Baluni public school

Agra
SESSION:- 2024-25

PHYSICS PROJECT
FILE
Topic:- To design a (i) step-up (ii) step-down transformer
on a given core and know the relation between its input
and output voltages.
.
SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:
Vansh Gupta Mr. PUSHPENDRA YADAV
PGT - PHYSICS
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that VANSH GUPTA
of class 12th- A has successfully
completed the physics project on the
topic
"To design a (i) step up) step down
transformer on a given core and know
the relation between its input and
output voltages."
for class XII practical examination of
the Central Board of Secondary
Education in the year 2024-25.
It is further certified that
this project is the individual work of
the candidate.

SIGNATURE OF SIGNATURE OF
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks
of gratitude to my Physics Teacher as well
as our principal who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project
which also helped me in doing a lot of
Research and I came to know about so
many new things I am really thankful to
them.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my

parents and friends who helped me a lot
in finalizing this project within the limited
time frame.

NAME OF STUDENT
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1.Aim
2.Introduction
3.Theory
4.Apparatus Required
5.Procedure Followed
6.Observation
7.Conclusion
8.Precaution
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AIM
To design a (i) step up (ii)step down transformer on a
given core and know the relation between its input
and output voltages.

INTRODUCTION
Transformer is a device which is used for
converting a low alternating voltage to a high
alternating voltage or vice versa.
A transformer based on the principle of mutual
induction according to this principle , the amount of
magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an E.M.F is
induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for
changing the A.C voltages.
A transformer is most widely used device in both low
and high current circuit. As such transformer are built
in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic,
measurement and control circuits,transformer size
may be so small that it weight only a few tones of
gram where as in high voltage power circuits, it may
weight hundred of tones.
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In a transformer, the electrical energy

transfer from one
circuit to another circuit takes place
without the use of moving parts.
transformer which increases the voltage is
called a
step-up transformer.
transformer which decreases the A.C.
voltages is
step-down transformer.
Tranformer is therefore, an essential
piece of apparatus
both for high and low current circuits.
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OBJECTIVE
To design a (i) Step-up (ii)Step-down
transformer on a given core and
investigate the relation between the
Input and output voltage.

THEORY
When an alternating e.m.f. is supplied to the
primary coil P1 P2, an alternating current
starts falling in it.
The alternating current in the primary
produces a changing magnetic flux,which
induces alternating voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary.
In a good-transformer,
whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary is
equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary.
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Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f’s

induced in the primary secondary coils of the transformer
and
dϕ/dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this
instant, we have

Ep= -Np dϕ/dt………………. (1)

And
Es = -Nsdϕ/dt………………….(2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by diving
eq 2 by eq 1 , we get

Es/Ep = -Ns/Np……………….(3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the

primary coil P1 ,so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference
(E – Ep) in the instantaneous value of the applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, P1 P2 coil is given by
Ip = E - Ep /Rp
E - Ep= Ip x Rp
Thus,
back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be
written as
s/Ep = Es/E
output e.m.f = input e.m.f
Ns/Np = K
Where K is constant turn or
transformation ratio.
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IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

Es˂E so K ˂ 1, Hence NS ˂NP

If
Ip = value of secondary primary current at same instant
And
Is = value of secondary current at this instant , then
Input power at the instant = EpIp
And
Output power at the same instant = EsIs
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
input power = output power
Or
EpIp=EsIs
Or
Es/Ep=Ip/Is=K
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ILLUSTRATION
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IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

Es˃E so K˃1, hence Ns ˃Np As , K ˃1, so Ip ˃Is

is or
Is > Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when
secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, what ever we gain in voltage, we lose in
current in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down
transformer,whatever we lose in voltage, we
gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps
down the current & a step down transformer
steps up the current
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ILLUSTRATION
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Efficiency
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to
the input power.

i.e. η=output power/input power = Es Is/Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η=1.

But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore

the efficiency of transformer is less than one.

Efficiency = 1 - = 1 - I12R1+W1/V1I1cosϕ1

η = 1- I1 R1 /V1 cosϕ – W/ V1I1cosϕ1

differentiating above equation with respect to I1

= 0 – R1/ V1cosϕ1+ W/ V1I12cosϕ1

η will be maximum at =0

Hence efficiency η will be maximum at

R1/ V1cosϕ1 =+ W/ V1I12cosϕ1

I12R1=W1
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Energy Losses
1. Copper Loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in
the copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule
heating of conducting wires.
2. Iron Losses is the energy loss in the form of heat in the
iron core of the transformer.This is due to formation of
eddy currents in iron core.It is minimized by taking
laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best
insulations.There,rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of S1 S2 is less than the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with
each turn of
P1 P2 .
4. Hysteresis Loss is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core
when A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a transformer
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APPARATUS REQUIRED
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
The mutual inductance term in the primary
circuit represents the load of the
secondary. It has the negative sign because
it helps the source to produce more current
in response to increasing load in the
secondary circuit.

Vp = IpR1 + L1∆Ip / ∆t – M(∆Is/t)

M(∆Ip/t) = Is R2 + L2∆Is/∆t

Themutual inductance term in the

secondary represents the couping from
the primary and acts as the primary and
acts as the voltage source that drives
source that drives the secondary circuit.
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PROCEDURE FOLLOWED

1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick

paper and wind a large number of turns of thin
Cu wire on thick paper(say 60). This constitutes
primary coil of transformer.

2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and

wound relatively smaller number of turns ( say
20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes
the secondary coil. It is a step down
transformer.

3. Connect P1 ,P2 to A.C main and measure the

input voltage and current using A.C voltmeter
and ammeter respectively.

4. Similarly,measure the output voltage and current

through S1 and S2.

5. Now connect S1 and S2 to A.C main and again

measure voltage and current through primary
and secondary coil of step up transformer.

6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformer

by changing number of turns in primary and
secondary coil.
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USES OF TRANSFORMERS

1. In voltage regulator for T.V. , refrigerator,

computer,air conditioner, etc.

2. A step down transformer in used for welding

purposes.

3. A step down transformer is used for obtaining

large current.

4. A step up transformer is used for the production

of X –Rays and NEON advertisement.

5. Transformer are used in voltage regulators and

stabilizied power supplies.

6. Transformer are used in the transmission of a.c.

over long distances.

7. Small transformer are used in radio sets,

telephones loud speakers and electric bells etc
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CONCLUSION

1. The output voltage of the transformer

across the secondary coil depends
upon the ratio ( Ns/ Np) with respect to
the input voltage.

2. There is a loss of power between input

and output coil of a transformer .
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PRECAUTIONS

1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

2. While taking the readings of current

and voltage the A.C should remain
constant.

SOURCES OF ERROR

1. Values of current can be changed

due to heating effect

2. Eddy current can change the

readings.
Bibliography:
1. Guidance from teacher

2. Physics NCERT Textbook for class XII.

3. Physics Lab Manual

4. School physics lab