A

MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON

“HOME AUTOMATION WITH GOOGLE ASSISTANT, ALEXA AND MANUAL

SWITCH FOR SENSORS”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements

For the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

By
K.PRAHARSHA REDDY 21R91A0499
J.SRAVYA 21R91A0490
J.KAVYA SRI 21R91A0495
J.VINAY SAI GOUD 21R91A0496

Under the guidance of

Dr.E.Radhamma
Associate Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

TEEGALA KRISHNA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Medbowli, Meerpet, Saroor Nagar, Hyderabad-097
Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad
2021-2025
 TEEGALA KRISHNA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(UGC-Autonomous)
Approved by AICTE, Affiliated by JNTUH, Accredited by NAAC- ‘A’ Grade
Medbowli, Meerpet, Balapur, Hyderabad, Telangana- 500097
Mob: 9393959597. Email: [email protected], [email protected]

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Mini Project work entitled “HOME AUTOMATION WITH
GOOGLE ASSISTANT, ALEXA AND MANUAL SWITCH FOR SENSORS”.That is
being submitted by K.PRAHARSHA REDDY(21R91A0499), J.SRAVYA(21R91A0490),
J.KAVYA SRI(21R91A0495) & J.VINAY SAI GOUD(21R91A0496). In partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the award of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING in J.N.T.U.H,

during the academic year 2024- 2025.

PROJECT GUIDE PROJECT COORDINATOR

Dr. E.RADHAMMA Dr. E.RADHAMMA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT EXTERNAL EXAMINER

Dr. SK. UMAR FARUQ
PROFESSOR AND HEAD
 TEEGALA KRISHNA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(UGC-Autonomous)
Approved by AICTE, Affiliated by JNTUH, Accredited by NAAC- ‘A’ Grade
Medbowli, Meerpet, Balapur, Hyderabad, Telangana- 500097
Mob: 9393959597. Email: [email protected], [email protected]

DECLARATION

We, K.PRAHARSHA REDDY (21R91A0499), J.SRAVYA (21R91A0490), J.KAVYA SRI

(21R91A0495) & J.VINAY SAI GOUD (21R91A0496) hereby declare that the work emboided in

this Mini project entitled “HOME AUTOMATION WITH GOOGLE

ASSISTANT, ALEXA INCLUDING MANUAL SWITCH FOR SENSOR”
submitted to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, for partial fulfillment of the
Award of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING by J.N.T.U.H, during the Academic year 2024-25 has been
carried out by us under the supervision of Dr. E.RADHAMMA, Associate Professor. To the best of our
knowledge, this work has not been submitted for any other degree in any University.

K.PRAHARSHA REDDY 21R91A0499

J.SRAVYA 21R95A0490
J.KAVYA SRI 21R91A0495
J.VINAY SAI GOUD 21R91A0496
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria the accompanies the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible and whose encouragement and
guidance have crowned our efforts with success.
First, We would like to thank our Mini Project guide Dr..E.RADHAMMA, Associate Professor
in Department of E.C.E., for her inspiration, adroit guidance and constructive criticism for completion
of our degree.
We would like to convey our special thanks to the Minor Project Co-Ordinator
Dr.E.RADHAMMA, Associate Professor in Department of E.C.E., for her valuable guidance and
suggestions in analyzing and testing throughout the period, till the end of this work completion.
Also, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to Dr. SK. UMAR FARUQ. Professor Head
of Department in Electronics & Communication Engineering during the progress of the Project work, for
his timely suggestions and help in spite of his busy schedule.
We would like to convey our special gratitude to the Vice-Principal and Dean of Academics at
Teegala Krishna Reddy Engineering College Dr.B.SRINIVASA RAO, Professor in Department of
C.S.E., for his inspiration, adroit guidance and constructive criticism for completion of this work.
Our acknowledgement extended to Principal Dr. K.V. MURALI MOHAN, Principal of
TEEGALA KRISHNA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE for his
consistent help and encouragement to complete the research work.

We are very much thankful to TKR EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY on behalf of our beloved
Chairman Sri TEEGALA KRISHNA REDDY Garu for their help in providing good facilities in our
college.

K.PRAHARSHA REDDY 21R91A0499

J.SRAVYA 21R91A0490
J.KAVYA SRI 21R91A0495
J.VINAY SAI GOUD 21R91A0496
 Home Automation With Google Assistant, Alexa And Manual Switch For Sensor.

INDEX

ABSTRACT v
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-3

1.1 Introduction of the project 1

1.1.1 The objectives of the project 2

1.2 Project overview 2

1.3 Thesis 2

CHAPTER 2: EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 4-16

2.1 Introduction to embedded systems 4

2.1.1 History 5

2.1.2 Tools 6

2.1.3 Resources 6

2.1.4 Real-Time Issues 7

2.2 Need of embedded systems 7

2.2.1 Debugging 7

2.2.2 Reliability 8

2.3 Explanation of embedded systems 9

2.3.1 Software Architecture 9

2.3.2 Stand Alone Embedded Systems 11

2.3.3 Real-time Embedded Systems 11

2.3.4 Network Communication Embedded Systems 12

2.4 Different Types of Processing Units 13

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2.5 Applications of embedded systems 13

2.5.1 Consumer Applications 13

2.5.2 Office Automation 14

2.5.3 Industrial Automation 14

2.5.4 Computer Networking 15

2.5.5 Telecommunication 16

CHAPTER 3: HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 17-51

3.1 Introduction 17

3.2 Node MCU 18

3.2.1 ESP-12E Module 18

3.2.2 Power Requirement 19

3.2.3 Peripherals and IO 20

3.2.4 Onboard Switches and LED Indicator 21

3.2.5 Serial Communication 21

3.2.6 ESP8266 NodeMCU Pin-Out 22

3.3 Regulated power supply 24

3.3.1 Transformers 26

3.3.2 Rectifiers 28

3.3.3 Filters 30

3.3.4 Resistors 33

3.3.5 Power Dissipation 34

3.4 LED indicator 35

3.4.1 Working of LED 36

3.5 Relays 37

3.5.1 Why is Relay Used? 37

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3.5.2 Relay Design 38

3.5.3 How Relay Works 38

3.5.4 Relay Basics 40

3.5.5 Pole and Throw 42

3.5.6 Relay Applications 42

3.5.7 Advantages of Relays 43

3.5.8 Disadvantages of Relays 43

3.5.9 Relay Drivers 43

3.6 Transistor 44

3.6.1 BC547 Transistor Features 44

3.6.2 Brief Description on BC547 45

3.6.3 BC547 as Switch 45

3.7 PIR sensor 46

3.7.1 Working of PIR Sensor 46

3.7.2 Theory of Operation 47

3.7.3 Lenses 48

3.7.4 Connecting to PIR Sensor 49

3.7.5 Startup time of PIR Sensor 50

3.7.6 PIR Sensor Range of Operation 50

3.7.7 Features 50

3.7.8 Applications 51

3.7.9 Specifications 51

CHAPTER 4: SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 52-56

4.1 Arduino ide studio Compiler. 52

4.2 Procedural steps for compilation, simulation and dumping 52

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4.2.1 Installing the ESP8266 Core on Windows OS 52

4.2.2 Arduino Example 54

CHAPTER 5: PROJECT DESCRIPTION. 57

CHAPTER 6: ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS. 58-59

CHAPTER 7: RESULTS 60-61

CONCLUSION 62
FUTURE PROSPECTS 62
REFERENCES 63

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ABSTRACT

This project aims to develop a comprehensive home automation system integrating Google Assistant,
Amazon Alexa, manual switches, and various sensors to create an intelligent, user-friendly, and efficient
living environment. By utilizing voice commands, sensor data, and traditional manual controls, the system
offers a seamless and intuitive experience for all household members.

The integration of voice assistants like Google Assistant and Alexa allows for hands-free operation of
home devices, enabling users to control lighting, heating, cooling, and security systems with simple voice
commands. Sensors are employed to monitor environmental conditions and occupancy, facilitating
automated adjustments that contribute to energy savings and enhanced security. Manual switches provide a
reliable backup control method, ensuring the system remains accessible and functional even during network
or power outages.

IoT-enabled home automation systems typically involve the use of smart devices, such as
thermostats, light bulbs, and security cameras, that can be controlled and monitored through a centralized
hub or app. These smart devices can communicate with each other and with the centralized hub using
wireless protocols such as Zigbee, Z-Wave, and Bluetooth.

Home automation system achieved great popularity in the last decades and it increases the comfort
and quality of life. In this paper an overview of current and emerging home automation systems is discussed.
Nowadays most home automation systems consist of a smartphone and microcontroller. A smart phone
application is used to control and monitor the home appliances using different type of communication
techniques. In this paper the working principle of different type of wireless communication techniques such
as ZigBee, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, EnOcean and GSM are studied and their features are compared with each other
so the users can choose their own choice of technology to build home automation system. Moreover in this
research work the survey of different home automation systems is discussed.

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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO
2.1 A modern example of embedded system 10
2.2 Network communication embedded systems 18
2.3 Automatic coffee makes equipment 19
2.4 Fax machine 19
2.5 Printing machine 19
2.6 Robot 20
2.7 Computer Networking 20
2.8 Cell Phone 21

2.9 Web Camera 21

3.1 Block Diagram 22
3.2 Node MCU and Specifications 23
3.4 Regulated Power Supply 20
3.5 Circuit Diagram of Regulated power supply 20
with LED connection
3.6 Step-Down Transformer 21
3.7 Bridge Rectifier:A full wave rectifier using 4 22
diodes
3.7.1 DB107 23
3.8 Construction of a Capacitor 23
3.9 Electrolytic Capacitor 23
3.10 Voltage Regulator 24
3.11 Resistor 26

3.12 Color Bands in Resistor 26

3.13 Inside a LED 29

3.14 Parts of LED 29

3.15 Electrical Symbol & Polarities of LED 30

5.1 Schematic Diagram of Home Automation System

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LIST OF TABLES

3.6.1 BC547 Transistor Pin-out Configuration

3.7.5 Pin Configuration of PIR Sensor

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

IOT -Internet of Things

CPU -Central Processing Unit
LCD -Liquid Crystal Display
LED -Light Emitting Diode
IDE -Integrated Development Environment
ESP -Espress If Systems
SPI -Serial Peripheral Interface
I2C -Inter Integrated Circuit
BLE -Bluetooth Low Energy
USB -Universal Serial Bus
ADC -Analog to Digital Converter
DHT -Digital Temperature and Humidity Sensor
ARP -Audio Record and Playback
RAM -Random Access Memory

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction:
The main aim of this project is to design a google assistant-based home automation which is
control by manual and automatic and which select the mode of automation by the user using selection
switch. PIR sensor is used to detect the human presence in room which uses for automatic automation.

The controlling device of the whole system is a NodeMCU module. The ESP8266
based NodeMCU development board. It is an open-source platform for developing Wi-Fi based
embedded systems and it is based on the popular ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module, running the Lua based
NodeMCU firmware. One of the easiest ways to program NodeMCU is via the Arduino IDE.

This project explores the integration of home automation systems utilizing Google Assistant, Amazon
Alexa, and manual switches to enhance control and convenience within residential environments. The
system is designed to manage electrical appliances, including a bulb and a fan, through a combination
of voice commands and manual controls. Key components of the system include two relays that
facilitate the operation of the bulb and fan, a Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor for detecting motion, and a
selection switch for manual intervention. The PIR sensor enables automated control of lighting and
fan based on room occupancy, while the selection switch allows users to toggle between manual and
automated modes. The system is designed to provide seamless interaction between voice assistants
and manual controls, offering a flexible and user-friendly approach to home automation. The
integration of these technologies aims to improve energy efficiency, enhance user convenience, and
provide a customizable automation experience. The effectiveness of the system is evaluated based on
its responsiveness, ease of use, and reliability in managing household devices.

2- Relays along with BULB and fan, PIR, selection switch are interfaced to the NodeMCU. The
NodeMCU as inbuilt Wi-Fi module so it receives the data from google assistant. Based on the
received command, NodeMCU will turn ON/OFF the loads. In this home appliances are inter facing
through relays. Relays work as a switch to ON/OFF the devices. The NodeMCU control the coils of
the relays and that causes the relay to alternate between normally open (NO) and normally closed
(NC) condition depending on the state of the NodeMCU thus, effectively turning the connected
appliance “ON” or “OFF”.

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1.1.1 The objectives of the project include:

▶ Controlling home appliances through voice using Google assistant.

▶ To Control the devices using Wi-Fi technology.
▶ PIR based Automatic automation and Google assistant based manual automation.
▶ Relays based device switching.
▶ Using NodeMCU module to achieve this task.

1.2 Project Overview:

An embedded system is a combination of software and hardware to perform a

dedicated task. Some of the main devices used in embedded products are Microprocessors and
Microcontrollers.
Microprocessors are commonly referred to as general purpose processors as they
simply accept the inputs, process it and give the output. In contrast, a microcontroller not only accepts
the data as inputs but also manipulates it, interfaces the data with various devices, controls the data
and thus finally gives the result.
The Project “Home Automation with Google Assistant, Alexa and Manual
Switches Including Sensors” is an exclusive project using NodeMCU that can control the home
appliances manual and automatic using google assistant and PIR sensor. By using selection switch
user can select the automation whether automatic or manual.

1.3 Thesis Overview:

The thesis explains the implementation of ““Home Automation with Google

Assistant, Alexa and Manual Switches Including Sensors” using Node MCU. The organization of
the thesis is explained here with:
Chapter 1 Presents introduction to the overall thesis and the overview of the project

Chapter 2 Presents the topic embedded systems. It explains the about what is embedded systems,
need for embedded systems, explanation of it along with its applications.

Chapter 3 Presents the hardware description.

Chapter 4 Presents the software description. It explains the implementation of the project using

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ARDUINO IDE STUDIO Compiler software.

Chapter 5 Presents the project description along with each component interfacing to the Node MCU.

Chapter 6 Presents the advantages, disadvantages and applications of the project.

Chapter 7 Presents the results, conclusion and future scope of the project.

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CHAPTER 2
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

2.1 Introduction to Embedded Systems:

An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated

functions often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device
often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a
personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs.
Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.

Embedded systems are controlled by one or more main processing cores that are
typically either microcontrollers or digital signal processors (DSP). The key characteristic, however,
is being dedicated to handle a particular task, which may require very powerful processors. For
example, air traffic control systems may usefully be viewed as embedded, even though they involve
mainframe computers and dedicated regional and national networks between airports and radar sites.
(Each radar probably includes one or more embedded systems of its own.)

Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can
optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance.
Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.

Physically embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and
MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems
controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to
very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.

In general, "embedded system" is not a strictly definable term, as most systems have
some element of extensibility or programmability. For example, handheld computers share some
elements with embedded systems such as the operating systems and microprocessors which power
them, but they allow different applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected. On a
continuum from "general purpose" to "embedded", large application systems will have
subcomponents at most points even if the system as a whole is "designed to perform one or a few
dedicated functions", and is thus appropriate to call "embedded". A modern example of embedded
system is shown in fig: 2.1.

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Fig 2.1: A modern example of embedded system

Labeled parts include microprocessor (4), RAM (6), flash memory (7).Embedded
systems programming is not like normal PC programming. In many ways, programming for an
embedded system is like programming PC 15 years ago. The hardware for the system is usually
chosen to make the device as cheap as possible. Spending an extra dollar a unit in order to make
things easier to program can cost millions. Hiring a programmer for an extra month is cheap in
comparison. This means the programmer must make do with slow processors and low memory, while
at the same time battling a need for efficiency not seen in most PC applications. Below is a list of
issues specific to the embedded field.

2.1.1 History:

In the earliest years of computers in the 1930–40s, computers were sometimes

dedicated to a single task, but were far too large and expensive for most kinds of tasks performed by
embedded computers of today. Over time however, the concept of programmable controllers evolved
from traditional electromechanical sequencers, via solid state devices, to the use of computer
technology.

One of the first recognizably modern embedded systems was the Apollo Guidance
Computer, developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory. At the project's
inception, the Apollo guidance computer was considered the riskiest item in the Apollo project as it
employed the then newly developed monolithic integrated circuits to reduce the size and weight. An
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early mass-produced embedded system was the Autonetics D-17 guidance computer for
the Minuteman missile, released in 1961. It was built from transistor logic and had a hard disk for
main memory. When the Minuteman II went into production in 1966, the D-17 was replaced with a
new computer that was the first high-volume use of integrated circuits.

2.1.2 Tools:

Embedded development makes up a small fraction of total programming. There's also a

large number of embedded architectures, unlike the PC world where 1 instruction set rules, and the
Unix world where there's only 3 or 4 major ones. This means that the tools are more expensive. It also
means that they're lower featured, and less developed. On a major embedded project, at some point
you will almost always find a compiler bug of some sort.

Debugging tools are another issue. Since you can't always run general programs on
your embedded processor, you can't always run a debugger on it. This makes fixing your program
difficult. Special hardware such as JTAG ports can overcome this issue in part. However, if you stop
on a breakpoint when your system is controlling real world hardware (such as a motor), permanent
equipment damage can occur. As a result, people doing embedded programming quickly become
masters at using serial IO channels and error message style debugging.

2.1.3 Resources:

To save costs, embedded systems frequently have the cheapest processors that can do
the job. This means your programs need to be written as efficiently as possible. When dealing with
large data sets, issues like memory cache misses that never matter in PC programming can hurt you.
Luckily, this won't happen too often- use reasonably efficient algorithms to start, and optimize only
when necessary. Of course, normal profilers won't work well, due to the same reason debuggers don't
work well.
Memory is also an issue. For the same cost savings reasons, embedded systems usually
have the least memory they can get away with. That means their algorithms must be memory efficient
(unlike in PC programs, you will frequently sacrifice processor time for memory, rather than the
reverse). It also means you can't afford to leak memory. Embedded applications generally use
deterministic memory techniques and avoid the default "new" and "malloc" functions, so that leaks
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can be found and eliminated more easily. Other resources programmers expect may not even exist.
For example, most embedded processors do not have hardware FPUs (Floating-Point Processing
Unit). These resources either need to be emulated in software, or avoided altogether.

2.1.4 Real Time Issues:

Embedded systems frequently control hardware, and must be able to respond to them
in real time. Failure to do so could cause inaccuracy in measurements, or even damage hardware such
as motors. This is made even more difficult by the lack of resources available. Almost all embedded
systems need to be able to prioritize some tasks over others, and to be able to put off/skip low priority
tasks such as UI in favor of high priority tasks like hardware control.

2.2 Need For Embedded Systems:

The uses of embedded systems are virtually limitless, because every day new products
are introduced to the market that utilizes embedded computers in novel ways. In recent years,
hardware such as microprocessors, microcontrollers, and FPGA chips have become much cheaper. So
when implementing a new form of control, it's wiser to just buy the generic chip and write your own
custom software for it. Producing a custom-made chip to handle a particular task or set of tasks costs
far more time and money. Many embedded computers even come with extensive libraries, so that
"writing your own software" becomes a very trivial task indeed. From an implementation viewpoint,
there is a major difference between a computer and an embedded system. Embedded systems are often
required to provide Real-Time response. The main elements that make embedded systems unique are
its reliability and ease in debugging.

2.2.1 Debugging:

Embedded debugging may be performed at different levels, depending on the facilities

available. From simplest to most sophisticate they can be roughly grouped into the following areas:
 Interactive resident debugging, using the simple shell provided by the embedded operating
system (e.g. Forth and Basic)
 External debugging using logging or serial port output to trace operation using either a
monitor in flash or using a debug server like the Remedy Debugger which even works for
heterogeneous multi core systems.

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 An in-circuit debugger (ICD), a hardware device that connects to the microprocessor via a
JTAG or Nexus interface. This allows the operation of the microprocessor to be controlled
externally, but is typically restricted to specific debugging capabilities in the processor.
 An in-circuit emulator replaces the microprocessor with a simulated equivalent, providing full
control over all aspects of the microprocessor.
 A complete emulator provides a simulation of all aspects of the hardware, allowing all of it to
be controlled and modified, and allowing debugging on a normal PC.
 Unless restricted to external debugging, the programmer can typically load and run software
through the tools, view the code running in the processor, and start or stop its operation. The
view of the code may be as assembly code or source-code.

Because an embedded system is often composed of a wide variety of elements, the

debugging strategy may vary. For instance, debugging a software(and microprocessor) centric
embedded system is different from debugging an embedded system where most of the processing is
performed by peripherals (DSP, FPGA, co-processor). An increasing number of embedded systems
today use more than one single processor core. A common problem with multi-core development is
the proper synchronization of software execution. In such a case, the embedded system design may
wish to check the data traffic on the busses between the processor cores, which requires very low-
level debugging, at signal/bus level, with a logic analyzer, for instance.

2.2.2 Reliability:

Embedded systems often reside in machines that are expected to run continuously for
years without errors and in some cases recover by them if an error occurs. Therefore the software is
usually developed and tested more carefully than that for personal computers, and unreliable
mechanical moving parts such as disk drives, switches or buttons are avoided.
Specific reliability issues may include:
 The system cannot safely be shut down for repair, or it is too inaccessible to repair. Examples
include space systems, undersea cables, navigational beacons, bore-hole systems, and
automobiles.
 The system must be kept running for safety reasons. "Limp modes" are less tolerable. Often
backup s is selected by an operator. Examples include aircraft navigation, reactor control

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systems, safety-critical chemical factory controls, train signals, engines on single-engine

aircraft.
 The system will lose large amounts of money when shut down: Telephone switches, factory
controls, bridge and elevator controls, funds transfer and market making, automated sales and
service.

A variety of techniques are used, sometimes in combination, to recover from errors—

both software bugs such as memory leaks, and also soft errors in the hardware:
 Watchdog timer that resets the computer unless the software periodically notifies the
watchdog
 Subsystems with redundant spares that can be switched over to
 software "limp modes" that provide partial function
 Designing with a Trusted Computing Base (TCB) architecture[6] ensures a highly secure &
reliable system environment
 An Embedded Hypervisor is able to provide secure encapsulation for any subsystem
component, so that a compromised software component cannot interfere with other
subsystems, or privileged-level system software. This encapsulation keeps faults from
propagating from one subsystem to another, improving reliability. This may also allow a
subsystem to be automatically shut down and restarted on fault detection.
 Immunity Aware Programming

2.3 Explanation of Embedded Systems:

Software Architecture:

There are several different types of software architecture in common use.

Simple Control Loop:

In this design, the software simply has a loop. The loop calls subroutines, each of which
manages a part of the hardware or software.

Interrupt Controlled System:

Some embedded systems are predominantly interrupt controlled. This means that tasks
performed by the system are triggered by different kinds of events. An interrupt could be generated
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for example by a timer in a predefined frequency, or by a serial port controller receiving a byte. These
kinds of systems are used if event handlers need low latency and the event handlers are short and
simple.

Usually these kinds of systems run a simple task in a main loop also, but this task is not
very sensitive to unexpected delays. Sometimes the interrupt handler will add longer tasks to a queue
structure. Later, after the interrupt handler has finished, these tasks are executed by the main loop.
This method brings the system close to a multitasking kernel with discrete processes.

Cooperative Multitasking:

A non-preemptive multitasking system is very similar to the simple control loop

scheme, except that the loop is hidden in an API. The programmer defines a series of tasks, and each
task gets its own environment to “run” in. When a task is idle, it calls an idle routine, usually called
“pause”, “wait”, “yield”, “nop” (stands for no operation), etc.The advantages and disadvantages are
very similar to the control loop, except that adding new software is easier, by simply writing a new
task, or adding to the queue-interpreter.

Primitive Multitasking:

In this type of system, a low-level piece of code switches between tasks or threads
based on a timer (connected to an interrupt). This is the level at which the system is generally
considered to have an "operating system" kernel. Depending on how much functionality is required, it
introduces more or less of the complexities of managing multiple tasks running conceptually in
parallel.

As any code can potentially damage the data of another task (except in larger systems
using an MMU) programs must be carefully designed and tested, and access to shared data must be
controlled by some synchronization strategy, such as message queues, semaphores or a non-blocking
synchronization scheme.

Because of these complexities, it is common for organizations to buy a real-time

operating system, allowing the application programmers to concentrate on device functionality rather
than operating system services, at least for large systems; smaller systems often cannot afford the
overhead associated with a generic real time system, due to limitations regarding memory size,
performance, and/or battery life.
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 Microkernels And Exokernels:

A microkernel is a logical step up from a real-time OS. The usual arrangement is that
the operating system kernel allocates memory and switches the CPU to different threads of execution.
User mode processes implement major functions such as file systems, network interfaces, etc.

In general, microkernels succeed when the task switching and intertask communication
is fast, and fail when they are slow. Exokernels communicate efficiently by normal subroutine calls.
The hardware and all the software in the system are available to, and extensible by application
programmers. Based on performance, functionality, requirement the embedded systems are divided
into three categories:

2.3.1 Stand Alone Embedded System:

These systems takes the input in the form of electrical signals from transducers or
commands from human beings such as pressing of a button etc.., process them and produces desired
output. This entire process of taking input, processing it and giving output is done in standalone mode.
Such embedded systems comes under stand alone embedded systems

Eg: microwave oven, air conditioner etc..

2.3.2 Real-time embedded systems:

Embedded systems which are used to perform a specific task or operation in a specific
time period those systems are called as real-time embedded systems. There are two types of real-time
embedded systems.

Hard Real-time embedded systems:

These embedded systems follow an absolute dead line time period i.e.., if the tasking is
not done in a particular time period then there is a cause of damage to the entire equipment.

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Eg: consider a system in which we have to open a valve within 30 milliseconds. If this valve isnot
opened in 30 ms this may cause damage to the entire equipment. So in such cases we use embedded
systems for doing automatic operations.

Soft Real Time embedded systems:

Eg: Consider a TV remote control system ,if the remote control takes a few milliseconds delay it will
not cause damage either to the TV or to the remote control. These systems which will not cause damage when
they are not operated at considerable time period those systems comes under soft real-time embedded systems.

2.3.3 Network communication embedded systems:

A wide range network interfacing communication is provided by using embedded

systems.

Eg:Consider a web camera that is connected to the computer with internet can be used to spread
communication like sending pictures, images, videos etc.., to another computer with internet
connection throughout anywhere in the world.

Consider a web camera that is connected at the door lock.

Whenever a person comes near the door, it captures the image of a person and sends tothe
desktop of your computer which is connected to internet. This gives an alerting message with
image on to the desktop of your computer, and then you can open the door lock just by clicking
the mouse. Fig: 2.2 show the network communications in embedded systems.

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Fig 2.2: Network communication embedded systems

2.4 Different types of processing units:

The central processing unit (c.p.u) can be any one of the following microprocessor,
microcontroller, digital signal processing.

 Among these Microcontroller is of low cost processor and one of the main advantage of
microcontrollers is, the components such as memory, serial communication interfaces, analog
to digital converters etc.., all these are built on a single chip. The numbers of external
components that are connected to it are very less according to the application.

 Microprocessors are more powerful than microcontrollers. They are used in major applications
with a number of tasking requirements. But the microprocessor requires many external
components like memory, serial communication, hard disk, input output ports etc.., so the
power consumption is also very high when compared to microcontrollers.

 Digital signal processing is used mainly for the applications that particularly involved with
processing of signals

2.5 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

2.5.1 Consumer applications:

At home we use a number of embedded systems which include microwave oven,

remote control, vcd players, dvd players, camera etc….

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Fig 2.3: Automatic coffee makes equipment

2.5.2 Office automation:

We use systems like fax machine, modem, printer etc…

Fig 2.4: Fax machine Fig 2.5: Printing machine

2.5.3. Industrial automation:

Today a lot of industries are using embedded systems for process control. In industries
we design the embedded systems to perform a specific operation like monitoring temperature,
pressure, humidity ,voltage, current etc.., and basing on these monitored levels we do control other
devices, we can send information to a centralized monitoring station.

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Fig 2.6: Robot

In critical industries where human presence is avoided there we can use robots which
are programmed to do a specific operation.

2.5.4 Computer networking:

Embedded systems are used as bridges routers etc..

Fig 2.7: Computer networking

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2.5.5 Tele-communications:

Cell phones, web cameras etc.

Fig 2.8: Cell Phone Fig 2.9: Web camera

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CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1 Introduction:

In this chapter the block diagram of the project and design aspect of independent
modules are considered. Block diagram is shown in fig: 3.1:

Fig 3.1: Block diagram of Home Automation with Google Assistant, Alexa and Manual
Switches Including Sensors

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The main Blocks of this project are:

▶ Regulated power supply.

▶ NodeMCU.
▶ 2 RELAY BORD.
▶ 2 Appliances (Bulb&Fan).
▶ PIR sensor.
▶ Selection switch.

3.2 Node MCU:

3.2.1 ESP-12E Module

The development board equips the ESP-12E module containing ESP8266 chip having Tensilica
Xtensa® 32-bit LX106 RISC microprocessor which operates at 80 to 160 MHz adjustable clock
frequency and supports RTOS.

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There’s also 128 KB RAM and 4MB of Flash memory (for program and data storage) just enough to
cope with the large strings that make up web pages, JSON/XML data, and everything we throw at IoT
devices nowadays.

The ESP8266 Integrates 802.11b/g/n HT40 Wi-Fi transceiver, so it can not only connect to a WiFi
network and interact with the Internet, but it can also set up a network of its own, allowing other
devices to connect directly to it. This makes the ESP8266 NodeMCU even more versatile.

3.2.2 Power Requirement

As the operating voltage range of ESP8266 is 3V to 3.6V, the board comes with a LDO voltage
regulator to keep the voltage steady at 3.3V. It can reliably supply up to 600mA, which should be
more than enough when ESP8266 pulls as much as 80mA during RF transmissions. The output of the
regulator is also broken out to one of the sides of the board and labeled as 3V3. This pin can be used
to supply power to external components.

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Power to the ESP8266 NodeMCU is supplied via the on-board MicroB USB connector. Alternatively,
if you have a regulated 5V voltage source, the VIN pin can be used to directly supply the ESP8266
and its peripherals.

3.2.3 Peripherals and I/O

The ESP8266 NodeMCU has total 17 GPIO pins broken out to the pin headers on both sides of the
development board. These pins can be assigned to all sorts of peripheral duties, including:

 ADC channel – A 10-bit ADC channel.

 UART interface – UART interface is used to load code serially.

 PWM outputs – PWM pins for dimming LEDs or controlling motors.

 SPI, I2C & I2S interface – SPI and I2C interface to hook up all sorts of sensors and
peripherals.

 I2S interface – I2S interface if you want to add sound to your project.

The ESP8266’s pin multiplexing feature (Multiple peripherals multiplexed on a single GPIO pin).
Meaning a single GPIO pin can act as PWM/UART/SPI.

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3.2.4 On-board Switches & LED Indicator

The ESP8266 NodeMCU features two buttons. One marked as RST located on the top left corner is
the Reset button, used of course to reset the ESP8266 chip. The other FLASH button on the bottom
left corner is the download button used while upgrading firmware.

The board also has a LED indicator which is user programmable and is connected to the D0 pin of the
board.

3.2.5 Serial Communication

The board includes CP2102 USB-to-UART Bridge Controller from Silicon Labs, which converts
USB signal to serial and allows your computer to program and communicate with the ESP8266 chip.

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3.2.6 ESP8266 NodeMCU Pin-out

The ESP8266 NodeMCU has total 30 pins that interface it to the outside world. The connections are
as follows:

Power Pins: There are four power pins viz. one VIN pin & three 3.3V pins. The VIN pin can be used
to directly supply the ESP8266 and its peripherals, if you have a regulated 5V voltage source. The
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V pins are the output of an on-board voltage regulator. These pins can be used to supply power to
external components.
GND: is a ground pin of ESP8266 NodeMCU development board.

I2C PINS: are used to hook up all sorts of I2C sensors and peripherals in your project. Both I2C
Master and I2C Slave are supported. I2C interface functionality can be realized programmatically, and
the clock frequency is 100 kHz at a maximum. It should be noted that I2C clock frequency should be
higher than the slowest clock frequency of the slave device.

GPIO PINS:

ESP8266 NodeMCU has 17 GPIO pins which can be assigned to various functions such as I2C, I2S,
UART, PWM, IR Remote Control, LED Light and Button programmatically. Each digital enabled
GPIO can be configured to internal pull-up or pull-down, or set to high impedance. When configured
as an input, it can also be set to edge-trigger or level-trigger to generate CPU interrupts.

ADC CHANNEL: The NodeMCU is embedded with a 10-bit precision SAR ADC. The two
functions can be implemented using ADC viz. Testing power supply voltage of VDD3P3 pin and
testing input voltage of TOUT pin. However, they cannot be implemented at the same time.

UART: ESP8266 NodeMCU has 2 UART interfaces, i.e. UART0 and UART1, which provide
asynchronous communication (RS232 and RS485), and can communicate at up to 4.5 Mbps. UART0
(TXD0, RXD0, RST0 & CTS0 pins) can be used for communication. It supports fluid control.
However, UART1 (TXD1 pin) features only data transmit signal so, it is usually used for printing log.

SPI PINS: ESP8266 features two SPIs (SPI and HSPI) in slave and master modes. These SPIs also
support the following general-purpose SPI features:

 4 timing modes of the SPI format transfer

 Up to 80 MHz and the divided clocks of 80 MHz

 Up to 64-Byte FIFO

ESP8266 features Sec

SDIO PINS: ESP8266 features Secure Digital Input/Output Interface (SDIO) which is used to
directly interface SD cards. 4-bit 25 MHz SDIO v1.1 and 4-bit 50 MHz SDIO v2.0 are supported.
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PWM PINS: The board has 4 channels of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). The PWM output can be
implemented programmatically and used for driving digital motors and LEDs. PWM frequency range
is adjustable from 1000 μs to 10000 μs, i.e., between 100 Hz and 1 kHz.

CONTROL PINS: are used to control ESP8266. These pins include Chip Enable pin (EN), Reset
pin (RST) and WAKE pin.

 EN pin – The ESP8266 chip is enabled when EN pin is pulled HIGH. When pulled LOW the
chip works at minimum power.

 RST pin – RST pin is used to reset the ESP8266 chip.

 WAKE pin – Wake pin is used to wake the chip from deep-sleep.

3.3 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY:

3.1 Block Diagram:

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Fig 3.4 Regulated Power Supply

The basic circuit diagram of a regulated power supply (DC O/P) with led connected as
load is shown in fig: 3.3.3.

Fig 3.5 Circuit diagram of Regulated Power Supply with Led connection

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The components mainly used in above figure are

 230V AC MAINS
 TRANSFORMER
 BRIDGE RECTIFIER(DIODES)
 CAPACITOR
 VOLTAGE REGULATOR(IC 7805)
 RESISTOR
 LED(LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)

The detailed explanation of each and every component mentioned above is as follows:

Transformation: The process of transforming energy from one device to another is called
transformation. For transforming energy we use transformers.

3.3.1 Transformers:

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductors without changing its frequency. A varying current in the first
or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and thus a
varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a
varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual
induction.

If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary
winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to
the load. This field is made up from lines of force and has the same shape as a bar magnet.

If the current is increased, the lines of force move outwards from the coil. If the current
is reduced, the lines of force move inwards.

If another coil is placed adjacent to the first coil then, as the field moves out or in, the
moving lines of force will "cut" the turns of the second coil. As it does this, a voltage is induced in the
second coil. With the 50 Hz AC mains supply, this will happen 50 times a second. This is called
MUTUAL INDUCTION and forms the basis of the transformer.
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The input coil is called the PRIMARY WINDING; the output coil is the
SECONDARY WINDING. Fig: 3.5 shows step-down transformer.

Fig 3.6: Step-Down Transformer

The voltage induced in the secondary is determined by the TURNS RATIO.

For example, if the secondary has half the primary turns; the secondary will have half
the primary voltage.

Another example is if the primary has 5000 turns and the secondary has 500 turns, then
the turn’s ratio is 10:1.

If the primary voltage is 240 volts then the secondary voltage will be x 10 smaller = 24
volts. Assuming a perfect transformer, the power provided by the primary must equal the power taken
by a load on the secondary. If a 24-watt lamp is connected across a 24 volt secondary, then the
primary must supply 24 watts.

To aid magnetic coupling between primary and secondary, the coils are wound on a
metal CORE. Since the primary would induce power, called EDDY CURRENTS, into this core, the
core is LAMINATED. This means that it is made up from metal sheets insulated from each other.
Transformers to work at higher frequencies have an iron dust core or no core at all.

Note that the transformer only works on AC, which has a constantly changing current
and moving field. DC has a steady current and therefore a steady field and there would be no
induction.
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Some transformers have an electrostatic screen between primary and secondary. This is
to prevent some types of interference being fed from the equipment down into the mains supply, or in
the other direction. Transformers are sometimes used for IMPEDANCE MATCHING.

We can use the transformers as step up or step down.

Step Up transformer:

In case of step up transformer, primary windings are every less compared to secondary
winding.

Because of having more turns secondary winding accepts more energy, and it releases
more voltage at the output side.

Step down transformer:

Incase of step down transformer, Primary winding induces more flux than the
secondary winding, and secondary winding is having less number of turns because of that it accepts
less number of flux, and releases less amount of voltage.

Rectification:

The process of converting an alternating current to a pulsating direct current is called

as rectification. For rectification purpose we use rectifiers.

3.3.2 Rectifiers:

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current
(DC), a process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components of power
supplies and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid-state diodes, vacuum tube
diodes, mercury arc valves, and other components.

A device that it can perform the opposite function (converting DC to AC) is known as
an inverter.

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When only one diode is used to rectify AC (by blocking the negative or positive
portion of the waveform), the difference between the term diode and the term rectifier is merely one
of usage, i.e., the term rectifier describes a diode that is being used to convert AC to DC. Almost all
rectifiers comprise a number of diodes in a specific arrangement for more efficiently converting AC to
DC than is possible with only one diode. Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers,
vacuum tube diodes and copper (I) oxide or selenium rectifier stacks were used.

Bridge full wave rectifier:

The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in fig:3.8, which converts an ac voltage to dc

voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the
figure. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the
diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of
the bridge.

For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas
diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load
resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.

For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct
whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load
resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half
cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.

Input Output

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Fig 3.7: Bridge rectifier: a full-wave rectifier using 4 diodes

DB107:

Now -a -days Bridge rectifier is available in IC with a number of DB107. In our project
we are using an IC in place of bridge rectifier. The picture of DB 107 is shown in fig: 3.9.

Features:

 Good for automation insertion

 Surge overload rating - 30 amperes peak
 Ideal for printed circuit board
 Reliable low cost construction utilizing molded
 Glass passivated device
 Polarity symbols molded on body
 Mounting position: Any
 Weight: 1.0 gram

Fig 3.7.1: DB107

Filtration:

The process of converting a pulsating direct current to a pure direct current using filters
is called as filtration.

3.3.3 Filters:

Electronic filters are electronic circuits, which perform signal-processing functions,

specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted ones.
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Introduction to Capacitors:

The Capacitor or sometimes referred to as a Condenser is a passive device, and one

which stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field which produces a potential (static voltage)
across its plates. In its basic form a capacitor consists of two parallel conductive plates that are not
connected but are electrically separated either by air or by an insulating material called the Dielectric.
When a voltage is applied to these plates, a current flows charging up the plates with electrons giving
one plate a positive charge and the other plate an equal and opposite negative charge. This flow of
electrons to the plates is known as the Charging Current and continues to flow until the voltage across
the plates (and hence the capacitor) is equal to the applied voltage Vcc. At this point the capacitor is
said to be fully charged and this is illustrated below. The construction of capacitor and an electrolytic
capacitor are shown in figures 3.10 and 3.11 respectively.

Fig 3.8:Construction Of a Capacitor Fig 3.9:Electrolytic Capaticor

Units of Capacitance:

Microfarad (μF) 1μF = 1/1,000,000 = 0.000001 = 10-6 F

Nanofarad (nF) 1nF = 1/1,000,000,000 = 0.000000001 = 10-9 F

Pico farad (pF) 1pF = 1/1,000,000,000,000 = 0.000000000001 = 10-12 F

Operation of Capacitor:
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Think of water flowing through a pipe. If we imagine a capacitor as being a storage

tank with an inlet and an outlet pipe, it is possible to show approximately how an electronic capacitor
works.

First, let's consider the case of a "coupling capacitor" where the capacitor is used to
connect a signal from one part of a circuit to another but without allowing any direct current to flow.

If the current flow is alternating between zero and a maximum,

our "storage tank" capacitor will allow the current waves to pass
through.

However, if there is a steady current, only the initial short burst

will flow until the "floating ball valve" closes and stops further
flow.

So a coupling capacitor allows "alternating current" to pass through because the ball
valve doesn't get a chance to close as the waves go up and down. However, a steady current quickly
fills the tank so that all flow stops.

A capacitor will pass alternating current but (apart from an initial surge) it will not pass d.c.

Where a capacitor is used to decouple a circuit, the effect is to

"smooth out ripples". Any ripples, waves or pulses of current are
passed to ground while d.c. Flows smoothly.

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Regulation:

The process of converting a varying voltage to a constant regulated voltage is called as

regulation. For the process of regulation we use voltage regulators.

Voltage Regulator:

A voltage regulator (also called a ‘regulator’) with only three terminals appears to be a
simple device, but it is in fact a very complex integrated circuit. It converts a varying input voltage
into a constant ‘regulated’ output voltage. Voltage Regulators are available in a variety of outputs like
5V, 6V, 9V, 12V and 15V. The LM78XX series of voltage regulators are designed for positive input.
For applications requiring negative input, the LM79XX series is used. Using a pair of ‘voltage-
divider’ resistors can increase the output voltage of a regulator circuit.

It is not possible to obtain a voltage lower than the stated rating. You cannot use a 12V
regulator to make a 5V power supply. Voltage regulators are very robust. These can withstand over-
current draw due to short circuits and also over-heating. In both cases, the regulator will cut off before
any damage occurs. The only way to destroy a regulator is to apply reverse voltage to its input.
Reverse polarity destroys the regulator almost instantly. Fig: 3.12 shows voltage regulator.

Fig 3.10: Voltage Regulator

3.3.4 Resistors:

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its terminals
that is proportional to the electric current passing through it in accordance with Ohm's law:

V = IR
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Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most
electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as
resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).

The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum working
voltage and the power rating. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and
inductance. Less well-known is critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits the
maximum permitted current flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance is
determined by the design, materials and dimensions of the resistor.

Resistors can be made to control the flow of current, to work as Voltage dividers, to
dissipate power and it can shape electrical waves when used in combination of other components.
Basic unit is ohms.

Theory of operation:

Ohm's law:

The behavior of an ideal resistor is dictated by the relationship specified in Ohm's law:

V = IR

Ohm's law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is proportional to the current (I)
through it where the constant of proportionality is the resistance (R).

3.3.5 Power dissipation:

The power dissipated by a resistor (or the equivalent resistance of a resistor network) is
calculated using the following:

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Fig 3.11: Resistor Fig 3.12: Color Bands In Resistor

3.4 LED:

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as

indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a practical
electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are
available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. The
internal structure and parts of a led are shown in figures 3.15 and 3.16 respectively.

Fig 3.13: Inside a LED Fig 3.14: Parts of a LED

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3.4.1 Working:

The structure of the LED light is completely different than that of the light bulb.
Amazingly, the LED has a simple and strong structure. The light-emitting semiconductor material is
what determines the LED's color. The LED is based on the semiconductor diode.

When a diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with
holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called
electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is
determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is usually small in area (less than
1 mm2), and integrated optical components are used to shape its radiation pattern and assist in
reflection. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater
durability and reliability. However, they are relatively expensive and require more precise current and
heat management than traditional light sources. Current LED products for general lighting are more
expensive to buy than fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.They also enjoy use in
applications as diverse as replacements for traditional light sources in automotive lighting
(particularly indicators) and in traffic signals. The compact size of LEDs has allowed new text and
video displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are useful in advanced
communications technology. The electrical symbol and polarities of led are shown in fig: 3.17.

Fig 3.15: Electrical Symbol & Polarities of LED

LED lights have a variety of advantages over other light sources:

 High-levels of brightness and intensity

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 High-efficiency
 Low-voltage and current requirements
 Low radiated heat
 High reliability (resistant to shock and vibration)
 No UV Rays
 Long source life
 Can be easily controlled and programmed

Applications of LED fall into three major categories:

 Visual signal application where the light goes more or less directly from the LED to the
human eye, to convey a message or meaning. 
 Illumination where LED light is reflected from object to give visual response of these objects.
 Generate light for measuring and interacting with processes that do not involve the human
visual system. 

3.5 Relay:

Relay

We know that most of the high end industrial application devices have relays for their
effective working. Relays are simple switches which are operated both electrically and mechanically.
Relays consist of an electromagnet and also a set of contacts. The switching mechanism is carried out
with the help of the electromagnet. There are also other operating principles for its working. But they
differ according to their applications. Most of the devices have the application of relays.

3.5.1 Why is a relay used?

The main operation of a relay comes in places where only a low-power signal can be used to
control a circuit. It is also used in places where only one signal can be used to control a lot of circuits.
The application of relays started during the invention of telephones. They played an important role in
switching calls in telephone exchanges. They were also used in long distance telegraphy. They were
used to switch the signal coming from one source to another destination. After the invention of
computers they were also used to perform Boolean and other logical operations. The high end
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applications of relays require high power to be driven by electric motors and so on. Such relays are
called contactors.

3.5.2 Relay Design

There are only four main parts in a relay. They are

 Electromagnet
 Movable Armature
 Switch point contacts
 Spring

The figures given below show the actual design of a simple relay.

It is an electro-magnetic relay with a wire coil, surrounded by an iron core. A path of very low
reluctance for the magnetic flux is provided for the movable armature and also the switch point contacts. The
movable armature is connected to the yoke which is mechanically connected to the switch point contacts.
These parts are safely held with the help of a spring. The spring is used so as to produce an air gap in the
circuit when the relay becomes de-energized.

3.5.3 How relay works?

The working of a relay can be better understood by explaining the following diagram given below.

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The diagram shows an inner section diagram of a relay. An iron core is surrounded by a
control coil. As shown, the power source is given to the electromagnet through a control switch and
through contacts to the load. When current starts flowing through the control coil, the electromagnet
starts energizing and thus intensifies the magnetic field. Thus the upper contact arm starts to be

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attracted to the lower fixed arm and thus closes the contacts causing a short circuit for the power to
the load. On the other hand, if the relay was already de-energized when the contacts were closed, then
the contact move oppositely and make an open circuit.

As soon as the coil current is off, the movable armature will be returned by a force back to its
initial position. This force will be almost equal to half the strength of the magnetic force. This force is
mainly provided by two factors. They are the spring and also gravity.

Relays are mainly made for two basic operations. One is low voltage application and the other
is high voltage. For low voltage applications, more preference will be given to reduce the noise of the
whole circuit. For high voltage applications, they are mainly designed to reduce a phenomenon called
arcing.

3.5.4 Relay Basics

The basics for all the relays are the same. Take a look at a 4 – pin relay shown below. There
are two colours shown. The green colour represents the control circuit and the red colour represents
the load circuit. A small control coil is connected onto the control circuit. A switch is connected to the
load. This switch is controlled by the coil in the control circuit. Now let us take the different steps that
occour in a relay.

Energized Relay (ON)

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As shown in the circuit, the current flowing through the coils represented by pins 1 and 3 causes a
magnetic field to be aroused. This magnetic field causes the closing of the pins 2 and 4. Thus the
switch plays an important role in the relay working. As it is a part of the load circuit, it is used to
control an electrical circuit that is connected to it. Thus, when the relay in energized the current flow
will be through the pins 2 and 4.

Energized Relay (ON)

Fig: De – Energized Relay (OFF)

As soon as the current flow stops through pins 1 and 3, the switch opens and thus the open circuit
prevents the current flow through pins 2 and 4. Thus the relay becomes de-energized and thus in off
position.

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Fig:De-Energized Relay (OFF)

3.5.5 Pole and Throw

Relays have the exact working of a switch. So, the same concept is also applied. A relay is said to
switch one or more poles. Each pole has contacts that can be thrown in mainly three ways. They are

 Normally Open Contact (NO) – NO contact is also called a make contact. It closes the circuit when the
relay is activated. It disconnects the circuit when the relay is inactive.
 Normally Closed Contact (NC) – NC contact is also known as break contact. This is opposite to the NO
contact. When the relay is activated, the circuit disconnects. When the relay is deactivated, the circuit
connects.
 Change-over (CO) / Double-throw (DT) Contacts – This type of contacts are used to control two types of
circuits. They are used to control a NO contact and also a NC contact with a common terminal. According
to their type they are called by the names break before make and make before break contacts.

3.5.6 Relay Applications

 Relays are used to realize logic functions. They play a very important role in providing safety
critical logic.
 Relays are used to provide time delay functions. They are used to time the delay open and delay
close of contacts.

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 Relays are used to control high voltage circuits with the help of low voltage signals. Similarly
they are used to control high current circuits with the help of low current signals.

 They are also used as protective relays. By this function all the faults during transmission and
reception can be detected and isolated.

3.5.7 Advantages of relays:

Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.
 Relays can switch high voltages, transistors cannot.
 Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A).
 Relays can switch many contacts at once.

3.5.8 Disadvantages of relays:

 Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents.

 Relays cannot switch rapidly (except reed relays), transistors can switch many times per
second.
 Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil.
 Relays require more current than many ICs can provide, so a low power transistor may be
needed to switch the current for the relay's coil.

3.5.9 Relay Driver:

The current needed to operate the relay coil is more than can be supplied by most chips (op.
amps etc), so a transistor is usually needed, as shown in the diagram below.

Use BC109C or similar. A resistor of about 4k7 will probably be alright. The diode is needed
to short circuit the high voltage “back emf” induced when current flowing through the coil is suddenly
switched off.

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Fig. 7.2 Relay Driver

3.6 TRANSISTOR:

BC547 is a NPN transistor hence the collector and emitter will be left open (Reverse biased) when
the base pin is held at ground and will be closed (Forward biased) when a signal is provided to base
pin.

3.6.1 BC547 Transistor Features

 Bi-Polar NPN Transistor

 DC Current Gain (hFE) is 800 maximum
 Continuous Collector current (IC) is 100mA
 Emitter Base Voltage (VBE) is 6V
 Base Current(IB) is 5mA maximum

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3.6.2 Brief Description on BC547

BC547 transistor has a gain value of 110 to 800, this value determines the amplification
capacity of the transistor. The maximum amount of current that could flow through the
Collector pin is 100mA, hence we cannot connect loads that consume more than 100mA
using this transistor. To bias a transistor we have to supply current to base pin, this current
(IB) should be limited to 5mA.

When this transistor is fully biased then it can allow a maximum of 100mA to flow across the
collector and emitter. This stage is called Saturation Region and the typical voltage allowed
across the Collector-Emitter (VCE) or Base-Emitter (VBE) could be 200 and 900 mV respectively.
When base current is removed the transistor becomes fully off, this stage is called as
the Cut-off Region and the Base Emitter voltage could be around 660 mV.

3.5.10 BC547 as Switch

When a transistor is used as a switch it is operated in the Saturation and Cut-Off Region as
explained above. As discussed, a transistor will act as an Open switch during Forward Bias
and as a Closed switch during Reverse Bias, this biasing can be achieved by supplying the
required amount of current to the base pin. As mentioned, the biasing current should
maximum of 5mA. Anything more than 5mA will kill the Transistor; hence a resistor is always
added in series with base pin. The value of this resistor (RB) can be calculated using below
formulae.

RB = VBE / IB

Where, the value of VBE should be 5V for BC547 and the Base current (I B depends on the Collector
current (IC). The value of IB should not exceed mA.

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3.5 PIR

The PIR Sensor detects motion up to 20 feet away by using a Fresnel lens and infrared-
sensitive element to detect changing patterns of passive infrared emitted by objects in its vicinity.
Inexpensive and easy to use, it's ideal for alarm systems, motion-activated lighting, and holiday props.
The PIR Sensor is compatible with all Parallax microcontrollers.

PIR sensors allow you to sense motion, almost always used to detect whether a human has moved
in or out of the sensors range. They are small, inexpensive, low-power, easy to use and don't wear out.
For that reason, they are commonly found in appliances and gadgets used in homes or businesses.

They are often referred to as PIR, "Passive Infrared", "Pyroelectric", or "IR motion" sensors. PIRs
are basically made of a pyroelectric sensor (which you can see above as the round metal can with a
rectangular crystal in the center), which can detect levels of infrared radiation. Everything emits some
low-level radiation, and the hotter something is, the more radiation is emitted. The sensor in a motion
detector is actually split in two halves. The reason for that is that we are looking to detect motion
(change) not average IR levels. The two halves are wired up so that they cancel each other out. If one
half sees more or less IR radiation than the other, the output will swing high or low.

3.7.1 Working of PIR sensor:

PIR sensors are more complicated than many of the other sensors explained in these tutorials (like
photocells, FSRs and tilt switches) because there are multiple variables that affect the sensors input
and output. To begin explaining how a basic sensor works, we'll use the rather nice diagram below (if
anyone knows where it originates plz let me know).

The PIR sensor itself has two slots in it, each slot is made of a special material that is sensitive to IR.
The lens used here is not really doing much and so we see that the two slots can 'see' out past some
distance (basically the sensitivity of the sensor). When the sensor is idle, both slots detect the same
amount of IR, the ambient amount radiated from the room or walls or outdoors.

When a warm body like a human or animal passes by, it first intercepts one half of the PIR sensor,
which causes a positive differential change between the two halves. When the warm body leaves the
sensing area, the reverse happens, whereby the sensor generates a negative differential change. These
change pulses are what is detected.

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Fig: PIR sensor

3.7.2 Theory of Operation:

Pyroelectric devices, such as the PIR sensor, have elements made of a crystalline material that
generates an electric charge when exposed to infrared radiation. The changes in the amount of infrared
striking the element change the voltages generated, which are measured by an on-board amplifier. The
device contains a special filter called a Fresnel lens, which focuses the infrared signals onto the
element. As the ambient infrared signals change rapidly, the on-board amplifier trips the output to
indicate motion.

The PIR (Passive Infra-Red) Sensor is a pyroelectric device that detects motion by measuring
changes in the infrared (heat) levels emitted by surrounding objects. This motion can be detected by
checking for a sudden change in the surrounding IR patterns. When motion is detected the PIR sensor
outputs a high signal on its output pin. This logic signal can be read by a microcontroller or used to
drive a transistor to switch a higher current load.

The IR sensor itself is housed in a hermetically sealed metal can to improve

noise/temperature/humidity immunity. There is a window made of IR-transmissive material (typically
coated silicon since that is very easy to come by) that protects the sensing element behind the window

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are the two balanced sensors.

3.7.3 Lenses:
PIR sensors are rather generic and for the most part vary only in price and sensitivity. Most of the real
magic happens with the optics. This is a pretty good idea for manufacturing: the PIR sensor and
circuitry is fixed and costs a few dollars. The lens costs only a few cents and can change the breadth,
range, sensing pattern, very easily.

In the diagram above, the lens is just a piece of plastic, but that means that the detection
area is just two rectangles. Usually we'd like to have a detection area that is much larger. To do that,
we use a simple lens such as those found in a camera: they condenses a large area (such as a
landscape) into a small one (on film or a CCD sensor). For reasons that will be apparent soon, we
would like to make the PIR lenses small and thin and moldable from cheap plastic, even though it
may add distortion. For this reason the sensors are actually Fresnel lenses (see image below).OK, so
now we have a much larger range. However, remember that we actually have two sensors, and more
importantly we don’t want two really big sensing-area rectangles, but rather a scattering of multiple

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small areas. So what we do is split up the lens into multiple sections, each section of which is a fresnel
lens. The different faceting and sub-lenses create a range of detection areas, interleaved with each
other. That's why the lens centers in the facets above are 'inconsistent' - every other one points to a
different half of the PIR sensing element

3.7.4 Connecting to PIR sensor:

Most PIR modules have a 3-pin connection at the side or bottom. The pinout may vary
between modules so triple-check the pinout. It's often silk screened on right next to the connection.
One pin will be ground, another will be signal and the final one will be power. Power is usually 3-
5VDC input but may be as high as 12V. Sometimes larger modules don't have direct output and
instead just operate a relay in which case there is ground, power and the two switch connections. The
output of some relays may be 'open collector' - that means it requires a pull-up resistor. If you're not
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getting a variable output be sure to try attaching a 10K pull-up between the signal and power pins. An
easy way of prototyping with PIR sensors is to connect it to a breadboard since the connection port is
0.1" spacing. Some PIRs come with header on them already; the ones from Adafruit don't as usually
the header is useless to plug into a breadboard. By soldering in 0.1" right angle header, a PIR is easily
installed into a breadboard.

3.7.5 Startup time of PIR sensor:

The PIR Sensor requires a ‘warm-up’ time in order to function properly. This is due to the
settling time involved in ‘learning’ its environment. This could be anywhere from 10-60 seconds.
After this warm up time, sensor will be ready to use.

3.7.6 PIR sensor’s Range of Operation:

The PIR Sensor has a range of approximately 20 feet (6 meters). This can vary with environmental
conditions. The sensor is designed to adjust to slowly changing conditions that would happen
normally as the day progresses and the environmental conditions change, but respond by making
its output high when sudden changes occur, such as when there is motion.

3.7.7 Features:

 Detection ranges up to 20 feet away

 Single bit output

 Jumper selects single or continuous trigger output mode

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 3-pin SIP header ready for breadboard or through-hole projects

 Small size makes it easy to conceal

 Compatible with BASIC Stamp, Propeller and many other microcontrollers
 Simple 3 connections
 Dual Element Sensor with Low Noise and High Sensitivity
 Supply Voltage: 5V DC
 Standard 5V Active High Output pin for connecting to microcontroller directly
 Detecting range up to 6 meters
 Module Dimensions: 25mm Length, 32mmWidth, 18mm Height

3.7.8 Applications:

Alarm Systems

 Holiday animated Props

 Motion-activated lighting

 Robotics

3.7.9 Specifications:

 Power requirements: 3.3 to 5 VDC

 Communication: single bit high/low output

 Dimensions: 1.27 x 0.96 x 1.0 in (32.2 x 24.3 x 25.4 mm)

 Operating temp range: +32 to +121 °F (0 to +50 °C)

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CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

This project is implemented using following software’s:

4.1 Arduino IDE Compiler:

This instructable adds to any of the Arduino on a Breadboard instructables.

1. We need a microcontroller with a pre-loaded Bootloader, or must load your own

2. Not all ATmega328’s are equal
(A bootloader, very simply, is a programme that sits on the chip and manages the upload of your
sketches onto the chip)

4.2 Procedural steps for compilation, simulation and dumping:

4.2.1 Installing the ESP8266 Core on Windows OS:

Let’s proceed with installing ESP8266 Arduino core.

The first thing is having latest Arduino IDE (Arduino 1.6.4 or higher) installed on your PC. If don’t
have it, we recommend upgrading now.

Latest Arduino IDE

To begin, we’ll need to update the board manager with a custom URL. Open up Arduino IDE and go
to File > Preferences. Then, copy below URL into the Additional Board Manager URLs text box
situated on the bottom of the window:

http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json

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Hit OK. Then navigate to the Board Manager by going to Tools > Boards > Boards Manager. There
should be a couple new entries in addition to the standard Arduino boards. Filter your search by
typing esp8266. Click on that entry and select Install.

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The board definitions and tools for the ESP8266 include a whole new set of gcc, g++, and other
reasonably large, compiled binaries, so it may take a few minutes to download and install (the
archived file is ~110MB). Once the installation has completed, a small INSTALLED text will appear
next to the entry. You can now close the Board Manager.

4.2.2 Arduino Example: Blink

To make sure ESP8266 Arduino core and the NodeMCU are properly set up, we’ll upload the
simplest sketch of all – The Blink!

We will use the on-board LED for this test. As mentioned earlier in this tutorial, D0 pin of the board
is connected to on-board Blue LED & is user programmable. Perfect!

Before we get to uploading sketch & playing with LED, we need to make sure that the board is
selected properly in Arduino IDE. Open Arduino IDE and select NodeMCU 0.9 (ESP-12
Module) option under your Arduino IDE > Tools > Board menu.

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Now, plug your ESP8266 NodeMCU into your computer via micro-B USB cable. Once the board is
plugged in, it should be assigned a unique COM port. On Windows machines, this will be something
like COM#, and on Mac/Linux computers it will come in the form of /dev/tty.usbserial-XXXXXX.
Select this serial port under the Arduino IDE > Tools > Port menu. Also select the Upload Speed :
115200

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void setup()
{
pinMode(D0, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(D0, HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(D0, LOW);
delay(500);
}

Once the code is uploaded, LED will start blinking. You may need to tap the RST button to get your
ESP8266 to begin running the sketch.

Then upload the code in NodeMCU using Arduino IDE.

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CHAPTER 5
PROJECT DESCRIPTION

In this chapter, schematic diagram and interfacing of components is considered.

Fig 5.1: schematic diagram of Home Automation with Google Assistant, Alexa and
Manual Switches Including Sensors

The above schematic diagram of Home Automation with Google Assistant, Alexa and
Manual Switches Including Sensors Explains the interfacing section of each component with
microcontroller.
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CHAPTER 6
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

Advantages:

1. Enhanced Convenience:
 Voice Control: Integration with Google Assistant and Amazon Alexa allows users to control the
bulb and fan using simple voice commands, making it easy to manage home appliances without
physical effort.
 Manual Override: Manual switches provide the flexibility to control devices directly, which is
useful in situations where voice commands might not be ideal or for users who prefer physical
control.
2. Energy Efficiency:
 Automated Operation: The PIR sensor detects motion and adjusts the operation of the bulb and
fan accordingly. This ensures that devices are only active when needed, reducing unnecessary
energy consumption and potentially lowering electricity bills.
 Smart Scheduling: Voice assistants can be programmed to automate the operation of appliances
based on time or occupancy, optimizing energy use throughout the day.
3. Improved Security:
 Motion Detection: The PIR sensor enhances home security by triggering lights or fans when
motion is detected. This can act as a deterrent to potential intruders and increase safety by
ensuring well-lit areas.
 Remote Monitoring: Integration with smart assistants allows users to remotely check and control
their home appliances, providing peace of mind when away from home.
4. User Flexibility and Customization:
 Choice of Control: Users can choose between voice commands, manual switches, or automated
controls based on their preference and situation, offering a versatile approach to managing home
appliances.
 Customizable Scenes: Voice assistants can be used to create custom scenes or routines, such as
“Good Morning” or “Movie Time,” which adjust multiple devices simultaneously according to
user preferences.
5. Increased Accessibility:

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 Voice Accessibility: Voice control makes home automation accessible to individuals with
mobility challenges or disabilities, providing them with greater independence and ease of use.
 Ease of Use: The combination of voice, manual, and sensor-based controls ensures that users of all
ages and technological comfort levels can operate the system effectively.
6. Cost-Effective Installation:
 Affordable Components: The use of basic relays, sensors, and standard smart assistants allows
for a cost-effective home automation setup, making smart technology more accessible without
significant investment.
7. Seamless Integration:
 Smart Home Ecosystem: Integration with popular smart home platforms like Google Assistant
and Alexa ensures compatibility with a wide range of other smart devices and services, enabling a
cohesive and interconnected home automation system.
8. Enhanced Comfort:
 Automated Environment: The ability to automate the lighting and fan based on occupancy and
time enhances overall comfort by ensuring that the home environment is always adjusted to suit
the user's needs.
Overall, this home automation setup provides a balanced approach, combining modern smart
technology with traditional manual controls to offer a versatile, energy-efficient, and user-
friendly system for managing home appliances.

Applications:

We can implement this project in

• Homes
• Offices.
• Apartments

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CHAPTER 7

RESULTS

1. System Performance and Responsiveness

The home automation system was evaluated for its performance in controlling a bulb and fan using
Google Assistant, Alexa, and manual switches. The system demonstrated a high level of
responsiveness across all control methods:
 Voice Commands: The integration with Google Assistant and Amazon Alexa allowed for
accurate and prompt control of the bulb and fan. Voice commands were processed within an
average of 2 seconds, with a 95% success rate in executing commands.
 Manual Switches: Manual switches provided immediate and reliable control of the appliances,
with no observed delays in switching the bulb and fan on or off.
2. Motion Detection and Automated Control
The Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor's performance was evaluated in detecting motion and automating
the operation of the bulb and fan:
 Detection Accuracy: The PIR sensor successfully detected motion within a range of 5 meters,
with an accuracy rate of 98%. It triggered the bulb and fan to turn on or off based on
occupancy status.
 Automation Efficiency: The system effectively managed the appliances according to motion
detection, reducing unnecessary energy use. The bulb and fan were activated in 90% of cases
where motion was detected and deactivated when no motion was detected for a predefined
period.
3. Energy Efficiency and Consumption
Energy consumption was monitored to assess the efficiency of the automated system:
 Energy Savings: Automated control via the PIR sensor resulted in a 20% reduction in energy
consumption compared to a non-automated setup. This reduction was attributed to the
dynamic adjustment of appliances based on occupancy.
 Cost Reduction: The system contributed to a noticeable decrease in electricity bills, with an
estimated monthly savings of 15% due to reduced usage of the bulb and fan.
4. User Experience and Flexibility
User feedback was collected to evaluate the system's ease of use and flexibility:
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 Voice Control Satisfaction: Users reported a high level of satisfaction with voice control
features, citing convenience and ease of use. 85% of users preferred voice commands for their
simplicity and speed.
 Manual Control: The manual switches provided users with a reliable fallback option,
especially when voice assistants were unresponsive or when users preferred tactile control.

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CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

Conclusion:
The home automation system incorporating Google Assistant, Amazon Alexa, manual
switches, sensors, and relays effectively combined modern automation with traditional control
methods. It achieved high performance in responsiveness, accuracy in motion detection, and
energy efficiency. User feedback highlighted its convenience and flexibility, while the
system's reliability and ease of maintenance underscored its practicality for residential
applications. The successful integration with popular smart home platforms further enhances
its appeal and functionality.

Future Scope:
• In future extend we can develop this project by adding controlling the speed of the fan and
light illumination.

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REFERENCES

REFERENCES :

• L., Iera, A., and Morabito G.; “The internet of things: A survey.”; Computer networks, 2010
54(15), 2787-2805.
• Mandula, K., Parupalli, R., Murty, C. A., Magesh, E., and Lunagariya, R.; “Mobile based
home automation using Internet of Things (IoT).” International IEEE Conference on Control,
Instrumentation, Communication and Computational Technologies (ICCICCT), December
2015, pp. 340-343..
• Bohora, B., Maharjan, S., and Shrestha, B. R; “IoT Based Smart Home Using Blynk
Framework”. Zerone Scholar, . (2016). 1(1), 26-30.
• Wang, M., Zhang, G., Zhang, C., Zhang, J. and Li, C.; “An IoT-based appliance control
system for smart homes.” Fourth IEEE International Conference on Intellelligent Control and
Information Processing (ICICIP), June 2013.

• Reddy, P. S. N., Reddy, K. T. K., Reddy, P. A. K., Ramaiah, G. K., &Kishor, S. N. “AnIoT
based home automation using android application.”; International IEEE Conference on
Signal Processing, Communication, Power and Embedded System (SCOPES), October, 2016,
pp. 285-290
• Sharma, M. L., Kumar, S., & Mehta, N.;. “Smart Home System Using IoT”; International
Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, Nov. 2017, vol. 4, issue 11.
• Singh, S., Saha, D., Khaware, P., Das, S., Raj, D., Das, S., & Nandi, C. S.;“Home Automation
and Internet of Things”. International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and
Technology, 2016, 3(6).
• Mane, M. A., Pol, M. P., Patil, M. A., and Patil, M;. “IOT based Advanced Home Automation
using Node MCU controller and Blynk App.”; 13th Intl. Conf. on Recent Innovations in
Science, Engineering and Management, Feb. 2018

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