkwiyo) akamawerenga mamvedwe
76 Motif A recurrent thematic element in an artistic Mfundo yomwe Sathaphazi
or literary work; a dominant theme or ikubwerezedwabwerezedwa kapena
central idea yomwe yamanga nthenje mu nkhani
yamchezo ndi yolembedwa
77 Narrative verse A poem that tells a story and often uses the Ndakatulo imene imanena nkhani kudzera Ndakatulo
narrator or characters mwa mfotokozankhani kapena yofotokozera

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ampangankhani
78 Narrator The person or character who actually tells Munthu kapena mpangankhani yemwe Mfotokozankhani
the story, filling in the background akukamba nkhaniyo ndi kufotokoza za
information and bridging the gaps between gwero la zochitika kapena kuyankhula pa
dialogue nthawi yoti oyankhulana ayamba apumira
kaye.
79 Nemesis a rival or opponent who cannot be Wopikisana kapena wotsutsana naye Puludzu
overcome. It also means any situation or yemwe sagonja. Nthawi zina puludzu
condition that one cannot change or amakhala nyengo kapena zochitika
triumph over and an agent or act of zomwe munthu sangathe kuzisintha
punishment kapena kuzigonjetsa. Mwinanso
In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Macduff is the chimangokhala ngati chipsinjo kapena
nemesis of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth chilango.
80 Novel A book-length, fictional prose story. Because Nkhani yopeka yaitali yolembedwa ngati Nthano yaitali
of its length, a novel’s characters and plot chimangirizo. Kaamba ka utali wake,
are usually more developed than those of a ampangankhani komanso tsatanetsatane
short story wa nkhani zimatambasulidwa kwambiri
kuposa momwe zimakhalira mu nthano
yaifupi.
81 Oral questions Questions administered by word of the Mafunso amene amafunsidwa poyankhula Mafunso
mouth. mawu a pakamwa apakamwa

82 Parable A parable is a very short narrative about Kankhani kakafupi kokamba za anthu Fanizo
human beings presented so as to stress the pofuna kutsindika kufanana kwake kwa

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tacit analogy, or parallel, with a general mchibisira ndi ganizo kapena phunziro
thesis or lesson that the narrator is trying to lomwe wofotokoza nkhaniyo akufuna kuti
bring home to his audience omvera amvetse
83 Paradox A paradox is a statement which seems on its Chiganizo chomwe pongochiona Chiganizo cha
face to be logically contradictory or absurd, chimakhala ngati chikunena zinthu kadzitsutse
yet turns out to be interpretable in a way zotsutsana kapena zopanda pake koma
that makes good sense ukachizukuta mozama chimakhala kuti
chikukamba zanzeru.
84 Parenthetical It is a group of words, isolated by a comma, Gulu la mawu ongoonjezera lomwe Kapandamneni
phrase which interrupts a natural flow of a limadula chiganizo koma silisokoneza wamtengero
sentence. it is additional information that tanthauzo la chiganizocho.
may be left out without affecting the basic
sentence meaning.

85 Persona The person created by the author to tell a Munthu yemwe mlembi wamupanga kuti Woyankhula
story; speaker. Whether the story is told by aziyankhula mu nkhani. Kaya nkhaniyo
an omniscient narrator or by a character in ikukambidwa ndi woyankhula wodziwa
it, the actual author of the work often zonse kapena mpangankhani,
distances himself from what is said or told kawirikawiri mlembi amadzipatula ku
by adopting a persona--a personality zomwe zikukambidwazo pobweretsa
different from his real one munthu wina kuti aziyankhula.

86 Personality A unique set of characteristics and qualities Maonekedwe ndi machitidwe a zinthu Khalidwe
traits/ that a character possesses amene munthu amakhala nawo.

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behaviour
87 Personification giving human qualities to animals or objects Kupereka makhalidwe ndi machitidwe a Umunthu
(non-humans) umunthu kwa mpangankhani amene si wampangankhani
munthu monga nyama ndi zinthu zina.

88 Plot Is the structure of a story or the sequence in Kayalidwe ka nkhani kapena kapakizidwe Tsatanetsatane wa
which the author arranges events in a story ka zochitika m’nkhani. nkhani

The structure of a short story often includes Kawirikawiri kayalidwe ka nkhani

the exposition, the rising action, the climax, yayifupi kamakhala motere: chiyambi,
the falling action (denouement), and the chikwera cha nkhani, pampondachimera,
resolution/conclusion. mtsetse wa nkhani kenako mathero.

Bring in exposition, climax etc here

89 Plot structure The sequence of events within a literary Dongosolo la zochitika munkhani Tsatanetsatane wa
work magawo a nkhani
90 Poem A literary work that uses concise, colorful, Nkhani yamchezo imene imakhala Ndakatulo
often rhythmic language to express ideas or yaifupi, yolembedwa mwaluso, yomveka
emotions. mwanthetemya komanso yopereka
uthenga
91 Epic poem It is a poem that is (a) a long narrative about Mtundu wa ndakatulo imene imakhala
a serious subject, (b) told in an elevated style yaitali yolakatulidwa mokokomeza
of language, (c) focused on the exploits of a makamaka pofotokoza zochita za
hero or demi-god who represents the kafanikhale wina m'dziko amene

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cultural values of a race, nation, or religious amayimira zikhulupiriro za anthu a

group (d) in which the hero's success or m'dzikomo.
failure will determine the fate of that people
or nation
92 Pastoral (poem) Poem that portrays or evokes rural life, Ndakatulo zomwe zikuonetsa kapena Ndakatulo za moyo
usually in an idealized way kubweretsa malingaliro a moyo wa wakumudzi
kumudzi kawirikawiri mowukometsera.
93 Point of view Perspective from which the story is told Momwe nkhaniyo ikukambidwira. Mphendero
Woyankhulayo akufotokoza nkhani
 First-person: narrator is a character in yayani, iye mwini kapena munthu wina? Mkambazamwini
the story; uses “I,” “we,” etc. Woyankhula amakhala mpangankhani
 Third-person: narrator outside the story; ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti ‘Ine.’ Mkambazawina
uses “he,” “she,” “they” Woyankhula amakhala wapadera yemwe
 Third-person limited: narrator tells only sali nawo m’zochitika za m’nkhaniyo. Mkambazawina
what one character perceives Mkambazawina wongokamba zomwe wosadziwa zambiri
 Third-person omniscient: narrator can mpangankhani mmodzi akuona Mkambazawina
see into the minds of all characters. m’nkhaniyo. wodziwa zonse
Mkambazawina wodziwa zonse amene
amatha kudziwa za maganizo onse a
ampangankhani a m’ nkhani

94 Protagonist The hero or central character of a literary Munthu kapena chinthu chomwe chaposa Mpangankhani
work. In accomplishing his or her objective, zina kapena mpangankhani yemwe ali pa wamkulu

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 English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa

the protagonist is hindered by some phata pa nkhaniyo. Pofuna kukwaniritsa

opposing force (usually the antagonist) cholinga chake,
mpangankhaniwamkuluyu amapingidwa
ndi zinthu kawirikawiri, mpangankhani
wotsutsa,
95 Proverb A short, traditional saying that expresses Mawu achidule amene amafotokoza zoona Mkuluwiko
some obvious truth or familiar experience mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
96 Pun A play on words that are similar in sound Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu ofanana Nseketso
but have different meanings. kamvekedwe koma osiyana matanthauzo
mongowaseweretsa.
97 Recital A musical or theatrical performance, or a Mchitidwe woyimba, kuchita chisudzo, Lakatulo
reading or sharing of certain facts kuwerenga kapena kufotokoza mfundo
zina kwa anthu
98 Refrain A line or set of lines at the end of a stanza or Chibwereza cha mzere kapena mizire Vume
section of a longer poem or song--these lines ingapo yopezeka ku mathero a ndime ya
repeat at regular intervals in other stanzas ndakatulo kapena nyimbo chomwe
or sections of the same work. Sometimes the chimachitika mwadongosolo lokhazikika.
repetition involves minor changes in Nthawi zina m’chibwerezachi mawu
wording. amasinthidwa pang’ono.
99 Resolution The part of the story in which the problems Gawo la nkhani pomwe zovuta Mathero
are solved and the action comes to a zimathetsedwa ndipo zochitika zimafika
satisfying end kumtsiriziro.
100 Review The process of reading, analyzing, Kuwerenga, kuzukuta ndi kuombamkota Kusanthula
evaluating, and summarizing literary pa mutu wina wa nkhani zolembedwa.

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 English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa

materials about a specific topic.

101 Rhetorical A figure of speech in the form of a question Funso limene limafunsidwa koma Funso la
question posed for its persuasive effect without the osayembekezera kuti liyankhidwe. chodziwadziwa
expectation of a reply (e.g.: "Why Cholinga chake ndi kuthandiza
me?")Rhetorical questions encourage the
omvetserawo kuti aganizire mozama za
listener to think about what the (often
yankho lake.
obvious) answer to the question must be
102 Rhyme A matching similarity of sounds in two or Kamvekedwe kofanana ka maliwu Chibwereza cha
more words, especially when their accented m’mawu awiri kapena kuposera apo liwu kumapeto
vowels and all succeeding consonants are makamaka pamene malembo a liwu
identical. For instance, the word-pairs listed
lamtsekulanjira otchulidwa motsindika
here are all rhymes: skating/dating,
ndi malembo a liwu lamtsekanjira otsatana
emotion/demotion, fascinate/deracinate,
plain/stain. apezeka kuti ndi ofanana
103 Rising action The central part of the story during which Gawo la nkhani pomwe pamayambira Chikwera cha
various problems arise after a conflict is mpungwepungwe wa nkhani kaamba ka nkhani
introduced. chisokonezo chomwe chachitika.
104 Scene A dramatic sequence that takes place within Tsatanetsatane wa zochitika m’kagawo ka Nunsu ya chisudzo
a single locale (or setting) on stage. Often gawo la chisudzo. Nthawi zambiri nunsu
scenes serve as the subdivision of an act za chisudzo zimakhala ngati nthambi za
within a play magawo akuluakulu a sewero
105 Setting The total environment for the action of a Pamene nkhani zikuchitika. Izi ndi monga Malo ndi nthawi
work. Setting includes time period (such as malo odziwika ndi dzina lakelake
the 1890's), the place (such as Salima), the (chitsanzo Salima), nthawi (monga chaka,
historical context (such as during the John usiku,) mbiri (nthawi ya John Chilembwe),
Chilembwe uprising), as well as the social, kuphatikizapo chikhalidwe, za ndale

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political, and perhaps even spiritual ngakhalenso za uzimu. Malo ndi nthawi
realities. The setting is usually established zimadziwika kudzera mu kufotokozera
primarily through description, though kapena kuuzidwa ndi woyankhula.
narration is also used.
106 Short story A brief prose tale which may contain Kankhani kakafupi kamene katha kukhala Nkhani yaifupi
description, dialogue and commentary, but kongofotokozera, koyankhulana
usually plot functions as the engine driving kapenanso kongochita ndemanga ndipo
the art. The best short stories seek to achieve nthawi zambiri tsatanetsatane wa nkhani
a single, major, unified impact. ndi amene amaonetsa luso.
107 Sign language A language that uses a system of manual, Njira imene imagwiritsa ntchito nkhope, Chiyankhulo cha
facial, and other body movements as the kugwedeza thupi mosiyanasiyana anthu ambuwu
means of communication, especially among popereka uthenga kapena kuyankhulana
deaf people ndi anthu ambuwu
108 Sign language A person who has been trained to use a Munthu amene ali ndi luso lomasulira Womasulira
interpreter system of conventional symbols or gestures kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro za chiyankhulo cha
made with the hands and body to help manja ndi magawo ena a thupi pothandiza anthu ambuwu
people who are deaf, are hard-of-hearing, or anthu ambuwu kumvana ndi anthu amene
have speech impairments communicate. amayankhula ndi pakamwa.

109 Slang Informal diction or the use of vocabulary Kusankha kapena kugwiritsa ntchito Manenedwe a
considered inconsistent with the preferred mawu mosalingana ndi momwe chinyamata

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 English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa

formal wording as commonnly used among amafunira kapena amawagwiritsira

the educated or elite in a culture. ntchito anthu ophunzira kapena amene ali
ndi ulemerero pa chikhalidwe.
110 Soliloque A dramatic monologue that gives the Zoyankhula za m’sewero zomwe Kudziyankhulitsa
illusion of being a series of unspoken zimapereka chithunzithunzi cha
reflections. malingaliro ndi maganizo omwe
woyankhulayo ali nawo ndipo
woyankhulayo amakhala ali yekha.
111 Stanza An arrangement of lines of verse in a pattern Kasanjidwe ka mizere ya mu ndakatulo Ndime ya
usually repeated throughout the poem. komwe nthawi zambiri kamabwerezedwa. ndakatulo
Typically, each stanza has a fixed number of Kawirikawiri ndime iliyonse imakhala ndi
verses or lines, a prevailing meter, and a chiwerengero chofanana cha mizere.
consistent rhyme scheme.
112 Story line Narrative experienced by different but Mawu ofotokoza zomwe ampangankhani Dongosolo la
specific characters or sets of characters that amachita mu nkhani. nkhani
together form a plot element or subplot in
the work of fiction.
113 Style The manner of expression of a particular Momwe mlembi wailembera nkhani yake Nsetso
writer, produced by choice of words, kudzera mu kasankhidwe ka mawu,
grammatical structures, use of literary kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka malamulo a
devices, and all the possible parts of chiyankhulo, zipangizo za m’nkhani
language use. zamchezo ndi zolembedwa ndi magawo
onse a kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka
chiyankhulo

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 English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa

114 Elements of These are devices used by an author such as Zokometsera zimene mlembi amagwiritsa Magawo a nsetso
style word choice, ntchito polemba nkhani monga,
sentence length, arrangement, and kasankhidwe ka amawu, utali wa
complexity, chiganizo, nsinjiro za chinenero ndi zina
and the use of figurative language and
imagery
115 Subject The predominant theme or topic, as of a Mutu waukulu umene uli munkhani Chokamba
book, discussion, etc monga mu buku kapena pa zokambirana.
116 Suspense A feeling of excitement, curiosity, or Kukhala ndi chiyembekezo, chidwi M'malere
expectation about what will happen. kapena mtima wofuna kudziwa chomwe
chichitike mu nkhani
117 Symbol A person, an act, or a thing that has both Munthu, chochitika kapena chinthu Chizindikiritso
literal significance and additional abstract chomwe chili ndi tanthauzo lodziwikiratu
meanings. Unlike an allegory, where such komanso lina lobisika. Kusiyana kwake
things are equated with one or two abstract ndi mwambi ndi kwakuti mwambi
ideas, a symbol usually refers to several umalunjika ku ganizo limodzi kapena
complex ideas that may radiate maganizo awiri pamene chizindikiritso
contradictory or ambiguous meanings nthawi zambiri chimaimira maganizo
ozama angapo omwe atha kupereka
matanthauzo otsutsana kapena ochuluka

118 Symbolism The use of an object or action that means Kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka chinthu kapena Faniziro
something more than its literal meaning chochita chomwe tanthauzo lake ndi

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lobisika poonjezera pa lodziwikiratu

119 Synecdoche A figure of speech in which a part signifies Nsinjiro ya chiyankhulo yomwe imaonetsa Mwimiriri
the whole or the whole signifies a part ("all kuti gawo la chinthu likuimira chinthu
hands on deck") chonse kapena chinthu chonse chikuimira
gawo la chinthucho
120 Textual analysis A methodology by which texts are studied Njira younikira nkhani pofuna kudziwa Kuzukuta nkhani
in order to establish their authorship, amene anailemba, tanthauzo lake
authenticity and meaning komanso ngati ndi yoona kapena ayi
121 Theme The general idea or insight about life that a Ganizo kapena malingaliro amene mlembi Mfundo yaikulu
writer wishes to express. akufuna kufotokoza m’nkhani
122 Tone The attitude a writer takes towards a subject Momwe mlembi akuchitira pokamba Kamvekedwe ka
or character: serious, humorous, sarcastic, nkhani kapena pofotokoza za zoyankhula
ironic, satirical, tongue-in-cheek, solemn, ampangankhani monga: kukamba
objective mopanda chibwana, kuseketsa,
kunyodola, kunyoza, kudzudzula
moseketsa, kuwuma pakamwa, kupanda
psete
123 Understatement A figure of speech that represents Nsinjiro ya chinenero imene imapeputsa Mchepso
something as being less important than it zinthu zofunikira ngati kuti ndi
really is zosafunikira

124 Verse line Any division or grouping of words in a Gulu la mawu a mu ndakatulo Mzere wa
poetic composition ndakatulo

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 English Definition Tanthauzo Chichewa

125 – – Muyeso wa kutalika kwa mzere wa Phande

nyimbo kapena ndakatulo potengera
kuchuluka kwa maphatikizo a mawu
126 Satire A literary work in which human folly is Nkhani zamchezo ndi zammabuku Mnyazitsi
attacked through irony, derision or wit momwe khalidwe lamunthu loipa/lopusa
likudzudzulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito
msemphano ndi nthabwala

127 Lyric poem A poem used to express feelings, has a Ndakatulo yofotokoza za momwe munthu Ndakatulo
specific rhyming scheme and is often, but akumvera kapena kuwonera zinthu ndipo yoyimbidwa
not always, set to music or a beat. nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi kapadera
komveka ngati nyimbo kasanjidwe
128 Narrative poem A form of poetry which tells a story, often Mtundu wa ndakatulo omwe umagwiritsa Ndakatulo
making use of the voices of a narrator and ntchito amfotokozankhani komanso yampululira
characters as well. It follows a similar ampangankhani monga zimakhalira
structure as a short story or novel m’nkhani yaifupi kapena yayitali
129 Miming Acting using gestures and facial expressions Kuchita chisudzo mwachinunu pogwiritsa Kuchita chisudzo
only ntchito manja ndi kusinthasintha mwachinunu
maonekedwe a nkhope

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