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Teaching Young
An Introduction Children
SIXTH EDITION
Michael L. Henniger
Five Foundational Themes
This textbook provides a framework for understanding how to teach children from birth through age 8 by clearly
identifying and discussing five essential elements of early childhood education. Each of these five essential elements is
discussed in an individual chapter dedicated to the topic (see Part II). Each element is a critical component of quality
programs for young children, and in addition to the separate chapters, further information can be found in each of
the remaining chapters of the text. Each element is highlighted and explored in every chapter by special feature boxes:
114 Chapter 4
observing Development . . .
Observing Development
a CHILD WItH speCIaL neeDs
132 Chapter 5
UNDERSTANDING CHILDREN AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT.
Choose one of the age groups
within early childhood (infants/
purposes), take detailed notes about what the child does
and says. Use the following sample observation as a format
This is a key aspect of working with young children.
point, the associations are more important than the play activity itself. Children
Caregivers
begin to form and teachers know that before planning
toddlers, preschoolers, or pri- for your own observation. Include only what you see and
mary-age children), and observe a hear as part of the actual observation, putting any interpre- small play groups and spend considerable time moving from one
child with special needs. Without naming the child or tive comments in parentheses: activity to the next, with playmates remaining together. Watch children of this age
other children in the group (for privacy and confidentiality learning
swinging onactivities forTheyearly
swings, for example. childhood
enjoy the swinging settings,
but spend more of their they
efforts talking and laughing with their friends. When a group leader decides it is
needtimeto have a firm grasp of Being
each with child’s interests and
Birchwood Infant/Toddler Program, 9–9:30 a.m., January 23
9:00 a.m. E. is 18 months. Adult identified him as having Down syndrome. Child spent first 5 minutes sitting and watch- to move on, others make the move as well. the other children has
ing other children (appears content and happy to do so). Then began concentrating on repetitively manipulating fin- become more important than the activity itself.
gers by bending, twisting, turning (seems fascinated with manipulating them) . . . . developmental abilities. Observation is a
• Cooperative play. Beginning at about 4½ years of age, children continue to proven tech-
reflect and apply 2. Review the description in this chapter of the typi- nique used regularlyon a groupby early educatorsto attain a for
play in groups, as they did in associative play, but now they demonstrate divi-
sion of labor, working project or cooperating common this pur-
1. Review the notes you made. What was the child able cally developing child that is closest in age to the
goal. When four kindergarten children decide to build a town with blocks, and
to do? It is important to emphasize the abilities of child you observed. Compare the description with
what you observed. What are the similarities and
pose. The Observing Development feature integrated
each takes a specific part of the town to build, play has become cooperative. It is
children with special needs rather than how they are
lagging behind their peers. How would this more
positive perspective influence the ways in which you
differences? Does this provide you with any insights
into working with all children in early childhood
intoimportant
each
social
to note that although cooperative play requires practicing important
skills,chapter lists
it is not always traits
a desired and
play type. behaviors
Think to observe,
about three preschool
settings? children who decide to torment a fellow classmate. Although each takes on a
teach children with special needs?
factors to consider and reflect on, and specific
separate role and the children are working toward a common goal, the play is appli-
unpleasant for the targeted child.
cations and strategies to use to support
• Cooperative–competitive play. Seagoe (1970) identified a social play type
and enhance
development.
for older children, beginning at about age 7 or 8, which she called cooperative–
competitive play. It involves activities that are formally patterned toward team
are able to use their words to create elaborate oral stories, songs, and rhymes. Early read-
victory. Organized team sports such as soccer and baseball are examples of this
ing and writing are often demonstrated as well.
Strong skills of observation enable gifted children to pay attention to details that play type. The social understanding needed for cooperative–competitive play is
allow them to master concepts more quickly. Four-year-old Amy, for example, notices more advanced than that required for the cooperative play described by Parten.
many differences in the colors and body parts of the ladybug caught on the playground The Celebrating Play feature in this section talks about the benefits of having
Celebrating Play
this morning. She asks the adults around her many questions and is eager to look through
the book in the library center that describes bugs.
Gifted children are often more willing to take risks and problem-solve as they learn
about their world. Curiosity and a willingness to explore possibilities make them eager to Celebrating Play . . .
grow in their understanding of people and things. Eight-year-old Jerrod, for example, is
OPPORTUNITIES TO PLAY. Young chil-
constructing a castle out of blocks after reading a story about medieval times. He is hav- PrimAry ChilDren’S inventeD GAmeS
ing difficulty constructing a roof that meets his expectations and tries several possibilities
dren need times during their day to
before getting it the way he wants it.
After their second-grade teacher Cooperate with other children and adults. Through the
all domains.
vi
Developmentally
Developmentally appropriate practice . . .
InTEgraTIng currIcuLum Through STory SongS Appropriate Practice
Shelly Ringgenberg (2003) pro- 2. Melody for an entire story. The next step is to try cre-
vided good evidence that music ating a song for an entire story. Again, choose a story EXAMPLES OF EFFECTIVE PRACTICE. The National
can be an important tool for that you and the children both know well, one that
language learning. She experi-
mented with both conventional storytelling and what she
includes repetition and rhythm, and set it to a tune you
create or to a familiar tune. For example, you could use
Association for the Education of Young Children
calls story songs where well-known stories are matched with
a simple tune and sung with children. Ringgenberg found
the tune of “Frére Jacques” to sing the story I Went
Walking (Williams, 1989). To make the story and song (NAEYC) has identified characteristics of quality
that children not only remembered more words from the match, repeat each line: “I went walking, I went walk-
story songs, but also that they were very popular with all ages ing. What did you see? What did you see? I saw a black learning activities and teaching practices found in
of children in her preschool class. cat. I saw a black cat. Looking at me. Looking at me.”
Ringgenberg (2003) suggested three graduated steps
in the creation of story songs:
3. Create your own story songs. A third type of story infant/toddler, preschool, and primary settings
song is one you create totally on your own. Write your
1. One musical phrase. Take a story familiar to children own story about people and events that are mean-
ingful to you and the children, create a tune (or use
(Copple & Bredekamp, 2009). These characteristics
and create a musical phrase to use with a repeating
Supporting Emotional and Social dEvElopmEnt 375
portion of the story. For example, in the story Brown
Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See? (Martin, 1967), the
a well-known favorite), and put them together for
a creative experience with young children. The nice help early childhood professionals engage in devel-
thing about children is that they accept your efforts
phrase “Brown Bear, Brown Bear, what do you see?” is
repeated several times. By creating a simple melody (or without criticism and simply enjoy your creation along opmentally
helping appropriate
Children Cope practice. The Developmen-
with you. You do not have to be an accomplished Clearly, children need adult assistance in working through both the normal stresses of de-
tally Appropriate Practice features provide specific
using a melody from a well-known song such as “Mary
Had a Little Lamb”), you can tell the story and then sing musician to have fun with this option. velopment and the added complications of living in modern American society. Several good
the repeating phrase with children. Supports NAEYC Professional Standards 4 and 5 strategies are available to help children deal with stress (Elkind, 2001; McCracken, 1986):
examples• of activities and practices that
Be aware of the times we hurry children. This recognition is the first step are age-
in helping children deal with their stress.
appropriate, individually appropriate,
• Analyze the distinctive effects of stress on each child. The tempera-and consider
feature in this section discusses the use of songs to help children make these oral and ment, age, developmental level, and individual child’s perception of the stress all
written language connections. social and influence
cultural contexts.
the impact New
it has. Some children have antoincredible
thisability
edition
to manage are
An important technique that many early childhood professionals use to help chil- seemingly overwhelming circumstances; others struggle unsuccessfully to deal
dren make these connections is the language experience approach. Children dic-
tate information about personal experiences while an adult writes them down. The adult
direct linkageswith muchto lowerspecific
levels of stress. standards of developmen-
• Eliminate stressors whenever possible. This is easy to say and much harder
can then read the story back to them and encourage them to practice reading their dic-
tated work. The following are examples of language experience options:
tally appropriate practice.
to do. However, early childhood professionals and families can work together to
reduce stress by doing such things as making sure children eat right, get plenty of
rest, slow down, have time to talk about issues and concerns, and avoid inappropri-
• Group experience stories. Following a shared group experience such as a field
ate television programming. The Family Partnerships feature in this section discusses
trip to the bakery, the class can discuss the highlights of the event and together
positive ways that you can help families reduce the stress in their lives.
Family Partnerships
create a story about the activity. As the group dictates the story, the adult writes it
down and then reads the completed story, asking children to join in choral read-
ing. Group experience stories can be copied and sent home to give families further
information about school activities and provide opportunities for reading at home
Family partnerships . . .
(Christie, Enz, Vukelich, & Roskos, 2013). REDucing STRESS AT homE
WORKING WITH FAMILIES. The development of mu-
• Individual experience stories. These stories come from individual children,
who dictate them to you. An example of this type is a child creating a picture book
tually supportive relationships with families is an-
of his family’s trip to the zoo with space at the bottom of each page for the dictated
Stress is an all-pervasive force within our
society. We all face it in many different
• Use a variety of reminders. There are a number of dif-
ferent ways to send the same message. Meetings with
story. The Technology Explorations and Activities feature in this section describes the forms. In some instances, the stressors are families, a class newsletter, a video or book that fami-
other essential element of teaching and learning in
use of photographs as another interesting option for creating individual or group deeply rooted and difficult to address. lies can check out, or a notice regarding a community
The loss of a loved one, for example, causes deeply felt stress event are all useful tools to share your ideas. By using
early childhood settings. Strong relationships and that may take years and professional assistance to resolve.
Other stressors are more a matter of lifestyle choices and can
a variety of approaches, you are more likely to reach a
greater number of families.
effective involvement help ensure maximum op- be resolved with careful thought and effort. For example, lack
of sleep causes most people to be irritable and have poor work
• Avoid a critical attitude. You will probably never fully
know all the problems and stresses faced by each of the
tively influence the lives of young children. need to be nonjudgmental as you share useful infor-
mation with them.
1. How effective are you right now in reducing the
unnecessary stresses in your own life? Is this something
• Share information from other experts. Avoid setting you will need to work on before helping families to
yourself up as the expert. First of all, you probably are do the same? Describe your current efforts to reduce
not, and second, families will resent your attitude. stress in your life. What else could you be doing?
Find others in the community, state, or nation that can 2. Is it important to help families reduce the stress in
share their knowledge and insight with families. their lives? Why or why not?
182 Chapter 7
Celebrating Diversity . . .
M13_HENN3718_06_SE_C13.indd 375
Celebrating Diversity 13/04/16 4:27 pm
• It is feeling deeply hurt when you read or see information that reminds parents to
take every precaution before your baby is born so that they will be healthy. “I did
all that and my child still has special needs!”
• It is not asking for help from professionals or other parents because you can’t cope
with what you think they may be saying or thinking about you.
• It is the deep hurt you experience when others are silent or stare when they meet
our son. It makes you want to shout to the world, “Yes, my son has special needs!”
while at the same time wanting to simply disappear for a while.
• It is being so overwhelmed that it makes it hard to think about and plan for your
child’s future and the future of the rest of the family.
• It is cringing a little when your son does something inappropriate and others don’t
know how to respond so they laugh or say something inane.
Early childhood professionals working with these families must make every effort
to be sensitive to their special needs and feelings. Extra care must be taken to listen
carefully, to communicate positively, and to develop good working relationships with
A01_HENN3718_06_SE_FM.indd 7 them. Remembering that each family unit is unique, you must work to understand the 10/5/16 9:17 PM
An Emphasis on Curriculum,
Environments, and Play
The six chapters that emphasize curriculum discuss the content areas and domains that readers will need to under-
stand and integrate when creating enjoyable, playful, educational experiences for young learners. The chapter on play
and the two separate chapters on planning indoor and outdoor environments are unique.
PART II FOUNDATIONS
4 Understanding How a Child Develops and Learns
Two chapters on
5 Play in Childhood
environments
6 Guiding Young Children
7 Working with Families and Communities
8 Diversity and Young Children
• Three chapters on play and environments. Al- • Six chapters on curriculum. In addition to chap-
though other texts present information on planning ters on physical development, emotional and social
outdoor play environments, this text provides complete learning, the cognitive curriculum, literacy learning,
chapters identifying the outdoor and indoor play areas and the arts curriculum, the concluding curriculum
as significant components of early education. A chapter chapter on technology is unique in its description of
on play (Chapter 5) offers a strong rationale for includ- play-oriented, developmentally appropriate technol-
ing play in the classroom. ogy experiences.
viii
Concrete Applications
communication with families helps make these routines more successful for the young-
est children. During the preschool years, rest/nap times are usually found only in full-
day programs and typically occur in the early afternoon. Generally, it is best to have all
children spend some quiet time on a mat or cot. During this time, some will actually nap
while others rest. Caregivers must work hard to create an atmosphere in which sleep is
possible for those who need it and rest time is pleasant for others. Back rubs, soft singing,
reading a book, and quiet conversations may help children during this time.
social Interactions
Throughout the early years, children are learning to relate socially to one another and to
adults. This process of becoming social beings is a complex one that requires considerable
adult guidance and has a significant impact on overall development (Bowman & Moore,
2006). In addition to helping young children engage in positive social interactions, adults
To help students bridge thealso gapneedbetween
to help them theory and
identify, avoid, respond to anconcrete
andpractice, strategies
array of less-positive behaviors are listed in many of the five
such as teasing and bullying (Gartrell & Gartrell, 2008). The Developmentally Appropriate
boxed features. These strategies give students a real-world flavor for what teaching
Practice feature found below provides strategies that adults can use to help children deal
in early education settings requires.
Applications are culturally and developmentally
with these appropriate,
difficult social interactions. research-based,
Read this information now and reflect onand classroom-tested.
the chal-
lenges presented when children tease and bully one another.
ix
TestGen (0-13-401372-7)
TestGen is a powerful test generator program containing the same items included in the
Test Bank. You install TestGen on your personal computer (Windows or Macintosh) and
create your own tests for classroom testing and for other specialized delivery options.
Assessments may be created for both print and online testing.
Acknowledgments
No book of this complexity can be completed without the assistance of a great many
competent and supportive people. Grateful thanks are given to Michelle Gardner, project
manager at SPi Global, and to the following staff at Pearson: Julie Peters, executive edi-
tor; and Megan Moffo, content producer. Their support and assistance throughout this
process have been invaluable.
I also thank the reviewers for their thoughtful commentary and helpful s uggestions:
William Drakeford, Bowie State University; Susan VanNess, Manchester Community
College.
For this edition, Marilyn Chu, a colleague at Western Washington University, as-
sisted with several components of the revision. In addition to updating many of the open-
ing scenarios for each chapter, Marilyn researched and selected the embedded video
clips for this edition and revised and reorganized the Check Your Understanding quiz-
zes. She also provided valuable constructive feedback for each chapter, which was then
integrated into the revisions. Thanks, Marilyn, for your important contributions!
On a personal note, I want to say a special word of thanks to my wife, Lisa, for all
her support throughout this and prior editions of this text. Lisa, you continue to be sup-
portive, enthusiastic, and encouraging of my efforts at textbook writing. I particularly
appreciate your willingness to drop whatever you are doing to help me through a technol-
ogy issue that has me baffled. You have saved me countless hours that I would have spent
stumbling along trying to solve little (and not-so-little) computer problems. Now that we
are retired, I look forward to our daily chats over coffee or lunch and all the fun times
we continue to share together. Thanks for all that you do for me and our family each and
every day! All my love.
Michael Henniger
PART II FOUNDATIONS
Understanding How a Child Develops and Learns 86
Play in Childhood 120
Guiding Young Children 148
Working with Families and Communities 174
Diversity and Young Children 206
Historical Contexts 34
Historical Figures Influencing Early Care and Education 36
European Contributors 36 / American Influences 46
Recent American Contributors 50
xiii
PART II FOUNDATIONS
Understanding How a Child Develops and Learns 86
Key Perspectives on Learning and Development 88
John Bowlby (1907–1990) 88 / Abraham Maslow (1908–1970) 90 / Howard Gardner (1943– ) 91 /
Maria Montessori (1870–1952) 92 / Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934) 93 / Erik Erikson (1902–1994) 94 /
Jean Piaget (1896–1980) 95 / Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005) 96 / Jack Shonkoff and Deborah
Phillips 97 / Ellen Galinsky 99
Children: Developmental Similarities and Differences 101
Infants and Toddlers 101 / Children Ages 3 through 5: The Preschool Years 104 / Children Ages 6
through 8: The Primary School Years 108 / Children with Special Needs 110
Summary 119
Changes in Family Structure: Blending and Forming New Families 179 / Working Families 179 /
Older and Younger Parents 179 / Family Mobility 180 / Families Experiencing Homelessness 181 /
Families with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Members 181 / Families That Have C hildren
with Special Needs 181 / Families with Foster Children 183 / Families with Children Who Are
Adopted 183 / Linguistic D
iversity 184 / Ethnic/Cultural Diversity 184
Benefits and Potential Conflicts 185
Benefits to Early Childhood Professionals 185 / Benefits to Families 186 / Benefits to Children 186 /
Potential Conflicts 186
Building Strong Two-Way Relationships 188
Providing Mutual Support 188 / Communication: The Key 188 / Effective Communication
Strategies 191 / Understanding Beliefs and Attitudes 197 / Family-Friendly Schools 199
Engaging Families 200
In Early Childhood Settings 200 / At Home 201
Connecting with the Community 202
Involving the Community in the Early Childhood Setting 203 / Involving the Early Childhood
Program in the Community 203 / Advocacy and Public Policy 204
Summary 204