CHAPTER – 6

BINARY LOGIC
In some of the competitive exams, we come across The following illustration helps in understanding the
questions which are to be answered based on the truth concept.
or falsity of statements given in the question. In these
questions we come across three kinds of terms. They Example: Among the three persons A, B and C, one is
are „Truth-Teller‟, „Liar‟ and „Alternator‟. These terms a truth-teller, one is a liar and the other is an alternator.
may or may not be explicitly defined in the question. The Each of them made the following statements in reply to
following are the definitions of these terms, which can be the question asked about them.
applied while answering these questions, unless
otherwise defined. A : I am not the liar. C is the liar.
B : I am the liar. A is the truth-teller.
Truth-teller: A person whose each and every statement C : I am the alternator. B is the liar.
is true.
Find out who the truth-teller is who the liar is and who
Liar: A person whose each and every statement is false. the alternator is.

Alternator: No two consecutive statements of an

Solution : The statement, „I am not the liar‟, could be that
alternate are true or no two consecutive statements are
false. of a truth-teller or of a liar or of an alternator. Hence, we
The question does not specify as to which statement is cannot find out the nature of A. From the statement of
true or false. It has to be found out by trial and error and B i.e, „I am a liar‟, it can be concluded that B is the
by checking for consistency in the given statement. alternator, because neither a truth-teller nor a liar would
The approach to solve these puzzles is to build up the say that he is a liar. Hence the second statement of B,
facts. Building up of facts is to be done in trial and error i.e, „A is the truth-teller‟ is true. From the above, it can be
approach. concluded that the statement of C i.e., I am the alternator
The given information may specify that there is a truth
is false. Hence, C is the liar. Let us check the truth in
teller among the given persons or may not specify.
If it is given that there is a truth teller, we assume one of each of the statements of A, B and C with the help of the
the persons as truth teller and consider every statement conclusions made.
made by that person as a fact.
Using these assumed facts, we identify true and false A : I am not the liar (True). C is the liar (True).
statements made by other persons. In this process, if we B : I am the liar (False). A is the truth teller (True).
do not come across any contradiction, it implies that the C : I am the alternator (False). B is the liar (False).
assumption made is valid.
Sometimes it becomes necessary to check if a second
From the above, it is clear that the conclusions made
person can also be a truth teller, because there could be
more than one valid case. i.e., A is the truth teller (both the statements are true),
In case it is not specified whether there is a truth teller or B is the alternator (one statement is true and the other is
not among the given persons, then the approach is by false) and C is the liar (both the statements are false),
assuming facts. We consider a set of facts and check are correct. The questions asked may have one, two,
which of the statements made persons are true and three or even four statements made by each person.
which are false. If we come across any contradiction with
the given information, in this process, we need to
assume another set of facts and repeat the process.

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 Exercise – 6(a)
Directions for questions 1 to 8: Select the correct between the truth and lies (not necessarily in the
alternative from the given choices. same order). Who can never be the 2nd tallest?
(A) Akshay (B) Sanjay
1. In „Saka-misa‟ city, there are two types of people (C) Sunil (D) Cannot be determined
– Truth-tellers and liars. Truth-tellers always speak 5. Three sprinters – Johnson, Bailley and Jones
the truth and liars always tell lies. One day I met – participated in a 100 m race and each one of
three people Kiran, Lalit and Manish of „Saka-misa‟ them won exactly one medal among Gold, Silver
city and asked them „Who among you is the truth and Bronze. Exactly one among them always
teller?‟ speaks the truth, another always tells lies and the
last person always alternates between truth and lie
The following were their replies: (in any order). When asked about the medal each of
Kiran : I am not a liar. them won, the following were their replies :
Lalit : Manish is not a liar.
Manish : Lalit is a truth-teller. Johnson: Bailley won Gold. I won Bronze.
Bailley: Jones won Silver. Johnson did not win
If it was known that exactly one person among the Gold.
three was a truth-teller and the other two were liars, Jones: Bailley won Bronze. Johnson did not
then who among them must be the truth-teller? win Silver.
(A) Kiran (B) Manish
(C) Lalit (D) Cannot be determined Who won the Gold, Bronze and Silver respectively?
(A) Johnson, Bailley, Jones
2. One day I met three persons A, B and C, each of (B) Bailley, Jones, Johnson
whom belonged to a different tribe amongst Truth- (C) Jones, Johnson, Bailley
tellers, Liars and Alternators. It is also known that (D) Johnson, Jones, Bailley
the Truth-tellers always speak the truth, the liars
always tell lies and the Alternators alternate between 6. In a class, three students – Kashyap, Laxman and
truth and lies, in any order. When asked to introduce Mehar – are the top three rankers, i.e., 1st, 2nd and
themselves, each of them gave two replies, as given 3rd, in any order. Each student among them gives
below. two replies to any question, one of which is true and
the other is false (in any order). When asked about
A: B is the Liar. I am the Truth-teller. the ranks they got, the following were their replies.
B: I am not the Liar. C is the Truth-teller.
C: A is not the Truth-teller. I am not the Liar. Laxman: I got the first rank. Kashyap got the
second rank.
Who among the three persons is a Liar? Mehar: I got the first rank. Laxman got the
(A) A (B) B second rank.
(C) C (D) Cannot be determined Kashyap: I got the first rank. Laxman got the third
rank.
3. Police arrested three persons – Charles, Raj and
Soban - on suspicion, in a theft case. It was found Which among the following is the correct order of
that one among these three was the thief. During the the persons who got the first, the second and the
interrogation, their replies were as follows: third ranks respectively?
(A) Kashyap, Laxman, Mehar
Charles: I am not the thief. Raj is the thief. (B) Mehar, Laxman, Kashyap
Raj: I am not the thief. Either Charles or (C) Mehar, Kashyap, Laxman
Soban is the thief.
(D) Laxman, Mehar, Kashyap
Soban: I am not the thief. Raj is not the thief.
7. Each of Raman, Pranay and Yashwant is the
If exactly one person among them always speaks
professor of a different subject among – Physics,
the truth, another always tells lies and the third
Chemistry and Mathematics, not necessarily in the
alternates between the truth and lies, then who is
same order. Each professor gives two replies to any
the thief?
question asked to them, at least one of which is true.
(A) Charles (B) Soban
When asked about their subjects, there is exactly
(C) Raj (D) Cannot be determined
one professor who always speaks the truth. The
following were their replies:
4. Three friends – Akshay, Sanjay and Sunil were of
different heights. When asked “Who among you Raman: I am a Physics professor. Yashwant is
three is the tallest?”, the following were their replies: the Chemistry professor.
Yashwant: I am a Mathematics professor.
Akshay: I am the tallest. Sanjay is not the
Raman is the Chemistry professor.
2nd tallest.
Pranay: I am not a Physics professor. Raman is
Sanjay: I am the tallest. Akshay is the shortest.
not the Mathematics professor.
Sunil: I am the tallest. Sanjay is the shortest.

It is known that one among them always tells the Which among the following is the correct order of
truth, one always tells lies and one alternates the professors of Physics, Chemistry and
Mathematics respectively?

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 (A) Raman, Pranay, Yashwant Adarsh: Farah is the Lawyer. I am the Doctor.
(B) Pranay, Yashwant, Raman
(C) Raman, Yashwant, Pranay 12. Who is the Lawyer?
(D) Yashwant, Raman, Pranay (A) Dinit (B) Farah
8. In „Kya Kya‟ island, every inhabitant gives two (C) Adarsh (D) Cannot be determined
replies to a question. Both the replies could be true 13. What is Dinit‟s profession?
(Truth-teller), both could be false (Liar) or one reply (A) Doctor (B) Lawyer
is true and the other is false, in any order (C) Professor (D) Cannot be determined
(Alternator). Once I came across three persons –
Truth Kumar, False Bhai and Alti Singh and asked 14. Among the three, is a truth teller?
them “Who‟s who?”. Their replies were as follows: (A) Dinit (B) Farah
(C) Adarsh (D) Cannot be determined
Truth Kumar : I am the truth-teller.
False Bhai is a liar. Directions for questions 15 and 16: These questions
False Bhai : I am the liar. are based on the data given below.
Alti Singh is the truth-teller.
Alti Singh : I am the truth-teller. In a cricket match, the total number of runs scored by
Truth Kumar is a liar. Sanjay, Rahul and Sanath together is 60. When asked
about the individual runs scored by them, following were
If each of them belongs to a different race (truth- their replies.
teller or liar or alternator), then who among them is
the alternator? Sanjay: I scored 20 runs. Sanath is not the least scorer.
(A) Truth Kumar (B) False Bhai Rahul: Sanjay scored the maximum number of runs.
(C) Alti Singh (D) Cannot be determined I scored the minimum number of runs.
Sanath: Sanjay scored the minimum number of runs.
Directions for questions 9 to 11: These questions are Rahul scored 20 runs.
based on the data given below.
Each player scored at least one run. It was also known
Each of the three players – Kambli, Kumble and that one player among them always spoke the truth,
Krishnan – plays exactly one game among Cricket, another always told lies and the third player alternated
Football and Tennis, not necessarily in the same order. between the truth and lies, in any order.
Each player always gives two replies to any question.
Out of these three players, exactly one player always 15. If each of them scored equal number of runs, then
speaks the truth, one always tells lies and one always who among them always lied?
alternates between the truth and lies, in any order. (A) Sanjay (B) Rahul
(C) Sanath (D) Cannot be determined
When each was asked “Which game do you play?” the
following were their replies: 16. If the runs scored by the three players are 15, 20
Kambli: I am a Cricketer. Kumble is a Football player. and 25 runs (not necessarily in the same order),
Kumble: I am a Cricketer. Krishnan is a Tennis player. then which player did not score 15 runs?
Krishnan : Kambli is a Football player. Kumble is (A) Rahul (B) Sanjay
a Cricket player. (C) Sanath (D) Cannot be determined
9. Who among the three players is a liar? Directions for questions 17 to 19: These questions are
(A) Kambli (B) Kumble based on the data given below.
(C) Krishnan (D) Cannot be determined
Four players – Safin, Agassi, Fedarar and Hewitt - each
10. Who among the three players must be the Tennis of whom won exactly one Grand Slam amongst
player? Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon and U.S
(A) Kambli (B) Kumble Open (not necessarily in the same order), in the year X.
(C) Krishnan (D) Cannot be determined Each person gives two replies to any questions asked to
them. At least one person among them speaks the truth
11. Which game does Kumble play? always and at least one person always tells lies. There is
(A) Cricket (B) Football at least one person who always alternates between the
(C) Tennis (D) Cannot be determined truth and lies in any order. When asked about the Grand
Directions for questions 12 to 14: These questions are Slams won by them in the year X, following were their
based on the data given below. replies :

Safin: I won the Australian Open. Fedarar won the

Each of the three friends – Dinit, Farah and Adarsh
Australian Open.
– has a different profession among –Doctor, Lawyer and
Agassi: I won the U.S Open. Hewitt won the U.S
Professor – not necessarily in the same order. It was
Open.
known that each of them made at least one true
Fedarar: Safin won the Wimbledon. Agassi won the
statement. When asked, “Who belongs to which
Australian Open.
profession?”, the following were their replies:
Hewitt: Fedarar won the French Open. I won the
Dinit : Adarsh is the Professor. Farah is the Lawyer. Australian Open.
Farah: Dinit is the Doctor. Adarsh is not the Lawyer.

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It is also known that Hewitt won the U.S Open and (D) Cannot be determined
a definite arrangement can be obtained from the above
statements given by the players. 23. Among them, if there are two persons who always
tell lies, then who always speaks the truth?
17. Who won the Australian Open in the year X? (A) K
(A) Safin (B) Agassi (B) M
(C) Fedarar (D) Cannot be determined (C) N
18. Who among the following players always tell lies? (D) Cannot be determined
(A) Safin 24. Among them, if there are two persons who always
(B) Agassi alternate between the truth and lies, then who
(C) Hewitt speaks the truth always?
(D) Fedarar (A) K (B) L
(C) M (D) Cannot be determined
19. Which Grand Slam did Fedarar win in the year?
Directions for questions 25 to 27: These questions are
(A) Australian based on the information given below.
(B) French
(C) Wimbledon Five persons – Ajay, Vijay, Kumar, Binoy and Sanjay,
(D) U.S. who are of different ages met at a place. Each of them
made two statements, but each person will make at least
Directions for questions 20 and 21: These questions one false statement. The following are the statements
are based on the information given below. made by them.

One among three students – Anand, Bhargav and Ajay : I am older than Sanjay.
Chandu – is the top ranker in the class. Each one of Binoy is older than Vijay.
them claims that he got the first rank. It was also known Binoy : Vijay is older than Ajay.
that among them, there is one student who always I am younger than Kumar.
speaks the truth, one who always tells lies and another Kumar: I am younger than Sanjay.
whose statement cannot be classified as either true or Vijay is older than Binoy.
false. The following are the statements made by them. Vijay : Sanjay is older than Ajay.
Anand : I am not a liar. I am older than Sanjay.
Bhargav : I am a liar. Sanjay : Kumar is younger than Binoy.
Chandu : I neither speak the truth nor do I speak lies. Kumar is older than Ajay.

20. Who got the first rank in the class? 25. If Binoy is older than Ajay and Vijay is older than
(A) Anand Sanjay, then how many persons are younger than
(B) Bhargav Ajay?
(C) Chandu (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
(D) Cannot be determined
26. If Sanjay is younger than Binoy and V ijay is older
21. Who is the liar? than Binoy, then according to the statements made
(A) Anand by them, how many such cases are possible?
(B) Bhargav (A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 9
(C) Chandu
(D) Cannot be determined 27. If they made exactly five true statements in total and
B is the youngest, who is the oldest?
Directions for questions 22 to 24: These questions are (A) Kumar (B) Vijay
based on the information given below. (C) Sanjay (D) Ajay

Among the four members of a family - K, L, M and N, Directions for questions 28 to 30: These questions are
there is one couple, their son and their daughter. When based on the following information.
asked about their relationships, the following were their
replies. Each of the three persons P, Q and R is from a different
K: N is my husband. country among India, Pakistan and China.
M is my daughter. It is known that one of them always speaks the truth, one
L: K is my mother. always tells lies and one alternates between truth and lie
M is my son. in any order. They made the following statements.
M: K and L are of the same gender. P: I am a truth teller.
L is my sister. Q is from India.
N: L is of the same gender as I. R is not from China.
M is my son. Q: I am from Pakistan.
R is a liar.
It was also known that only one of them always speaks P is from India.
the truth. R: Q is a liar.
I am not a liar.
22. Among the four, who cannot be the truth- teller? P is from Pakistan.
(A) K
(B) L 28. Who is from India?
(C) M (A) P (B) Q
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 (C) R (D) Cannot be determined
30. Who made at least two false statements?
29. Who cannot be a liar? (A) P (B) Q
(A) P (B) Q (C) R (D) Cannot be determined
(C) R (D) Cannot be determined
Exercise – 6(b)
Directions for questions 1 to 4: These questions are Eswar is the shortest.
based on the information given below. Bharath is 4th lightest.
Amar is the 2nd tallest.
Each of A, B, C, D and E has a different amount among
`3,000, `5,000, `6,000, `8,000 and `10,000, not 5. Who among them is the tallest?
necessarily in the same order. Each of them made one (A) Chandu (B) Dinesh
statement as given below (C) Bharath (D) Amar
A: The amount with D is twice of that with C. 6. Who among them is the oldest?
B: A has `3,000. (A) Amar (B) Dinesh
C: D does not have the highest amount. (C) Eswar (D) Chandu
D: The amount with A is half of that with E .
E: I am not a liar. 7. Who among them is the lightest?
It is known that four of them made true statements and (A) Eswar (B) Dinesh
one lied. A did not lie. (C) Bharath (D) Chandu

1. How many of them have the possibility of being a 8. Who among them is the 2nd shortest?
liar? (A) Dinesh (B) Amar
(C) Bharath (D) Eswar

Directions for questions 9 to 12: These questions are

2. If A has less than half of what B has, then how much based on the information given below.
does D have?
Four players - Abhinav, Bipash, Chandar and Danny
– are from four different cities among Hyderabad,
Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata. Each of them plays a
3. If C is the liar, then what is the sum of amounts with different game among Chess, Badminton, Tennis and
A and C ? Bridge and they are of different heights. Each of them
gives three statements to any question such that the
three statements given by each person are alternately
true and false in any order. The second statement made
4. If B is the liar, then what is the sum of the amounts by exactly two persons is true and Abhinav is one of
with C and D ? them. When asked about them, the following were their
replies.

Abhinav : Bipash is from Delhi.

Directions for questions 5 to 8: These questions are Chandar plays Chess.
based on the following information. Danny is not the tallest.

Five persons – Amar, Bharat, Chandu, Dinesh and Bipash : Abhinav is from Kolkata.
Eswar are of different heights, weights and ages. It is Chandar is not the shortest.
also known that each of them speaks truth and lie in Danny plays Badminton.
alternate fashion. Five persons are ranked from 1 to 5
according to the decreasing order of their heights, Chandar : Abhinav is the 2nd tallest.
weights and ages. Bipash plays Tennis.
No person is ranked the same in any two parameters. Danny is from Delhi.
The following are the statements made by four persons.
Danny : Abhinav plays Chess.
Amar:
Bipash is from Mumbai.
Bharat is the 3rd tallest.
Chandar is not from Hyderabad.
Dinesh is the 3rd youngest.
Eswar is the lightest.
9. Who is from Delhi?
Bharath: (A) Abhinav
Chandu is the tallest. (B) Bipash
Amar is the 3rd oldest. (C) Chandar
Eswar is the oldest. (D) Danny
Chandu:
Bharath is 2nd youngest. 10. Who is the Chess player?
Bharath is the 2nd tallest. (A) Abhinav
Amar is the 3rd heaviest. (B) Bipash
(C) Chandar
Dinesh: (D) Cannot be determined
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 spectators Karan, Yudhistra, Duryodhan, Shakuni, and
11. Who is the shortest person? Kunti made the following statements about their scores.
(A) The Badminton player.
Karan: Exactly three persons together scored 20 points.
(B) The Chess player.
Yudhishtra: Exactly three persons together scored 30
(C) The person from Delhi.
points.
(D) The person from Kolkata. Duryodhan: Exactly three persons together scored 40
points.
12. Which two persons‟ second statements are true? Shakuni: Exactly three persons together scored 50
(A) Abhinav, Bipash points.
(B) Abhinav, Chander Kunti: Exactly three persons together scored 60 points.
(C) Abhinav, Danny It is known that exactly one amongst the five persons is
(D) Cannot be determined lying.
Directions for questions 13 to 16: These questions are
based on the information given below. 17. Who is lying?
In a class, the five students – Anirudh, Brijesh, Mayank, (A) Karan (B) Shakuni
Nakul and Pavan - are the top five rankers, not (C) Yudhishtra (D) Kunti
necessarily in the same order. Each of these persons 18. What is the total score obtained by the four players?
always gives three replies to any question asked. Except
one person, all the other four tell at least a lie. Except
one person,
all the other four speak at least one truth. Exactly one 19. How many players scored 0 points?
person among them alternated between the truth and
lies in any order. When I asked them about their
respective ranks, the following were their replies:
20. What was the highest score obtained by any player?
Anirudh : Brijesh is the 5th ranker.
Mayank is the 4th ranker.
Pavan is the 3rd ranker.
Directions for questions 21 to 24: These questions are
Brijesh : Nakul is the 4th ranker. based on the following information.
Anirudh is the 2nd ranker.
Mayank is the 1st ranker. Three persons Gretta, Fischer and Schindler are talking
Mayank : Anirudh is the 3rd ranker. about their heights. It is known that each of them is of
Nakul is the 5th ranker. a different height. Each of them belongs to one of the
Brijesh is the 2nd ranker. three categories, Truth Tellers (who always speak truth),
Liars (who always tell lies) and the Alternators
Nakul : Pavan is the 1st ranker. (who alternately make a true and a false statement).
Anirudh is the 4th ranker. They made the following statements.
Mayank is the 2nd ranker.
Gretta: I am the tallest.
Pavan : Brijesh is the 3rd ranker. I always speak truth.
Mayank is the 4th ranker. Fischer always lies.
I am the 1st ranker.
Exactly one definite arrangement exists based on their Fischer: I am not the tallest.
statements. Gretta is a liar.
Schindler is the shortest.
13. Who among the following always speaks the truth?
(A) Anirudh (B) Brijesh Schindler: Gretta is a liar.
(C) Mayank (D) Nakul I am not an alternator.
I am not the shortest.
14. Who is the top ranker in the class?
(A) Brijesh (B) Anirudh 21. Who is/are truth teller(s)?
(C) Mayank (D) Pavan (A) Gretta or Fischer (B) Schindler
(C) None of them (D) Cannot be determined
15. What is the rank of the person who always speaks
one truth and two lies but does not alternate 22. Who is the tallest?
between the truth and lies? (A) Fischer (B) Schindler
(A) 3rd (B) 5th (C) 2nd (D) 4th (C) Gretta (D) Cannot be determined
16. What is the rank of the person who always tells lies? 23. How many true statements have they together made?
(A) 5th (B) 4th (C) 3rd (D) 2nd (A) Four (B) Five
Directions for questions 17 to 20: These questions are (C) Three (D) Three or four
based on the data given below.
24. Who is/are alternator(s)?
Four players Akbar, Birbal, Shahjahan and Humayun (A) Schindler and Gretta
played the game of chancher and the score obtained by (B) Fisher and Schindler
each of the persons was a whole number. Five (C) Fisher

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 (D) Schindler (C) Robert
(D) Qusac or Swank
Directions for questions 25 to 28: These questions are
based on the following information. 28. Which of the following is true?
(A) Swank's second statement is false.
Four very naughty siblings Pringle, Qusac, Robert and (B) Robert's second statement is true.
Swank are going to meet their father's childhood friend (C) Qusac's first statement is true.
who is meeting them after 30 years. Their father's friend (D) Pringle's second statement is true.
doesn't have any information about these siblings.
Each of them wrote the following two statements on Directions for questions 29 and 30: These questions
a piece of paper. They mentioned only the first letter of are based on the following information.
their respective names on the paper so that the friend
cannot find out the gender by name. Karuna and Sharmila are studying in the same class.
P: I have two sisters and a brother. Their teacher came to know that today is the birthday of
S is my brother. either Karuna or Sharmila, but not of both.
Q: Both the statements of S are false.
R is my brother. The teacher asked them whose birthday is it today?
R: One statement of P is true and the other one is They made the following statements.
false. Karuna: Today it is not my birthday.
I am S's sister. Today it is Sharmila's birthday.
S: I have two brothers and a sister. Sharmila: Both the statements of Karuna are false.
Q is my sister. It is not the birthday of any one of us.

It is known that exactly one person among them made It is known that each of their statements is either true or
two true statements, and that person is not R, and false.
exactly one person made both false statements.
29. If Sharmila's first statement is false, whose birthday
25. Who definitely made one true and one false is on that day?
statement? (A) Karuna's
(A) Pringle (B) Qusac (B) Sharmila's
(C) Robert (D) Swank (C) Both of them
(D) Cannot be determined
26. Who is/are definitely male?
(A) Pringle and Robert 30. Which of the following is true?
(B) Swank (A) Karuna did not make even one true statement.
(C) Swank and Pringle (B) Either both the statements of Karuna are true or
(D) Robert and Qusac both are false.
(C) Sharmila's second statement is definitely true.
27. Who made two false statements? (D) Neither Karuna nor Sharmila made two false
(A) Pringle statements.
(B) Qusac

Key
Exercise – 6(a)
1. A 6. C 11. B 16. C 21. C 26. C
2. B 7. A 12. B 17. B 22. B 27. A
3. C 8. B 13. D 18. A 23. C 28. B
4. B 9. C 14. D 19. B 24. A 29. A
5. A 10. C 15. B 20. A 25. B 30. B

Exercise – 6(b)

1. 2 6. C 11. B 16. D 21. D 26. B

2. 10000 7. D 12. C 17. A 22. A 27. D
3. 8000 8. B 13. C 18. 60 23. D 28. D
4. 9000 9. D 14. D 19. 1 24. C 29. B
5. A 10. C 15. B 20. 30 25. C 30. B

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