CLASS 12TH

CHEMISTRY
PRACTICAL VIVA
Dr. SAAMI AHMED
New Horizon School

VIVA QUESTION
(Titration)
Q1. Why is dil. sulphuric acid suitable for permanganate titration?
Answer. KMnO4 acts as a good oxidising agent in acidic medium. If acid is not used KMnO4 may be oxidised to MnO 2 giving a
brown precipitate.
OR
you can say in simple words to make the medium acidic
Q2. What type of salt is Mohr’s salt?
Answer. Mohr’s salt, or ammonium iron(II) sulphate, is an inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O.
Q3. What is the formula for Mohr’s salt?
Answer. The formula for Mohr’s salt is (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O.
Q4. What are double salts?
Answer. A double salt is a mixture of two different salts taken together as a single substance in a specific molecular proportion.
Q5. What is the oxidation state of Fe in Mohr’s salt?
Answer. In Mohr’s salt, iron has an oxidation state of +2.
Q6. What is the distinction between double and complex salt?
Answer. A simple salt that dissociates in aqueous solutions is referred to as double salt. Complex salts can be simple or complex,
but they do not dissociate in an aqueous solution.
Q7. What is a normal solution?
Answer. A solution containing one gram-equivalent mass of the solute per litre of the solution is called a normal solution.
Q8. What is a standard solution?
Answer. A solution whose strength is known is called a standard solution.
Q9. What are the different types of titration?
Answer. The different types of titration are:

 Iodometric titration
 Permanganate titration
 Complexometric titration
 Precipitation titration
 Acid-base titration
 Redox titration

Q10. What is the function of sulphuric acid in the titration of mohr salt against KMnO4?
Answer. The most basic role of sulphuric acid in the redox titration of the mohr salt against potassium permanganate is to
prevent the hydrolysis of the ferric ion (Fe2+) because the titration occurs in the presence of KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7, both of which
are good oxidising agents.
Or
To make the medium basic
Q11. Why is ferrous ammonium sulphate solution not heated before titration?
Answer. Heating of ferrous ammonium sulphate solution is not required in this titration because the reaction rate is very high
even at room temperature. Furthermore, at high temperatures, oxygen in the air may oxidise ferrous ions to ferric ions,
introducing errors into the experiment.
Q12. Why is nitric acid or hydrochloric acid not used in permanganate titration? Explain.
Answer. Nitric acid is not used because it is an oxidising agent in its own, and hydrochloric acid is usually avoided because it
reacts with KMnO4 to produce chlorine, which is also an oxidising agent in an aqueous solution.
Q13. Why is dilute sulphuric acid added while preparing a standard solution of ferrous ammonium sulphate?
Answer. To prevent ferrous sulphate hydrolysis, dilute sulphuric acid is added. Excessive heating is avoided when dissolving the
salt mixture in water. This is for preventing the conversion of Fe2+ ions (light green) to Fe3+ ions (yellow).
Q14. How will you prepare 100 mL of 0.1 M standard solution of ferrous ammonium sulphate?
Answer. To prepare a 0.1 M solution of ferrous ammonium sulphate, dissolve 3.92 grams of ferrous ammonium sulphate in 100
ml of distilled water.
𝑊𝑏 𝑋 1000
M=
𝑀𝑏 𝑋 𝑉𝑚𝑙

Q15. Why is KMnO4 not regarded as a primary standard?

Answer. KMnO4 is not used as a primary standard because it is difficult to obtain in its pure state because it contains MnO 2.
Furthermore, the colour is so bright that it acts as its own indicator.
Q16. What type of titrations are given the name redox titrations? Name some other redox titrations?
Answer. A redox titration is a titration that is based on a redox reaction between the analyte and the titrant. It is one of the most
widely used laboratory methods for determining the concentration of unknown analytes.
Types of Redox Titrations

 Bromometry uses a bromine (Br2) titrant.

 Cerimetry employs cerium(IV) salts.
 Dichrometry uses potassium dichromate.
 Iodometry uses iodine (I2).
 Permanganometry uses potassium permanganate.
Q17. Which of the following is an oxidising agent and which is a reducing agent in the reaction of KMnO4 and FeSO4?
Answer. The oxidising agent is KMnO4, and the reducing agent is FeSO4.
Q18. Why is Mohr’s salt preferred as a primary standard in volumetric analysis over ferrous sulphate?
Answer. This is due to the fact that Mohr’s salt is stable and does not readily oxidise in the presence of air. Ferrous sulphate is
converted to ferric sulphate by oxidation.
Q19. Why are a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid added when making a standard Mohr’s salt solution?
Answer. A few drops of H2SO4 are added to prevent ferrous sulphate from hydrolyzing.
Q20. Why isn’t the ferrous ammonium sulphate solution heated before titration, but the oxalic acid is?
Answer. Before titration, oxalic acid is heated to remove any excess CO2. However, no such decomposition occurs in the case of
ferrous ammonium sulphate. It may also decompose into ferrous oxide when heated. As a result, this ferrous ammonium sulphate
is not heated prior to titration.
Q21 Reaction involved in the titration of Mohr salt verses KMNO4
Answer The ionic equation involved in the process is given below.
Oxidation half reaction – [Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e–] x 5
Reduction half reaction – MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O
Overall ionic equation – MnO4– + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O
Q22 write some precautions involved in this titration of mohr salt verses KMnO4.

1. Potassium permanganate is dark, so always read the upper meniscus.

2. Rinse the pipette and burette before use.
3. Use dilute sulfuric acid for acidifying the potassium permanganate.
4. Clean all the apparatus with distilled water before starting the experiment and then rinse with the solution to be taken in
them.
5. Take accurate readings once it reaches the endpoint and doesn’t go with average readings.
6. Do not use a rubber cork burette as it can be attacked by KMnO 4.
7. Use the antiparallel card or auto parallax card while taking the burette readings.
8. The strength of the unknown solution should be taken up to two decimal places only.

Q23 Why KMnO4 is having a colour?

Because of charge transfer from oxygen to Mnganese as manganes in KMnO4 is in +7 oxidation state so it has d 0
Q24. Which indicator is used in the permanganate titration?
Answer. No indicator is used. This is because KMnO4 acts as a self-indicator.
Q25. In KMnO4 titrations, what is the endpoint?
Answer. From colourless to a constant light pink.
Q26. In KMnO4 titrations, a brown ppt. is occasionally observed. Why is this so?
Answer. It is due to a lack of dilution of sulphuric acid. The incomplete oxidation of KMnO 4 results in the formation of brown-
coloured ppt. (MnO2.H20).
Q27 What is meant by redox titration?
Answer. In redox titrations, both oxidation and reduction reactions take place simultaneously. During titration, one will get
oxidised at the same time the other reactant will get reduced also called a redox reaction
Q28. What specific name is given to the permanganate titrations?
Answer. Permanganometric titrations are redox titrations that involve potassium permanganate.
Q29. Why is a burette with pinch-cock regulator not used for the permanganate titration?
Answer. This is because KMnO4 corrodes rubber.
Q30. How does a self indicator work?
Or
Question What is indicator ?
Answer. Indicator is a chemical substance which changes colour at the end point.
Q31. What is titration?
Answer. Titration, also known as titrimetry, is a chemical qualitative analysis technique that is used to calculate the
concentration of a given analyte in a mixture. Titration is an important technique in the field of analytical chemistry and is also
referred to as volumetric analysis.
Q32. What is the difference between endpoint and equivalent point ?
The main difference between equivalence and endpoint is that the equivalence point is a point where the chemical reaction comes
to an end, while the endpoint is the point where the colour change occurs in a system.
Q33 Why should a titration flask not be rinsed?

Answer. This is due to the fact that some liquid will remain stuck to the titration flask during rinsing, causing the pipetted
volume taken in the titration flask to increase.
Q34. Why must the burette and pipette be rinsed with the solution with which they are filled?
Answer. The burette and pipette are rinsed with the solution with which they are filled to remove any water that has accumulated
on their sides, which would otherwise reduce the cone of the solutions to be taken in them.
Q35. Why is it customary to read the lower meniscus in colourless and transparent solutions and the upper meniscus in
highly coloured solutions?
Answer. This is because it is easier to read the lower meniscus in colourless solutions and the upper meniscus in coloured
solutions. In the presence of coloured solutions, the lower meniscus is not clearly visible.
Q36 What is to titrant and titrat
Answer Titrant : The reagent or substance whose solution is employed to estimate the concentration of unknown solution is called
titrant.
Titrat: The solution consisting the substance whose concentration is to be estimated
Question.36.What is the equivalent mass of KMnO4 when it acts as oxidizing agent in acidic medium ?
Answer. KMnO4 loses 5 electrons per molecule, when it acts as oxidizing agent in the presence of acids. Therefore, its equivalent
mass is one-fifth of its molecular mass.
Question.37 .Are ‘molality’ and “molarity’’ same ?
Answer. No, molality of a solution is defined as the number of moles of solute present in 1000 grams of the solution whereas
molarity tells us about the number of moles of the solute present per litre of the solution.
Question.38.What is the basicity of H2SO4 ?
Answer. 2.
Question.39. What is the principle of volumetric analysis?
Answer. In volumetric analysis, the concentration of a solution is determined by allowing a known volume of the solution to
react, quantitatively with another solution of known concentration.
Question.40. What are primary and secondary standard substances?
Answer. A substance is known as primary standard if it is available in high degree of purity, if it is stable and unaffected by air,
if it does not gain or lose moisture in air, if it is readily soluble and its solution in water remains as such for long time.
On the other hand, a substance which does not possess the above characteristics is called a secondary standard substance. Primary
standards are crystalline oxalic add, anhydrous Na2CO3 , Mohr’s salt, etc.
Question.41. Why the last drop of solution must not be blown out of a pipette?
Answer. Since the drops left in the jet end is extra of the volume measured by the pipette
uestion.42. Pipette should never be held from its bulb, why ?
Answer. The body temperature may expand the glass and introduce an error in the measurement volume.
Question.43. What is acidimetry and alkalimetry ?
Answer. It is the branch of volumetric analysis involving chemical reaction between an acid and a base.
Question.44. What is permanganometry ?
Answer. Redox titrations involving KMnO4 as the oxidising agent are called permanganometric titrations.
Question.45. Why is Mohr’s salt preferred as a primary standard over ferrous sulphate in volumetric
analysis ?
Answer. This is because of the fact that Mohr’s salt is stable and is not readily oxidised by air. Ferrous sulphate gets oxidised to
ferric sulphate.
Q46 Why should you heat the oxalic acid solution to about 60-70°C before titrating with KMnO4 solution ?
Answer. In cold, the reaction is very slow due to the slow formation of Mn 2+ ions. Oxalic acid is heated to speed up the liberation
of Mn2+ ions which then autocatalyses the reaction and thus the reaction proceeds rapidly. This also serves the purpose of
expelling the carbondioxide evolved during the reaction which otherwise does not allow the reaction to go to completion.
Q47 Write the ionic reaction involve in titration of oxalic acid verses KMnO4
Reduction Half reaction:- [MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O] x 2
Oxidation Half reaction:- [C2O42- → 2CO2 + 2e–] x 5
Overall Ionic reaction:- 2MnO4– + 16H+ + 5C2O42- → 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O
Q48 No of electrons involve in titration of
(a) oxalic acid verses KMnO4
(b) Mohr salt verses KMnO4
Answer ( a) 10 electrons
(b) 5 electrons
Q49 No of electrons of KMnO4 involved in different medium.
Answer Acidic 5
Basic 1
Neutral 3

VIVA QUESTION
(Functional Group detection)
Q1. What is a functional group?
Answer: It is the group of atoms in a molecule that describes the chemical property of the molecule.
Q2. Give examples of some functional groups?
Answer: Hydroxyl (OH), carbonyl (CO), carboxyl (COOH) and amino (NH2) are examples of some
functional groups.

Test for Unsaturation

Q3. Name some tests used to test unsaturation in organic compounds?
Answer: Bromine water test and Baeyer’s reagent test detect unsaturation in organic compounds.
Q4. How does the bromine water test detect the presence of unsaturation?
Answer: There won’t be any change if a saturated organic compound is added to the bromine
water. However, it will decolourise if an unsaturated organic compound is added to the bromine
water.
Saturated organic compound + Br₂ → No Reaction (No colour change)
Unsaturated organic compound + Br₂ → Reaction will occur (Decolourise)
Q5. What is Baeyer’s reagent?
Answer: Baeyer’s reagent is an alkaline potassium permanganate solution. It is useful in detecting
unsaturation in organic compounds. It decolourises in the presence of unsaturated organic
compounds.
Q6. Are alkynes acidic? If yes, then will they turn blue litmus red?
Answer: Alkynes are acidic, but they don’t turn blue litmus red.
Q7. Do aromatic compounds give Bromine water or Baeyer’s reagent test?
Answer: No, aromatic compounds do not give Bromine water or Baeyer’s reagent test
Q8. What is the primary difference between saturated and unsaturated compounds?
Answer: The primary difference between saturated and unsaturated compounds is that saturated
compounds contain only a single bond between carbon atoms. In contrast, unsaturated compounds
have at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms.
Q9. Does phenol decolourise bromine water?
Answer: No, phenol does not decolourise bromine water.
Q10. What type of reaction takes place between alkenes and bromine water?
Answer: An addition reaction takes place between alkenes and bromine water.

Test for Alcoholic (R-OH) Group

Q11. Which is more acidic: alcoholic or phenolic?
Answer: Phenolic group are more acidic than the alcoholic group.
Q12. Why do you dry alcohol before carrying out the sodium metal test?
Answer: Alcohols are dried before carrying the sodium metal test because sodium metal reacts with
the moisture explosively and liberates hydrogen gas. It may also catch fire.
Q13. What is Lucas’s reagent?
Answer: Lucas reagent is anhydrous zinc chloride and concentrated hydrochloric acid solution. It is
predominantly used to distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.
Q14. Name a test useful in distinguishing methanol and ethanol?
Answer: The iodoform test helps determine methanol and ethanol. Ethanol gives a yellow
precipitate with the iodoform test. In contrast, methanol does not give an iodoform test.
Q15. What is the primary use of Lucas’s reagent?
Answer: Lucas’s reagent is primarily used to classify low molecular weight alcohols.

Test for Phenolic Group

Q16. Which is more acidic: carboxylic or phenolic?
Answer: Carboxylic group are more acidic than the phenolic group.
Q17. How will you distinguish phenol and aniline?
Answer: Phenols are soluble in an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, whereas anilines are not.
Further, anilines are soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid solution, whereas phenols are not.
Q18. Name the reagent used in the phthalein dye test.
Answer: Phthalic anhydride is used as a reagent in the phthalein dye test.
Q19. Name a test useful in detecting the presence of the phenolic group?
Answer: Libermann’s test is useful in detecting the presence of a phenolic group.
Q20. While preparing ferric chloride solution, the brown precipitate formed is of which compound?
Answer: While preparing ferric chloride solution, the brown precipitate formed is of ferric hydroxide.
Q21. Name the intermediate compound formed in the phthalein dye test?
Answer: The intermediate compound formed in the phthalein dye test is phenolphthalein.
Q22. What kind of reaction occurs when phenol is treated with bromine water?
Answer: Aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction occurs when phenol is treated with bromine
water.
Test for Aldehydic Group
Q23. Name a test useful in determining the presence of the carbonyl group?
Answer: 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine test or 2, 4- DNP test helps determine the presence of the
carbonyl group.
Q24. What is Tollen’s reagent?
Answer: Tollen’s reagent is an ammonical silver nitrate solution. It is valuable in determining the
presence of aldehyde and alpha-hydroxy ketone.
Q25. What is the primary use of schiff’s reagent?
Answer: Schiff’s reagent is primarily used to detect the presence of an aldehydic group.
Q26. What is Rochelle’s salt?
Answer: Rochelle’s salt is a double salt of tartaric acid. It is a primary ingredient of the fehlings
solution test.
Q27. Name a test used to distinguish the aldehydic and ketonic groups.
Answer: Tollen’s and Fehling’s tests help determine aldehydic and ketonic groups.
Q28. What is Fehling’s solution?
Answer: Fehling’s solution is a mixture of copper sulphate and sodium hydroxide containing sodium
potassium tartrate (Rochelle’s salt).

Test for Ketonic Group

Q29. Name a test used to distinguish the aldehydic and ketonic groups.
Answer: Tollen’s and Fehling’s tests help determine aldehydic and ketonic groups.
Q30. Name a test that helps in determining the presence of the carbonyl group?
Answer: 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine test or 2, 4- DNP test helps determine the presence of the
carbonyl group.
Q31. Name a test used to determine the presence of alpha-hydroxy ketone?
Answer: Tollen’s reagent is used to determine the presence of alpha-hydroxy ketone.
Q32. What is Tollen’s reagent?
Answer: Tollen’s reagent is an ammonical silver nitrate solution. It is valuable in determining the
presence of aldehyde and alpha-hydroxy ketone.
Q33. What is Fehling’s solution?
Answer: Fehling’s solution is a mixture of copper sulphate and sodium hydroxide containing sodium
potassium tartrate (Rochelle’s salt).
Q34. What is Rochelle’s salt?
Answer: Rochelle’s salt is a double salt of tartaric acid. It is a primary ingredient of the fehlings
solution test.

Test for Carboxylic Group

Q35. How will you distinguish between phenol and carboxylic acid?
Answer: Carboxylic acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate to liberate carbon dioxide gas, whereas
phenols don’t.
Q36. What causes a brisk effervescence in the sodium bicarbonate test?
Answer: Liberation of carbon dioxide gives a brisk effervescence in the sodium bicarbonate test.
Q37. Name a test useful in determining the presence of the carbonyl group?
Answer: 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine test or 2, 4- DNP test helps determine the presence of the
carbonyl group.

Test for Primary Amino Group

Q38. Name a test used to distinguish hexylamine and aniline.
Answer: The dye test is used to distinguish hexylamine and aniline.
Q39. Name some tests used to determine primary, secondary and tertiary amines?
Answer: Nitrous acid test and carbyl amine test determines primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
Q40. How can you synthesise nitrous acid?
Answer: Nitrous acid is synthesised by reacting sodium nitrite with dilute hydrochloric acid below
5°C.
Q41. How will you distinguish phenol and aniline?
Answer: Phenols are soluble in an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, whereas anilines are not.
Further, anilines are soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid solution, whereas phenols are not.
Q42. In contrast to primary aromatic amines, primary aliphatic amines do not form stable diazonium
salts. Why?
Answer: Primary aliphatic amines do not form stable diazonium salts because alkyl carbocation
formed on the decomposition of diazonium salt is more stable than phenyl carbocation.
Q43. Why is an aniline a weaker base than ammonia?
Answer: Aniline is a soft base because lone pair of nitrogen is delocalised over the benzene ring
and is not fully available for sharing.
Q44. Name a test used to distinguish ethylamine and diethylamine.
Answer: Hinsberg test is used to differentiate between ethylamine and diethylamine.
Q45. Why are diazonium chloride soluble in water?
Answer: Diazonium salt is an ionic crystalline solid. Thus, it is soluble in polar water.
Q46. How are isocyanides destroyed in the carbylamine test?
Answer: Isocyanides are eliminated by adding concentrated hydrochloric acid to the solution.
Q47. What is the name of the reagent used in the Hinsberg test?
Answer: Benzene sulfonyl chloride reagent is used in the Hinsberg test.

VIVA QUESTION
(SALT ANALYSIS)

1. What is qualitative analysis?

Ans. The type of analysis that deals with the methods which are used to determine the constituents of a
compound.
2. What is a radical?
Ans. A radical may be defined as an atom or group of atoms which carries charge and behaves as a
single unit in chemical reactions.
3. What are acidic and basic radicals?
Ans. Radicals carrying positive charge are called basic radicals and those carrying negative charge are called acidic
radicals.
4. What type of bond is present in an inorganic salt?
Ans. Electrovalent bond.
5. Why do inorganic salts ionise when dissolved in water?
Ans. Due to the high dielectric constant of water, the force of attraction holding the two ions in a salt decreases.
Thus, the two ions separate. The ions are further stabilized by solvation.
6. Give examples of some coloured basic radicals.
Ans.Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Mn2+.
7. What is the colour of iron salts?
Ans. Ferrous salts are usually light green while ferric salts are generally brown.
8. Name any iron salt which is light green.
Ans. Ferrous sulphate.
9. What is the colour of nickel salts?
Ans. Bluish green or green.
10. What is the colour of manganese salts?
Ans. Light pink or flesh colour.
11. Name the basic radicals which are absent, if the given salt is white.
Ans. Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Mn2+.
12.Why a salt containing lead turn black in colour, when placed for a long time in labora-tory?
Ans. Due to the formation of black lead sulphide by the action of H2S in atmosphere.
13. Tell the importance of preliminary tests in qualitative analysis.
Ans. Sometimes, preliminary tests give authentic information about an ion in the salt. For example, golden yellow
colour in flame test shows the presence of sodium. In a charcoal cavity test, brown residue shows the presence of
cadmium in a salt and so on.
14. What is Nessler’s Reagent?
Ans. It is a solution of mercuric iodide in potassium iodide. Its formula is K2[HgI4].
15. Name the acid radicals detected with dil. H2SO4.
Ans. CO32-, S2-, SO32-, NO2–.
16. Why dil. H2SO4 is preferred while testing acid radicals over dil. HCl?
Ans. When the salt is treated with HCl, during reaction HCl gas is also given out along with the gas evolved by the
salt. So the actual gas cannot be identified whereas with H2SO4, no such problem arises.
17. Name the acid radicals detected by cone. H2SO4.
Ans. Cl–, Br–, I–, NO3–, CH3COO–.
18. How is sodium carbonate extract prepared?
Ans. The salt is mixed with double the amount of solid Na2CO3 and about 20 ml of distilled water. It is then boiled
till it is reduced to one-third, and then filtered. The filtrate is sodium carbonate extract or (S.E.).
19. CO2 and SO2 both turn lime water milky. How will you distinguish between them?
Ans. By passing through acidified K2Cr2O7 solution. SO2 turns K2Cr2O7 green while CO2 has no effect.
20. How will you test the presence of carbonate?
Ans. Treat a small quantity of the mixture with dil. H2SO4. CO2 gas is evolved. When the gas is passed through
lime water, it is turned milky.
21. What is lime water?
Ans. A solution of Ca(OH)2 in water is called lime water.
22. What will happen if excess of CO2 is passed through lime water?
Ans. The white ppt. of CaCO3 changes into soluble calcium bicarbonate and the milkiness, therefore, disappears.
23. What is Tollen’s reagent?
Ans. Ammonical AgNO3 solution is called Tollen’s reagent.
24. What is the formula of Sodium nitroprusside?
Ans. Na2[Fe(CN)5 NO].
25. What is aqua regia?
Ans. Aqua regia is a mixture of concentrated HCl and concentrated HNO3 in the ratio 3:1 by volume.
26. Name group reagents for different groups.
Ans. Group I—Dil. HCl.
Group II—H2S in the presence of dil. HCl.
Group III—NH4OH in presence of NH4Cl.
Group IV—H2S in presence of NH4OH.
Group V—(NH4)2 CO3 in presence of NH4Cl and NH4OH.
Group VI—No specific group reagent.
27. What is blue lake?
Ans. It is blue particles, blue litmus adsorbed on white ppt. of Al(OH)3, floating in colourless solution

Dr. SAAMI AHMED

New Horizon School