Name: Phan Quốc Thái_22161185

Laboratory Exercise 3
DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS: FREQUENCY-DOMAIN
REPRESENTATIONS

3.1 DISCRETE-TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM

Project 3.1 DTFT Computation

A copy of Program P3_1 is given below:

1
Q3.1 The expression of the DTFT being evaluated in Program P3_1 is - a frequency
jω -jω
response of a system : H(ω)=2+e /1-0.6.e

The function of the pause command is - used to stop MATLAB execution

temporarily

Q3.2 The plots generated by running Program P3_1 are shown below :

2
 j
Magnitude Spectrum |H(e )|
8

Amplitude
4

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
/
j
Phase Spectrum arg[H(e )]
1
Phase in radians

0.5

-0.5

-1
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
/

Real part of H(ej )

8

6
Amplitude

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
/
Imaginary part of H(ej )
4

2
Amplitude

-2

-4
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
/

The DTFT is a periodic function of .

Its period is - 2π

The types of symmetries exhibited by the four plots are as follows :

+ The real part and the magnitude are even symmetrics with a period of 2 .

3
+ The imaginary part and the phase are odd symmetrics with a period of 2 .

Q3.3 The required modifications to Program P3_1 to evaluate the given DTFT of Q3.3 are
given below:

4
 j
Real part of H(e )
1

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
/
j
Imaginary part of H(e )
1

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
/

j
Magnitude Spectrum |H(e )|
1.0000000000001

1.00000000000005
Amplitude

0.99999999999995

0.9999999999999
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
/
j
Phase Spectrum arg[H(e )]
4
Phase in radians

-2

-4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
/

5
The plots generated by running the modified Program P3_1 are shown below :

The DTFT is a periodic function of .

Its period is - 2π

The jump in the phase spectrum is caused by - calculating the phase response
using the arctan function. The form of the phase reponse may be a rational form,
then we can encounter the pole points when ploting this.

The phase spectrum evaluated with the jump removed by the command unwrap is
as given below:

6
 j
Real part of H(e )
1

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
/
j
Imaginary part of H(e )
1

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
/

j
Magnitude Spectrum |H(e )|
1.0000000000001

1.00000000000005
Amplitude

0.99999999999995

0.9999999999999
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
/
j
Phase Spectrum arg[H(e )]
0
Phase in radians

-2

-4

-6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
/

7
Q3.4 The required modifications to Program P3_1 to evaluate the given DTFT of Q3.4 are
given below:

The plots generated by running the modified Program P3_1 are shown below :

8
 j
Real part of H(e )
100

Amplitude
50

-50
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
/
j
Imaginary part of H(e )
100

50
Amplitude

-50

-100
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
/
The
DTFT is a periodic function of .

Its period is - 2π

The jump in the phase spectrum is caused by - calculating the phase response using
the arctan function. The form of the phase reponse may be a rational form, then we
can encounter the pole points when ploting this.

Q3.5 The required modifications to Program P3_1 to plot the phase in degrees are
indicated below:

9
Project 3.2 DTFT Properties

Answers:

Q3.6 The modified Program P3_2 created by adding appropriate comment statements,
and adding program statements for labeling the two axes of each plot being
generated by the program is given below:

10
Magnitude Spectrum of Original Sequence
Magnitude Spectrum of Time-Shifted Sequence
40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

Phase Spectrum of Original Sequence

Phase Spectrum of Time-Shifted Sequence
4 4

2 2

0 0

-2 -2

-4 -4
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

11
 The parameter controlling the amount of time-shift is - D parameter

Q3.7 The plots generated by running the modified program are given below:

From these plots we make the following observations :

+ The magnitude spectrum remains the same before.

+ The phase spectrum has a clearly change, the slope is increased.

Q3.8 Program P3_2 was run for the following value of the time-shift –D=3

The plots generated by running the modified program are given below:

Magnitude Spectrum of Original Sequence

Magnitude Spectrum of Time-Shifted Sequence
40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

Phase Spectrum of Original Sequence

Phase Spectrum of Time-Shifted Sequence
4 4

2 2

0 0

-2 -2

-4 -4
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

From these plots we make the following observations :

+ The magnitude spectrum still remains the same before.

+ The phase spectrum has a clear change, the slope is increased but less than that of D  3

Q3.9 Program P3_2 was run for the following values of the time-shift and for the
following values of length for the sequence -

The plots generated by running the modified program are given below:

12
 < Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

From these plots we make the following observations : These results are the same
as previous questions.

Q3.10 The modified Program P3_3 created by adding appropriate comment statements,
and adding program statements for labeling the two axes of each plot being
generated by the program is given below:

The parameter controlling the amount of frequency-shift is – w0 parameter.

Q3.11 The plots generated by running the modified program are given below:

13
 Magnitude Spectrum of Original Sequence
Magnitude Spectrum of Frequency-Shifted Sequence
80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

Phase Spectrum of Original Sequence

Phase Spectrum of Frequency-Shifted Sequence
4 4

2 2

0 0

-2 -2

-4 -4
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

From these plots we make the following observations : Both the magnitude
and phase spectra are shifted right by w0.

Q3.12 Program P3_3 was run for the following value of the frequency-shift – w0 = -0.4

The plots generated by running the modified program are given below:

Magnitude Spectrum of Original Sequence

Magnitude Spectrum of Frequency-Shifted Sequence
80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

Phase Spectrum of Original Sequence

Phase Spectrum of Frequency-Shifted Sequence
4 4

2 2

0 0

-2 -2

-4 -4
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

14
 From these plots we make the following observations : Both the magnitude and
phase spectra are shifted right by w0.

Q3.13 Program P3_3 was run for the following values of the frequency-shift and for the
following values of length for the sequence -

The plots generated by running the modified program are given below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

From these plots we make the following observations :

Q3.14 The modified Program P3_4 created by adding appropriate comment statements,
and adding program statements for labeling the two axes of each plot being
generated by the program is given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

Q3.15 The plots generated by running the modified program are given below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

From these plots we make the following observations :

Q3.16 Program P3_4 was run for the following two different sets of sequences of varying
lengths -

The plots generated by running the modified program are given below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

From these plots we make the following observations :

Q3.17 The modified Program P3_5 created by adding appropriate comment statements,
and adding program statements for labeling the two axes of each plot being
generated by the program is given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

Q3.18 The plots generated by running the modified program are given below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

From these plots we make the following observations :

Q3.19 Program P3_5 was run for the following two different sets of sequences of varying
lengths -

15
 The plots generated by running the modified program are given below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

From these plots we make the following observations :

Q3.20 The modified Program P3_6 created by adding appropriate comment statements,
and adding program statements for labeling the two axes of each plot being
generated by the program is given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The program implements the time-reversal operation as follows -

Q3.21 The plots generated by running the modified program are given below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

From these plots we make the following observations :

Q3.22 Program P3_6 was run for the following two different sets of sequences of varying
lengths -

The plots generated by running the modified program are given below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

From these plots we make the following observations :

3.2 DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM

Project 3.3 DFT and IDFT Computations

Answers:

Q3.23 The MATLAB program to compute and plot the L-point DFT X[k] of a length-N
sequence x[n] with L  N and then to compute and plot the IDFT of X[k] is
given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The DFT and the IDFT pairs generated by running the program for sequences of
different lengths N and for different values of the DFT length L are shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

From these plots we make the following observations :

16
Q3.24 The MATLAB program to compute the N-point DFT of two length- N real sequences
using a single N-point DFT and compare the result by computing directly the two
N-point DFTs is given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The DFTs generated by running the program for sequences of different lengths N
are shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

From these plots we make the following observations :

Q3.25 The MATLAB program to compute the 2N-point DFT of a length-2N real sequence
using a single N-point DFT and compare the result by computing directly the 2N-point DFT
is shown below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The DFTs generated by running the program for sequences of different lengths 2N
are shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

From these plots we make the following observations :

Project 3.4 DFT Properties

Answers:

Q3.26 The purpose of the command rem in the function circshift is –

Q3.27 The function circshift operates as follows:

Q3.28 The purpose of the operator ~= in the function circonv is –

Q3.29 The function circonv operates as follows:

Q3.30 The modified Program P3_7 created by adding appropriate comment statements,
and adding program statements for labeling each plot being generated by the
program is given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The parameter determining the amount of time-shifting is -

If the amount of time-shift is greater than the sequence length then -

17
Q3.31 The plots generated by running the modified program are given below :

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

From these plots we make the following observations :

Q3.32 The modified Program P3_8 created by adding appropriate comment statements,
and adding program statements for labeling each plot being generated by the
program is given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The amount of time-shift is -

Q3.33 The plots generated by running the modified program are given below :

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

From these plots we make the following observations :

Q3.34 The plots generated by running the modified program for the following two
different amounts of time-shifts, with the amount of shift indicated, are shown
below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

From these plots we make the following observations :

Q3.35 The plots generated by running the modified program for the following two
different sequences of different lengths, with the lengths indicated, are shown
below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

From these plots we make the following observations :

Q3.36 A copy of Program P3_9 is given below along with the plots generated by running
this program:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

From these plots we make the following observations :

Q3.37 Program P3_9 was run again for the following two different sets of equal-length
sequences:

18
 The plots generated are shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

From these plots we make the following observations :

Q3.38 A copy of Program P3_10 is given below along with the plots generated by running
this program:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

From these plots we make the following observations :

Q3.39 Program P3_10 was run again for the following two different sets of sequences of
unequal lengths:

The plots generated are shown below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

From these plots we make the following observations :

Q3.40 The MATLAB program to develop the linear convolution of two sequences via the
DFT of each is given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The plots generated by running this program for the sequences of Q3.38 are shown
below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

From these plots we make the following observations :

The plots generated by running this program for the sequences of Q3.39 are shown
below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

From these plots we make the following observations :

Q3.41 A copy of Program P3_11 is given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

19
 The relation between the sequence x1[n] and x[n] is -

Q3.42 The plots generated by running Program P3_11 are given below :

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

The imaginary part of XEF is/is not equal to zero. This result can be explained as
follows:

Q3.43 The required modifications to Program P3_11 to verify the relation between the
DFT of the periodic odd part and the imaginary part of XEF are given below along
with the plots generated by running this program :

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

From these plots we make the following observations :

Q3.44 A copy of Program P3_12 is given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The values for a and b we get by running this program are -

Q3.45 The required modifications to Program P3_11 are given below :

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

3.3 z-TRANSFORM

Project 3.5 Analysis of z-Transforms

Answers:

Q3.46 The frequency response of the z-transform obtained using Program P3_1 is plotted
below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

Q3.47 The MATLAB program to compute and display the poles and zeros, to compute and
display the factored form, and to generate the pole-zero plot of a rational z-
transform is given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

Using this program we obtain the following results on the z-transform G(z) of
Q3.46:

20
 < Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

Q3.48 From the pole-zero plot generated in Question Q3.47, the number of regions of
convergence (ROC) of G(z) are -

All possible ROCs of this z-transform are sketched below :

From the pole-zero plot it can be seen that the DTFT -

Q3.49 The MATLAB program to compute and display the rational z-transform from its
zeros, poles and gain constant is given below :

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The rational form of a z-transform with the given poles, zeros, and gain is found to
be -

Project 3.6 Inverse z-Transform

Answers:

Q3.50 The MATLAB program to compute the first L samples of the inverse of a rational z-
transform is given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The plot of the first 50 samples of the inverse of G(z) of Q3.46 obtained using this
program is sketched below:

< Insert MATLAB figure(s) here. Copy from figure window(s) and
paste. >

Q3.51 The MATLAB program to determine the partial-fraction expansion of a rational z-

transform is given below:

< Insert program code here. Copy from m-file(s) and paste. >

The partial-fraction expansion of G(z) of Q3.46 obtained using this program is

shown below:

From the above partial-fraction expansion we arrive at the inverse z-transform

g[n] as shown below:

Date: Signature:

21