Tree Line:- The altitude above which no trees grow on a mountain.

(below 4500
m)
Snow Line:- The altitude above which snow never melts. (above 4500 m)

Types of Forest in Pakistan

1. Alpine Forest ( 4000 m )
2. Coniferous Forest ( 1000 – 4000 m )
3. Sub Tropical Dry or Scrub Forest ( up to 1000 m )
4. Tropical Thorn or Rakh Forest ( below 1000 m )
5. Mangrove Forest ( below 1000 m )
6. Riverain or Bela Forest ( below 1000 m )
7. Irrigated Forest ( below 1000 m )

-For Photograph A,
Q.1. Name the main type of natural vegetation shown.
Ans. Alpine / Coniferous forests.
Q.2. Describe the natural vegetation.
Ans. These are coniferous forests.
These are evergreen, tall and straight.
Their branches sloping downwards.
Their leaves are long and needle shaped.
These are soft wood trees with thick bark protection from cold.
Q.3. Explain why there is little or no natural vegetation in area X in the
background of Photograph A.
Ans. In area X there is permanent snow exist due to low temperature.
Above the tree line.
Q.4. Describe in not more than two words the topography (relief) shown in the
Photograph.
Ans. Mountainous / Wooded / Coniferous / Steep slopes.
Q.5. What type of trees are shown in the Photograph?
Ans. Coniferous.
Q.6. At what altitude do these trees grow in NWFP?
Ans. 1000 - 4000 m.
Q.7. How is this type of tree adapted to the climate of this area? Ans. Evergreen
to take advantage of short growing season and can save energy. Conical shape to
shed snow. Small leaves. Thick, leathery leaves to reduce transpiration. Can shed
snow with sloping branches. Can tolerate cold with a thick bark. Can absorb water
from melting snow with shallow roots.

Q.8. Name the forest types found in each of the areas A,B and C.
Ans. A. Coniferous / Alpine
Q.9. Explain why the forest type A grows naturally in cool, hilly areas. Ans.
Evergreen to take advantage of short growing season and can save energy. Conical
shape to shed snow. Small leaves. Thick, leathery leaves to reduce transpiration. Can
shed snow with sloping branches. Can tolerate cold with a thick bark Can absorb
water from melting snow with shallow roots
Q.1. Name the type of natural vegetation shown.
Ans. Sub-tropical dry forest / scrub.
Q.2. Describe the natural vegetation.
Ans. The natural vegetation consists of small trees and shrubs.
Small rounded bushes and clumps of dry grass with bare patches of soil.

Q.3. Name an area;

Ans. Bahawalpur. Khanewal
Changa Manga Kotri
Chichawatni Taunsa Barrage
Guddu Barrage Thal
Hyderabad Shorkot
Q.4. For irrigated forests describe their main features.
Ans. Man made and planted in rows
Equally spaced. Same age and single species are planted in one block.
Near rivers and canals. Main species are Shisham / Babul / Eucalyptus
Q.5. For irrigated forests explain why they were developed in Pakistan. Ans.
Lack of fuel in the past.
Firewood for steam engines / railways. Wood for railway sleepers.
Timber for construction / furniture / paper.
Firewood for domestic use. To reduce timber imports

Q.6. Describe the distribution of Both the areas with natural forests and the
irrigated forests shown on Fig.3.
Ans. Northern mountains / northern KPK / northern areas.
Potwar plateau / Salt Range.
Western highland.
Indus delta / Sindh coast.
Below snowline / 4500 m
Areas with wet climate
Irrigated Forests
Most by rivers / by Indus
6/7 in Punjab / most in Punjab / UIP
1 in lower Sindh / LIP
1 on the border of Punjab and KPK / confluence of river Indus and Gomal.
Q.7. Why are there irrigated plantations of trees in the Indus Plain? Ans. Prevent
soil erosion of banks. Reduces air pollution. For shade. Reduce timber import. For
construction. For firewood. For furniture. For boxes. For agricultural implements.
Q.8. What evidence in Photograph D shows that this is a plantation?
Ans. Trees in lines / rows.
Same age / height.
Same species.
Q.9. Why is the plantation being irrigated?
Ans. Depends on irrigation schemes like tube well and canals.
Low rainfall / there is not enough rainfall.
High rate of evaporation.
Q.10. There has been development of forests in lowland areas of Punjab and Sindh
using irrigation. Why is irrigation necessary for new plantations of trees?
Ans. Low rainfall / high evapotranspiration.
Seasonal rainfall.
Irregular rainfall.
Keeps the soil wet / prevents soil erosion.
Root system needs to grow.
Q.11. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing more irrigated
plantations of trees in lowland areas of Punjab and Sindh.

Linear Plantation
Planted by man but in a lane.
These are found alongside canals / rivers
Alongside roads / railways
Along field boundaries.

Q.1. Why is it important that forests by the coast are protected? Ans.
Breeding ground for fish.
Feed amongst roots / protected by roots.
Shelter from storms / cyclones.
Prevent coastal erosion.
Resources for local people e.g. wood for houses, boats, food.
 Habitat / shelter for wildlife.
Under threat from oil spills / over cutting / polluted effluent.
Q.2. Suggest how mangroves help to reduce erosion of the coast. Ans.
extensive / large root system / many roots
reduces water flow / movement
roots work as wave break.
Q.3. Why is this type of forest only found in this area (Sindh Coast)?
Ans. Tidal regular flooding.
Saline soil / salt water in soil.
Trees are adapted to this environment / roots filter.
Salt secreted.
Q.2. There has been deforestation within the areas with natural forests. How has
this caused problems for:
1. Communication in the mountain areas,
2. Farming on valley floors and plains,
3. Hydro-electric power supplies?
Ans. 1. Communication in the mountain areas:
Soil erosion.
Land slides.
Flooding.
Telephone wires grounded.
2. Farming on valley floors and plains:
Soil erosion.
Flooding.
Canals blocked.
Less rain.
Crops destroyed.
3. Hydro-electric power:
Soil erosion.
Silt in reservoirs.
Less rain.
Silt in pipes.
Landslides may break power lines.

Q.3. Study Photograph E, trees have been cut down in area X. What effects may
 this have on the soil there?
Ans. Leaching.
Soil erosion.
Gullying.
Land sliding.
Q.4. How can deforestation affect water supplies?
Ans. Muddy water undrinkable / polluted.
Reduced evapotranspiration so less rain.
Silt in reservoirs reduce storage capacity.
Silt blocks irrigation channels.
Flooding / increase surface runoff.
Q.5 Explain how forests can become a source of income for the people of rural
areas.
Ans. Firewood
Raw material e.g. timber / ephedra / fruit
For cottage / small scale / pharmaceutical industries
Forests attract tourism
Goods can be sold to tourists
Creates employment e.g. forest guide / forest department.

Q.5. Locate the areas most affected by deforestation.

Ans. North West Borders.
NWFP.
Northern Balochistan. FATA.
Q.7. Study Photograph F and describe the scene.
Ans. Bare ground / rocky / barren
Steep Slopes.
Gullies.
Small amount of vegetation.
Red colour.
Mountains / hills.
Badland area.
Q.8. Explain why scenes such as this are caused by deforestation.
Ans. No roots to hold the soil together.
Soil erosion.
No interception.
More runoff.
Loss of leaf fall.
Lack of decomposition.
Loss of fertility.
Less rainfall.
More exposure to sun and wind.
Leaching.
Q.9. With reference to Fig.6, explain how deforestation can cause soil erosion. Ans.
Soil is exposed / lack of protection from leaves and branches. Surface water flow
carried soil away.
Lack of infiltration into ground.
Less water absorbed by roots / less evapotranspiration.
No roots to hold soil.
No leaf fall to add humus / fertility.
Leaching of nutrients / nutrients lost.
No new plants grow.
Soil Erosion
It is defined as the wearing away of topsoil by natural agents i.e. wind, water, rain and
glacier. Topsoil is the top layer of soil and is the most fertile because it contains the most
organic, nutrient-rich materials.

Causes of Soil Erosion

Erosion by natural agents i.e. wind, river, rain and glacier
Deforestation by humans
Over grazing by livestock
During mining
Effects of soil erosion
Loss of fertile soil and nutrients
Output reduced
Income of the farmer reduced
Eroded material deposited in dams, reduce the storing capacity of water
Less generation of power
Cause flooding.

Types (Erosion )
1. Sheet / surface Erosion
This occurs when rain falls on bare soil, loosening fine particles (silt, clay and humus)
that are carried downhill in surface run-off.
2. Rill Erosion
It is the removal of soil by concentrated water running through little streams. 3.
Wind Erosion
The removel of topsoil by wind. It occurs mostly in flat, bare areas; dry, sandy soils; or
anywhere the soil is loose.
4. Gully Erosion
It is the removal of soil along drainage lines by surface water runoff.
Q.1. Describe the distribution of soil erosion in Baluchistan.
Ans. Scattered / widespread / in mountains.
Especially in south west of Punjab Province.
Central and western part of Khayber Pakhtunkwah.
Chagi hills.
Northern part and north eastern part of Balochistan.
Southern side of Balochistan Province.
Central part of Sindh Province.
Q.2. Explain why the dry climate of Balochistan increases the risk of soil
erosion.
Ans. Lack of natural vegetation / bare soil.
Slow to re-grow.
Wind blows soil away.
Over cultivation.
Dry soil less cohesive.
Q.3. Where does eroded soil go to?
Ans. Into rivers / canals.
Reservoirs / dams / lakes.
On foot hills of the mountains.
Q.4. How can soil be protected in areas of low and unreliable rainfall?
Ans. Afforestation.
Irrigation of the trees.
Prevent over grazing.
Fill gullies / improved cultivation.
Terracing.
Laid the layer of stone.
Contour ploughing.
Q.1. Why is afforestation called a ‘long-term investment’?
Ans. Trees take many years to grow.
Many years before financial return / start production.
High cost of planting.
Costs during growth.
Q.2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of developing a forest area for
tourism?
Ans. Advantages
Employment opportunities
Source of income.
Provision of named infrastructure / electricity, roads, water, sanitation.
Provision of other modern facilities e.g. shops.
Reduces the effects of deforestation / destruction of habitats / soil erosion.
Disadvantages
High cost of development.
Damage to trees / effects on habitats.
Litter / garbage.
Resettlement of local people.
Tourist may not come due to problem of security.
Loss of culture.

Q.1. To what extent is it possible to save and even increase the area of forests in
Pakistan?
Ans. Possibilities
Action of illegal logging / fines / penalties
Government protection of forest areas / national parks / reserves
Selective cutting
Use of alternative fuel / natural gas instead of burning wood
Public awareness campaign
Planting trees
Providing alternative grazing area
Action against pollution [which affects mangroves]
Problem
Cost / lack of finance
Security issues
Lack of government will
Demand for timber / firewood / wood for construction
Land needed for housing / industry / agriculture / roads
Very long term project.
Q.2. Explain how forests can become a source of income for the people of rural
areas.
Ans. Firewood / charcoal
Named raw material e.g. timber / roots / leaves / ephedra / fruit / nuts
For cottage / small scale / craft / pharmaceutical industries
Named product e.g. furniture, toys, souvenirs
Forests attract tourism
Goods can be sold to tourists
Creates employment e.g. forest guides / rangers / forest department / forestry