Index

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1/f scaling, 218 Buffer zones, 76, 190, 198, 301

Butterworth filter, 189
Additive, 56
Advantages and limitations, 20–22 Cartesian plane, 112
Akaike information criterion, 378 Causal evidence, 57–59, 320–321, 541
Amplitude asymmetry, 57 Center frequency, 144, 180
Analysis terms, 10, 243, 265, 333, 371, Chi-square, 376, 385
526–527 Circular inferences, 420–421, 493, 505, 517
Analytic signal, 175 Clean data, 85
Anscombe’s quartet, 358 Clear thinking, 44
Asking colleagues, 48 Cluster-based corrections, 472
Autocorrelation, 330, 468 Clustering coefficient, 436–437
Autoregression, 211, 372 Cognitive artifacts, 87, 93
Autoregression model order, 372, 378–379 Cognitive electrophysiology, 3, 15–16, 532
Color figures, 509
Background activity, 34, 55, 218, 220 Comfortable chair, 69
Bad electrodes, 84 Complex dot product, 160
Baseline time period, 221, 231–232, 384 Complexity, 300
Bayes information criterion, 378–379 Complex Morlet wavelet, 151, 157, 266
Beamforming, 313 Complex number, 151
Beta-band, 92 Computation time test, 139
Binarizing threshold, 440 Condition-average baseline, 233, 248
Biophysics, 51 Condition differences, 481, 505
Bivariate connectivity, 319 Conjugate, 162, 345
Copyright @ 2014. The MIT Press.

Bivariate statistical analyses, 477 Connectivity, 286, 319

Blinks, 89–90 Connectivity degree, 433
Bonferroni correction, 453, 468–469 Connectivity over time vs. trials, 338, 351, 362,
Bootstrapping, 460 402, 524
Brain–behavior correlations, 482 Control condition, 233
Brain localization, 27 Convolution kernel, 113

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 574 Index

Convolution signal, 113 Excitatory cells, 54

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Convolution theorem, 135, 180 Exercises, 11

Corkscrew, 151 Experiment design, 538
Correlation significance, 490 Exploratory analyses
Cosine wave, 155 as an approach to science, 531
Costs of EEG, 29 connectivity analyses, 324, 351, 366
Covariance matrix, 293, 313 cross-frequency coupling, 411
Critical ITPC, 488 multiple comparisons, 270
Cross-correlation, 118, 362 statistics, 452, 515
Cross-covariance, 118 Eye movements, 91
Cross-frequency coupling, 403 Eye tracker, 68
Cross-spectral density, 344
Current source density, 276 False discovery rate, 475
Fast Fourier transform, 130, 416
DC component. See Zero frequency Femtotesla, 17
Deblurring, 279 Figure labeling, 511
Decibel, 220 Filtering, 80, 98–99, 147, 178–179, 188
Deep brain sources, 52 Filter kernel construction, 181
Degree. See Connectivity degree Filter order, 181
Dipole, 53, 308, 311 Finite impulse response filter, 179
Directed connectivity, 321 fir1, 181, 184, 186
Discrete time Fourier transform, 124–125 firls, 181–182, 184
Discretizing continuous data, 483 Fisher-Z transform, 360
Distributed source imaging, 312–314 Five-step plan, 38
Dot product, 111, 125, 149, 159 Flicker effect. See Frequency tagging
Double-dipping. See Circular inferences Fly swatter, 521
Downsampling, 239, 367, 479 fMRI, 17, 60
Force grips, 68
Edge artifacts, 76, 183, 190, 197 Forward solution, 307
Edges in graphs, 429 Fourier representation, 121
Electrode localization, 68 Frequency, 31, 126
Electrooculogram, 91 Frequency-domain filter, 135
EMG (electromyography), 68 Frequency precision
Empirical mode decomposition, 212 definition, 24–25
Entropy, 389 filtering, 183
Epochs, 75 Fourier transform, 134, 199
Copyright @ 2014. The MIT Press.

Erdos-Renyi graphs, 444 wavelets, 142, 145, 169, 266

erpviewerx, 38 Frequency resolution, 126, 199, 381
Error variance, 376 Frequency smoothing, 145, 165, 206
Euler’s formula, 125, 155, 242, 244, 411 Frequency tagging, 101–102
Event markers, 62 Full width at half maximum, 172
Event-related potentials, 18, 97, 293 Functional localization, 16

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 Index 575

Gabor wavelet, 141 Intertrial interval, 64, 301

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G and H matrices, 279 Intertrial phase clustering, 242, 266, 268, 333,
Gamma, 15, 33, 207, 214 419, 487
Gaussian, 144, 157, 197 Inverse Fourier transform, 129
Global field power, 100 Inverse hyperbolic transform. See Fisher-Z
Granger causality, 371, 376 Inverse inference, 542
Group-level statistics, 450–451 Inverse problem, 310
Gv-test, 353–354, 490
Joint entropy, 396
Hamming window, 184, 197
Hann window, 197 Keyboard, 69
Hertz (Hz), 31, 121
High-dimensional vectors, 113 Laplacian. See Surface Laplacian
Hilbert transform, 176, 266 Least-squares fit, 237, 370, 484–485
Histogram bins, 392–394 Legendre polynomial, 279
Hubs, 433–434 Level-1 and level-2 statistics, 450
Hypercube, 35, 431, 505, 516 Leverage, 359
Hypothesis-driven analyses Limitations, 269. See also Advantages and
analysis strategies, 495, 498 limitations
as an approach to science, 530 Long blinks, 90
connectivity analyses, 323, 351, LORETA, 312
363
cross-frequency coupling, 411 Magnitude, 154, 161
multiple comparisons, 270 Magnitude squared coherence. See Spectral
statistics, 452, 514 coherence
Matching pursuit, 213
Ideal filter, 181–182, 186 Matching trial count, 79, 248
Image, 167 Matlab, 7–8. See also Programming tips
Imaginary coherence, 346 Matrices and graphs, 429
Imaginary numbers, 153, 176 Maximum frequency, 165
Independent components analysis, 87, Mean, 227
304 Median, 227–229, 236
Individual differences, 499 Meta-permutation test, 468
Induced power, 259 Microsaccades, 91
Infinite impulse response filter. See Finite impulse Microstates, 104
response filter Microvolts, 17, 278
Copyright @ 2014. The MIT Press.

Inhibiting blinks, 90 Minimum norm estimate, 312

Inhibitory cells, 54 Morelet wavelet, 141–142
Interpolation, 83–84 Multidimensional, 16
Interpreting time-frequency results, 272 Multiple comparisons, 453, 468
Inter-site phase clustering, 333 Multiple regression, 485
Interstimulus interval, 63–64 Multitaper, 203, 266

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 576 Index

Multivariate analyses, 320, 388, 536 mutual information, 405

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Mutual information, 396 PCA, 289

small-world networks, 444
N-dimensional space, 113 wITPC, 254
Negative frequencies, 128, 176 Phase, 31, 121, 200, 204, 242
Neural oscillations, 33, 41, 54 Phase-amplitude coupling, 413
Noise, 297 Phase clustering, 242
Nonparametric statistics, 456 Phase lag, 149, 320, 329, 334, 346, 352
Non-phase-locked Phase lag index, 346
computing, 259, 383, 419 Phase-locked, 34, 55, 259, 294, 339
connectivity, 339 Phase-phase coupling, 425
covariance matrix, 294 Phase quadrature, 176
definition, 34, 55, 97 Phase reset, 57
interpreting null results, 528 Phase slope index, 348
Non-uniformly distributed, 242 Pilot testing, 61
Normally distributed, 219, 358–359, 456 Pixel-based corrections, 470
Null hypothesis, 460, 461 Polar notation, 153, 159
Number of subjects, 501 Positive frequencies, 128, 176
Number of trials. See Trial count Power, 31
Nyquist theorem, 66–67, 126, 145, 176, 181 Power–power correlations, 365, 410
Practical significance, 454
Oculomotor activity, 90–91 Preferred phase angle, 245
Online Matlab code, 9 Preprocessing, 73
Optogenetics, 59 Principal components analysis, 291
Ordinary least squares. See Least-squares fit Programming tips
Oscillations, 270, 272 clustering, 473
Outlier, 228, 359 clustering coefficient, 438
convolution, 138, 173
Parametric statistics, 456, 493 correlations, 368–369, 484
Partial correlations, 331, 366 cross-frequency coupling, 423, 427
Partial errors, 94–95 downsampling, 367
Path length, 440 Fisher-Z, 361
Peak frequency, 144, 158, 161, 170, 180 general advice, 48
Pearson correlation, 357 hilbert, 177
P-episode, 213 imagesc, 167
Percent change, 223 ITPC, 245
Copyright @ 2014. The MIT Press.

Peripheral sensors, 540 mutual information, 391

Permutation testing scalp Laplacian, 283
cross-frequency coupling, 415 spectral power, 162
Granger prediction, 385 t-statistics, 491
group-level analyses, 493 P-values, 453, 463–464
justifications and mechanisms, 459–477 Pyramidal cells, 54

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 Index 577

Radial dipoles, 53, 277 Steady-state evoked potential. See Frequency

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Rank, 299 tagging

Raw power, 218 S-transform, 214
Rayleigh’s Z, 488 Stripes, 40
Reaction times, 79, 482 Sum of squared errors, 186
Rectangular notation, 153 Surface Laplacian, 276, 329
Referencing data, 82 Suspicious results, 40, 523
Reflection, 77 Synchronization, 265, 268
Rejecting data, 80–81
Replications, 529, 545 Tables, 514, 543
Resting state, 301 Take-home-message, 504
Tangential dipoles, 277
Sample data, 9 Tapers, 196, 205
Sampling rate, 66 Task-related activity, 34
Short-time FFT, 196, 204, 266 Temporal accuracy. See temporal resolution
Signal processing toolbox, 189 Temporal autocorrelation, 367
Signal-to-noise ratio, 234–235, 336, 362 Temporal jitter, 249, 322, 323
Signal-to-noise trade-off, 74 Temporal precision
Sine wave, 121–122, 155 connectivity results, 336
Single-trial baseline, 230 cross-frequency coupling, 409
Slepian tapers, 205 definition, 24–25
Small-world networks, 441–442 downsampling, 239
Sources of EEG, 53 filtering, 183
Spatial accuracy. See Spatial resolution Fourier transform, 199
Spatial filters, 81, 275 Granger prediction, 371
Spatial localization, 314 multitaper, 207
Spatial precision. See Spatial resolution wavelets, 142, 145, 169, 266
Spatial resolution, 26–27, 280, 288, 314, 270 Temporal resolution, 24–25, 239, 367, 371
Spatial scales, 27 Temporal smoothing, 206, 232
Spearman correlation, 237, 357, 398, 404, Terminology. See Analysis terms
483 tfviewerx, 37–38, 505
Specificity, 508 Theta, 15, 33, 238
Spectral coherence, 342 Threshold for connectivity, 432
Spike-field coherence, 257 Time segments, 199, 301, 336, 362, 377, 395, 416
Stationarity Time shifting, 480
empirical mode decomposition, 212 Time = 0, 64, 75, 206
Copyright @ 2014. The MIT Press.

ERPs, 263, 383 Time-domain convolution, 113

Fourier transform, 132, 195 Time-frequency representation, 141
Granger prediction, 372 Time-frequency trade-off, 34, 141, 199, 206
phase estimation, 253, 350 Time-frequency window, 496
wavelets, 171 Toolboxes, 6
Statistical significance, 454, 463 Topographical localization, 27, 277, 283

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 578 Index

Topographical maps, 102–103

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Total power, 259

Trade-offs. See Time-frequency trade-off
Transcranial alternating current stimulation, 59,
541
Transient activity, 170
Trial averaging, 222
Trial concatenation, 173, 190
Trial count, 65, 79, 237, 246, 248, 340, 501
Type I and Type II errors, 455

Uncertainties, 34, 250

Variable names, 45
Vertices (nodes), 429
Violation of stationarity, 132, 141
Visual inspection, 410, 449
Volume conduction, 275, 286, 326, 346
von Mises distribution, 414, 489
V-test, 352

Wavelet family, 145

Wavelet parameters, 164–172, 269
Weighted phase clustering (wITPC), 253, 342, 411
Weighted phase lag index, 347
Within-subjects statistics, 450–451, 479

Zero frequency, 125, 134

Z-transform, 224
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