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Sound Notes

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5 views

Sound Notes

Uploaded by

aryamanmisra20
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SOUND NOTES

 Sound is a form of energy. It helps us to communicate with each other.


 Sound is formed by vibrations. Let us prove it through an experiment-
 Take a scale and hold its one end firmly on the table with your left hand. Flick the
free end of the scale with your right hand; Let it go. The ruler is seen vibrating and a
humming sound is heard. The humming sound is produced by the To & Fro motion of
the ruler. This example shows us that sound is only produced when a body vibrates.
As soon as the vibration stops, the sound also stops. From this we conclude that
sound is produced by vibrating bodies.
Human Voice box
 In humans, sound is produced by the voice box or the Larynx.
 Experiment- Put your finger on the throat and find a hard bump that seems to move
when you swallow. This part of the body is known as the voice box. It is at the upper
end of the wind pipe. To vocal cords, are stressed across the voice box or Larynx in
such a way that It leaves a narrow slit between them for the passage of air. When
the lungs force air through the slit, the vocal cords vibrate producing sound. The
muscles attached to the vocal cords can make the cords tight or loose. When the
vocal cords are tight & thin the type or quality of voice is different from that when
they are loose and thick.

Characteristics of Sound
 Anything that moves back and forth, to and fro, side to side. Up or down is said to be
vibrating or oscillating.
 These vibrations are sometimes so rapid that is hard to see them with naked eyes.
For example, the humming of mosquitoes is produced by vibrations but they are so
quick that we cannot see them with naked eyes.
 The main characteristics of vibrations are amplitude, time period and frequency.

WORKING OF SIMPLE PENDULUM


 Simple pendulum is a device having a small bob attached to a string. When the bob is
pulled to one side and then released, it will oscillate 'to-and-fro' (back and forth) like
a swing.

 In the figure given alongside, initially the bob is at rest in the mean position A. Now,
suppose the bob is pulled slightly to the right side to position B and then released. It
will come back and move on to position C, which is at an equal distance on the other
side of the mean position A. This movement will keep on repeating as back and forth
motion between the two extreme positions B and C. In this condition, we say that
the simple pendulum is oscillating (or vibrating).
 The maximum displacement of the bob from its mean position on either side ( BA or
BC) is called the amplitude of the pendulum. Its unit of measurement is meter (m).
 Time taken by the bob to complete one to-and-fro motion or one oscillation is called
the time period. It is measured in seconds (s) and denoted by T. It is usually hard to
measure the time period of one oscillation as the movement is very fast. Therefore,
the time period of 10 oscillations is recorded first
 and then divided by 10 to measure the time period of one oscillation. The time
period remains fixed
 for a pendulum bob, till its length is not changed.

 FREQUENCY is a measure of number of oscillations per second. Its unit of


measurement if hertz (Hz). It is represented by f.

PITCH
 Pitch is the property that determines the shrillness (sharpness)
 or depth of sound. It depends upon the frequency. The higher
 the frequency, the more shrill the sound; the lower the frequency, the deeper the
sound. For example, a baby's voice has more frequency and thereby, it is more.


LOUDNESS
 Loudness is the degree of the sensation of sound. Amplitude determines the
loudness of sound. Loudness is proportional to the square of the amplitude of the
vibrating body which produces sound. More is the amplitude, louder is the sound.
The degree of loudness depends on the energy of vibrations. The greater the energy,
the louder it is. It is measured in units called decibels.

QUALITY
 The property by which one can distinguish between two different sounds of the
same pitch and loudness is called quality or timbre. For example, if many people are
sitting in a dark room, we can easily recognise the sound of our friends among all the
people due to the particular quality of sound. The quality of the sound depends on
the source of sound, and it helps to distinguish between different sounds.

HOW SOUND TRAVELS?


 How Sound Waves Travel in Air Sound is a form of energy that travels in waves
through various mediums, including air.
 Propagation of Sound Waves: Sound waves are mechanical waves, which means
they require a medium to travel through. In the case of sound traveling in air, the air
molecules act as the medium.
 Vibration: Sound waves start with an object vibrating, such as a guitar string or vocal
cords. These vibrations create disturbances in the surrounding air molecules
 Compression and Rarefaction: As the object vibrates back and forth, it pushes the
air molecules in front of it, creating an area of compression. This compression causes
the air molecules to be pushed closer together. Conversely, as the object moves
back, it creates an area of rarefaction, where the air molecules are spread out.
 Transfer of Energy: The compression and rarefaction regions move outward from
the vibrating object, transferring energy to the neighboring air molecules. This
transfer of energy causes a chain reaction, allowing the sound wave to propagate
through the air.
 Longitudinal Waves: Sound waves are classified as longitudinal waves because the
particles of the medium (air molecules) vibrate parallel to the direction of wave
propagation. Unlike transverse waves, which have perpendicular vibrations,
longitudinal waves compress and rarefy the medium in the same direction as their
motion. 5. Speed of Sound: The speed at which sound waves travel through air
depends on various factors, including temperature, humidity, and altitude.
Generally, sound travels at around 343 meters per second (or approximately 767
miles per hour) in dry air at room temperature.

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