STUDY REPORT

Unlocking the Value of

Open-Source Intelligence
(OSINT) for Customs
Enforcement
JULY 2024

wcoomd.org
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 Study Report

Unlocking the Value of Open-Source

Intelligence (OSINT) for Customs
Enforcement

July 2024
Table of Contents

Foreword ................................................................................................................................ 5

List of abbreviations .............................................................................................................. 6

Executive summary .............................................................................................................. 7

Introduction........................................................................................................................... 9

I. The Evolving OSINT Landscape................................................................................... 13

1. Defining what OSINT is and is not ................................................................................. 13
2. Brief history and evolution of OSINT ............................................................................. 16

II. Application of OSINT in Customs ................................................................................ 19

1. Threat identification and risk assessment ...................................................................... 19
2. Trade compliance and fraud detection........................................................................... 20
3. Smuggling and trafficking detection ............................................................................... 20
4. Border security ............................................................................................................... 20

III. Special Focus: OSINT in Strategic Trade Control Enforcement................................ 22

IV. Implementing OSINT ..................................................................................................... 28

1. Analysing challenges and identifying success factors .................................................. 28
2. Avoiding pitfalls............................................................................................................. 31
3. Addressing training and capacity building .................................................................... 33

Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 35

Additional resources for further reading .......................................................................... 37

Glossary of terms ............................................................................................................... 39

Bibliography........................................................................................................................ 40
WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

Foreword

This Study Report aims to provide a thorough review of how Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT)
can be leveraged by the World Customs Organization (WCO) Member administrations. Over
the past few years, digital investigation techniques making use of Publicly Available
Information (PAI) have proven highly effective. This Report offers a comprehensive
understanding of OSINT, its limitations, and its applicability to Customs enforcement
processes. It also suggests different strategies to address potential challenges in implementing
OSINT.
The origins of this Study Report trace back to the Fragile Borders Action Plan adopted by the
WCO Members at the 2023 Council Sessions. Recognizing the potential to leverage OSINT in
fragile and conflict-affected situations in particular, the Action Plan included a set of
deliverables related to the development of OSINT in Customs enforcement.
From the operational perspective, the first productive discussions on OSINT were held in
February 2024, in a closed-door exploratory workshop with WCO staff and selected Member
administrations. An awareness-raising panel discussion exploring the use of OSINT in
Customs was subsequently organized during the March 2024 Enforcement Committee
Meeting. These engagements underscored the critical role of OSINT in modern enforcement
strategies, highlighting its potential to significantly bolster Customs enforcement efforts.
Building on these insights, a pilot training workshop was held in Antwerp, Belgium in
June 2024. The training focused on the practical application of OSINT in the domain of
Strategic Trade Controls. Its success, and the valuable feedback received, reinforced the
necessity of this comprehensive Study Report.
The WCO wishes to thank Global Affairs Canada (GAC) for its generous support of the OSINT
project that included the commissioning of this Study Report.

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WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

List of abbreviations
AI Artificial Intelligence
API Advance Passenger Information
AoI Area of Interest
CoP Community of Practice
FBIS U.S. Foreign Broadcast Information Service
GAC Global Affairs Canada
GEOINT Geospatial Intelligence
GIS Geographic Information System
GPS Global Positioning System
HUMINT Human Intelligence
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
ICT Information and Communication Technologies
OCU Operational Coordination Unit
OPCW Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
OPSEC Operational Security
OSINT Open-Source Intelligence
OSS U.S. Office of Strategic Services
PAI Publicly Available Information
PNR Passenger Name Record
SALW Small Arms and Light Weapons
SOCMINT Social Media Intelligence
SOP Standard Operating Procedure
STCE Strategic Trade Control Enforcement
SWOT Strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-threats
TBML Trade-Based Money Laundering
UNODA United Nations Office on Disarmament Affairs
UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
WCO World Customs Organization
WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction

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WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

Executive summary

Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) is the process of collecting, analysing, and utilizing

information that is publicly and commercially available to support intelligence and decision-
making processes. It has become increasingly popular in recent years. Deriving from the
Publicly Available Information (PAI) that is accessible to anyone with a few clicks of a mouse
on the Internet, OSINT has become a preferred method in various sectors, ranging from
national security and intelligence to competitive analysis and investigative journalism. OSINT
allows its users to gather insights and make informed decisions without necessarily relying on
sensitive or classified data.
This Study Report is aimed at senior management in Customs administrations who are
interested in examining the possibility of introducing OSINT into their enforcement practices.
Its objective is to provide a comprehensive review of how WCO Member Customs
administrations can unlock the value of OSINT. Since OSINT is a very young discipline, and
relatively few Customs administrations have started leveraging its value, this Study Report
should be considered as a step towards laying the foundation of OSINT in Customs
enforcement.
The Study Report demonstrates the benefits of OSINT for Customs administrations, offering
critical information for implementing OSINT practices within Customs operations by answering
three key questions:
I. Why OSINT matters for Customs administrations, and what value added it offers;
II. How Customs administrations can leverage OSINT, and
III. How OSINT can be implemented within the administration, and how to address certain
challenges arising from this process.
To address these questions, the Study Report is divided into four chapters. The first chapter
examines the notion of OSINT and its evolution over time. The second chapter provides
information on the applications of OSINT in different functional areas of Customs enforcement.
The third chapter is dedicated to the use case related to the implementation of OSINT in
Strategic Trade Controls, while the final chapter suggests an analysis of OSINT
implementation with the use of SWOT (strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-threats)
methodology, the identification of key success factors, and proposed strategies to address
challenges and limitations arising from OSINT implementation.
The findings of this Study Report reveal that the accessibility and cost-effectiveness of OSINT,
when compared with obtaining classified or proprietary information, along with its low barriers
to entry and the timeliness of the information it provides compared to the often outdated
information derived from classified sources, offer immense opportunities for Customs
administrations. OSINT can also serve as a catalyst in enhancing other forms of intelligence
(such as the human intelligence that is widely used in Customs enforcement) by providing
additional context and insights that allow more comprehensive conclusions to be drawn. At the
same time, due to its constantly evolving and collaborative nature, OSINT can serve as a
stepping stone to promote and support ongoing developments in the adoption of the latest
information and communications technology (ICT), international and inter-agency cooperation,
as well as continuous learning.

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WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

The Study Report identifies several functional areas that could benefit from the use of OSINT,
namely: threat identification and risk management, trade compliance and fraud detection,
smuggling and trafficking prevention, and border security.
The Strategic Trade Controls use case allows readers to examine the subject more closely by
delving deeper in the OSINT techniques that can be incorporated into the export controls
domain, ranging from risk analysis and threat detection to investigation. The Study Report also
suggests how OSINT can be leveraged to enhance inter-agency and international operations
by providing the example of the WCO’s Operations Cosmo, which focused on countering the
illicit trafficking of strategic goods.
Finally, the Study Report also provides a SWOT analysis of OSINT implementation. It makes
a number of recommendations regarding how to address some of the threats and weaknesses.
The recommendations cover multiple areas, ranging from broader strategies that apply to any
major project implementation in a Customs administration (for example, getting a political buy-
in, securing the necessary financial and human resources, and providing an adequate legal
and regulatory framework) to more specific areas (such as addressing ethical considerations
arising from the use of OSINT or ensuring access to continuous training, given the evolving
nature of the discipline).
Reaping the benefits of OSINT can help Customs administrations to better contribute to safety
and security at both the national and international levels. Bearing in mind the struggle for
resources and dwindling budgets that are conditions found frequently in any governmental
agency, this Study Report does not offer a panacea. Rather, it provides food for thought on
how to unlock the potential of OSINT in the context of Customs enforcement activities.

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WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

Introduction

Customs authorities have traditionally been responsible for implementing a wide range of
border management policies, often on behalf of other government agencies. These
responsibilities encompass diverse areas, including revenue collection, trade facilitation,
compliance and enforcement, such as countering illicit trade in prohibited and restricted
commodities and substances, enforcement of intellectual property laws, as well as an
enhanced role in security, to name just a few. In many developing countries import duties and
related taxes constitute a significant portion of national revenue. Nevertheless, while revenue
collection is the primary focus for the majority of Customs authorities, there has been a growing
understanding that revenue collection is heavily impacted in fragile and conflict-affected
environments, thus leading to the need to bolster the security function of Customs
administrations across the globe. Notably, the role of Customs in the security context was
addressed in the WCO Policy Commission’s Punta Cana Resolution1 in 2015. It was further
developed through the WCO’s work on the role of Customs in fragile and conflict-affected
situations,2 which culminated in the adoption of the WCO Fragile Borders Action Plan at the
June 2023 Council Sessions.3
Customs administrations were among the first government agencies to adopt Information and
Communication Technologies (ICT) in their operations on a wide scale. This included
harmonizing regulations, reducing face-to-face interactions, tracking transactions and data to
fight corruption, transforming paper-based processes into paperless systems, eliminating
discretionary human intervention, and enhancing accountability for decisions. However, the
adoption of ICT has been uneven among Customs administrations and has evolved through
different stages. Initially, this evolution involved digitization, or going paperless, followed by
digitalization, which entails the integration of digital systems. Despite progress, challenges
persist, such as underutilization of ICT4 to support management decision-making, the
continuation of manual procedures, a silo mentality, and a difficulty in building agile and
innovative solutions because of legacy systems.

1 WCO (2015), Punta Cana Resolution, available at https://www.wcoomd.org/-

/media/wco/public/global/pdf/about-us/legal-instruments/resolutions/resolution-of-the-wco-policy-
commission-on-the-role-of-customs-in-the-security-context.pdf?la=en
2 WCO (2022), Secretariat Note on the Role of Customs in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations,

available at in https://www.wcoomd.org/-
/media/wco/public/global/pdf/topics/research/report/fragility_secretariatnote_pc_council_2022_may19v
ersion_en.pdf?db=web
3WCO (2023), Outcomes of the 2023 WCO Council Sessions: Election of a new WCO Secretary General and
Chairperson of the WCO Council, available at
https://www.wcoomd.org/en/media/newsroom/2023/june/outcomes-of-the-2023-wco-council-sessions.aspx
4 See WCO/WTO (2022), “The role of advanced technologies in cross-border trade: A customs

perspective”, available at https://www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/facilitation/instrument-and-

tools/tools/wco-wto-paper.aspx

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WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

Graph 1. Digital Customs Maturity Model5

The Digital Customs Maturity Model shows the different steps that need to be taken by
Customs administrations to enhance their digital capabilities. It also portrays how
advancement through this process can enhance business capabilities, and improve controls.
The rise of violent non-state actors has also increased security requirements for international
supply chains, necessitating more documentation, and collaboration among Customs
administrations and other law enforcement agencies, while maintaining high transparency
levels. The democratization of the Internet, the widespread use of social media platforms, and
the digitalization of data have transformed legitimate trade, as well as the activities of actors
and networks involved in illicit trade. Increasingly, many trade transactions are initiated and
conducted partially or entirely online. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated this trend. Thus,
the Internet has become a valuable source of information for Customs administrations, and
this must be leveraged effectively. Digital footprints (i.e. the trail of data that a person leaves
behind while using the Internet), which are challenging for illicit actors to control, present
significant opportunities for Customs administrations to monitor and intercept illegal activities.
In order to successfully fulfil their mission of safeguarding national borders, ensuring
compliance with trade regulations, and contributing to national security, Customs
administrations have had to ensure the continuous enhancement of their capabilities.
Three major capability-enhancing measures have a positive impact in bolstering Customs
enforcement capacities globally. The first is related to leveraging technologies, as integrating
advanced ICT for Customs clearance, electronic tracking of shipments, and real-time data
analytics are vital for modern Customs enforcement. These technologies significantly reduce
manual intervention, minimize errors, and expedite the processing of goods, thereby
enhancing efficiency and accuracy. The use of disruptive technologies,6 such as

5
WCO (2018), IT Guide for Executives, p.15, available at https://www.wcoomd.org/-
/media/wco/public/global/pdf/topics/facilitation/instruments-and-tools/tools/it-guide-for-executives/it-guide-
executives.pdf?db=web
6
See WCO/WTO Study Report on Disruptive Technologies 2022, available at

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 WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

Artificial Intelligence (AI), machine learning, and blockchain technology, offers tremendous
potential for Customs authorities. In the context of countering illicit trade and fulfilling the
security functions, these technologies help identify patterns indicative of illicit activities,
anticipate and mitigate risks, and provide transparency. However, the implementation of these
technologies requires significant investments, both in time and finances.
The second measure relates to investing in continuous learning and capacity building. The
evolving role of Customs administrations necessitates ongoing training for its officers to cover
the latest enforcement techniques, technological tools, and legal frameworks. Training ensures
that Customs officers are well-equipped to handle modern challenges. In order to bolster the
capacities of Customs administrations and regularly provide them with new learning
opportunities, the WCO developed an e-learning platform, CliKC!, which offers more than 60
courses and currently has around 40,000 users.7 Using this platform as a complement to
individual Customs administrations’ own continuous learning and capacity-building efforts may
assist these agencies in ensuring that their training materials are regularly updated, and that
they encompass the latest trends and patterns in the Customs realm.
Effective Customs operations require internal collaboration across the organization, as well as
global cooperation, which is the third measure, aimed at breaking down silos. Silos can
constrain information flows and hamper the full use of resources. While necessary for
operational and security reasons in some areas of Customs enforcement, they can quickly
become a serious impediment to progress in others. Being open to dialogue is essential to
Customs. Cultivating the culture of sharing knowledge and best practices, participating in
international initiatives, and establishing cross-border partnerships are therefore vital for the
success of Customs operations. Additionally, participation in global initiatives provide Customs
administrations with access to valuable resources, expertise, and best practices. These
initiatives promote a standardized approach to Customs enforcement, enhancing its overall
effectiveness.
As a product of global technological advancements, OSINT can become an important tool for
Customs administrations, particularly because the entry barrier is relatively low, given its open-
source nature, and cooperation is ingrained into its philosophy. From a more practical
perspective, Customs administrations can leverage OSINT to enhance specific enforcement
functions, namely:
(i) Threat Identification and Risk Assessment: monitoring global news, social media,
and specialized forums to detect new smuggling methods, shifts in trafficking patterns,
and changes in trade dynamics;
(ii) Trade Compliance and Fraud Detection: verifying trade documents, monitoring
corporate social media, and detecting misclassification and undervaluation of goods;
(iii) Smuggling and Trafficking Prevention: identifying smuggling routes, tracking illegal
shipments, and monitoring smuggling networks; and
(iv) Border Security: real-time border monitoring, identifying high-risk individuals and
cargo, and improving cargo inspection processes.

https://www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/facilitation/instrument-and-tools/tools/wco-wto-study-report-on-
disruptive-technologies-2022.aspx
7 For more information on CLiKC!, see https://clikc.wcoomd.org/

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WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

Due to its origins in the public sphere, OSINT is collaborative by nature, which may lead to
enhancing different types of cooperation. First, partnering with private sector entities such as
logistics companies, data brokers, and financial institutions can enhance the collection and
analysis of OSINT. These partnerships bring additional data sources and analytical
capabilities, strengthening Customs enforcement efforts.
Second, cooperation with civil society organizations that are versed in digital investigations
can provide Customs administrations with specialized knowledge and tools to better
understand and combat illicit activities.
Last but not least, having access to tax data is a powerful tool for the Customs enforcement
function. In countries where Customs is not integrated into a single revenue authority,
establishing inter-agency cooperation to enable access to taxpayer data can significantly
enhance the accuracy of intelligence products.
OSINT is particularly beneficial to Customs administrations in fragile and conflict-affected
situations, where access to terrain might be limited because of violent events. Moreover,
Customs administrations in these environments often operate with limited budgets and lack
structural support. After transitioning from paper-based declarations to automated and
electronic declaration processing, OSINT offers a replicable solution that can be implemented
across various Customs functions, providing another valuable tool in the fight against illicit
trade. Its cooperative nature also may bring value added by allowing Customs administrations
to leverage new, previously underexplored resources and build new partnerships.

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WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

I. The Evolving OSINT Landscape

1. Defining what OSINT is and is not

The datafication of the world has brought about a transformative change, with the total amount
of digital data projected to reach approximately 175 trillion gigabytes by 2025, according to the
International Data Corporation.8 A substantial portion of this data is generated and stored
online, with about 2.5 quintillion bytes created every day. This encompasses a diverse range
of data, including text, images and videos.
There are over 1.8 billion websites on the Internet, although not all are active. These websites
contribute significantly to the vast volume of data available online. Social media platforms like
Facebook, YouTube, Twitter and Instagram generate enormous amounts of data daily through
user interactions, posts and multimedia uploads.
This data revolution has been driven by three key factors. The first is the growth of user-
generated data. The proliferation of mobile phones and the development of social media
platforms have led to a significant increase in user-generated data.
Demand for transparency is the second factor. Governments, public administrations, and
businesses are increasingly required to be transparent, leading to the public availability of data
that was previously restricted to specific groups of stakeholders. Traditional paper-based
processes are being replaced by digital platforms to facilitate administrative work and
processes, and the public demand for transparency through the pressure to publish data has
been increasing in the past years. Data mobilization9 in Customs is an ongoing topic for
research and development.
Last but not least, increasing connectivity is the third factor. People, organizations, processes,
and applications are becoming more interconnected. In 2024, there are approximately
5.3 billion Internet users, corresponding to 66.2% of the total population. Since 2000, a similar
proportion of people have also adopted social media networks, at a total of 5.03 billion
individuals.10
Technologies like satellite imagery and Global Positioning Systems (GPS), which were once
primarily military capabilities, are now widely accessible for consumer/civilian applications. The
cost of these technologies has decreased remarkedly, making them available in everyday
applications such as smartphone maps and products such as Google Earth.
Not only is more data being generated, but people and organizations have also shifted their
ways of consuming media, conducting business, and identifying themselves by integrating
online components into their daily lives. This phenomenon has direct implications for Customs
authorities. Business practices, including illicit ones, are now conducted partially or fully online.
Additionally, individuals or organizations involved in illicit trade, border trafficking, or fraud are
likely to leave digital footprints on the Internet, either created by themselves or generated by
others.

8
Reinsel, D., Gantz, J., & Rydning, J. (2018). The Digitization of the World: From Edge to Core.
International Data Corporation (IDC).
9
Mikuriya, K. and T. Cantens (2020). If algorithms dream of Customs, do customs officials dream of
algorithms? A manifesto for data mobilisation in Customs. World Customs Journal, 14(2), 3-18.
10 Kemp, S. (2024), Digital 2024: Global Overview Report, available at

https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2024-global-overview-report
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WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

Box 1. Definition of OSINT

Open-source intelligence (OSINT) refers to the process of collecting, analysing, and utilizing
information that is publicly and commercially available to support intelligence and decision-
making processes.

Leveraging this data for Customs administrations is about generating OSINT. This type of
intelligence can be gathered from a wide array of sources, including the Internet, social media
platforms, news articles, public or commercial records, academic publications, and other
accessible data repositories. OSINT plays a critical role in a number of fields such as national
security, law enforcement, corporate security, taxation, disaster relief and competitive
intelligence, to name but a few. Despite its significant advantages, OSINT has inherent
limitations that must be acknowledged and addressed.
OSINT derives from a multitude of publicly available information. This can be broadly
categorized into the following:

- User-generated content: Content which has been created on social media platforms
or on websites, blogs and forums. It includes not only text but also images and videos.
- Databases and specialized repositories: All types of databases based on topics such
as online commercial and land registries, vehicle registries, import/export commercial
databases, etc.
- Social media platforms: X, Facebook, LinkedIn, VK, TikTok and Instagram, but also
messaging services such as Telegram, etc.
- E-market platforms: Online market platforms to conduct B2B or B2C trade.
- Traditional media: Articles, broadcasts, and newswire services.
- Government publications: Official reports, public records, and legal documents.
- Academic and professional publications: Research papers, journals, and records of
conference proceedings or catalogues.
- Corporate publications: All mandatory and commercial documents required for
transparency and public availability, such as financial statements, annual reports or
commercial presentations.
- Technical information: identifiers such as telephone numbers, emails, domain names,
website page codes, analytics trackers and security certificates which can appear in
documents or online.
- Geotagged data: geolocation information which can appear on social media
platforms, maps and satellite imagery, metadata embedded in images and videos.
- Transportation data: maritime and aviation tracking data, ownership and incident
registries, sale repositories.
- Financial data: blockchain analysis platforms for crypto-currencies, bank sort code
analysers, broker reports, financial statements.
Additional sources of information can be leveraged but are more controversial. For example,
cyber leaks, which can be defined as data extracted during hacking operations, are considered
to be stolen data in many jurisdictions and cannot be legally accessed or used. Data revealed
by hacking and leaking operations, a form of cyber influence technique, should be thoroughly
analysed in order to detect whether the data set might have been compromised by false
information.
In order to develop OSINT, it is necessary to follow the same process as the open-source
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WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

intelligence cycle shown below, as simply having access to PAI is not OSINT per se.
Graph 2. Open-Source Intelligence Cycle

Five major steps are required to produce OSINT in order to transform a collection of data into
fused, actionable intelligence for Customs enforcement:

I. Preparation: defining the research strategy and intelligence priorities.

II. Collection: gathering data from various open sources.
III. Processing: verifying, archiving; organizing and structuring collected data.
IV. Analysis: evaluating the data to extract actionable insights.
V. Dissemination: sharing the intelligence with relevant stakeholders for decision-
making and operations.

However, OSINT is not a magic methodology or tool, and has some key limitations. One of the
primary challenges of OSINT is the sheer volume of available data. The vast amount of
information can be overwhelming, making it difficult to identify relevant and accurate data.
Analysts have to sift through extensive datasets to find valuable insights, which can be time-
consuming and resource intensive. In some cases, the digital footprint may be missing or
partial. Integrating OSINT into Customs intelligence models enables administrations to
transition to an all-source intelligence11 model that encompasses all intelligence techniques.
The open nature of OSINT sources means that not all information is reliable or accurate.
Misinformation, disinformation, and outdated information are common issues. Analysts must
apply rigorous verification processes to ensure the credibility of the sources and the validity of
the information. This often involves cross-referencing data with multiple sources to confirm its
accuracy. The dynamic nature of open sources means that information can quickly become
outdated or disappear. OSINT must be conducted in a timely manner to ensure that the
intelligence remains relevant and is captured on time. An archiving process needs to be put in
place in order to retain information.
In addition, four specific points deserve attention. These points are further developed and
addressed in Chapter IV. First, OSINT operations must adhere to laws and regulations of the
country in which they are used. While the information is publicly available, its collection and
use must respect privacy laws and regulations. Analysts must navigate complex legal
landscapes to ensure compliance with local legislation, which can vary significantly between

11
All-source intelligence means incorporating all available sources of information, for example, human
intelligence, imagery intelligence, signals intelligence, open-source data etc.
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WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

jurisdictions.

Second, OSINT operations must respect ethical standards which are linked to the protection
of personal data, but also the ethos of OSINT practitioners who have been trained to
investigate.
Third, the effectiveness of OSINT, like many other techniques, depends on resources. Basic
OSINT resources can be easily accessed at no cost or with a limited amount of funding.
However, the OSINT sector has become a multi-million dollar market. More effective and
sophisticated OSINT requires access to advanced tools and technologies for data collection,
processing, and analysis. These tools can be extremely costly, and not all organizations may
have the resources to invest in them. Furthermore, having a pool of skilled analysts is critical
to develop intelligence accurately and exploit these tools to their maximum capacity.
Last but not least, engaging in OSINT activities can expose Customs administrations to
security risks. Analysts may inadvertently access malicious websites or be subject to phishing
attempts. Additionally, the digital footprint left by OSINT activities can be traced, potentially
revealing the Customs administration’s intelligence-gathering efforts to adversaries. OSINT
often requires the creation of online personas to access social media platforms, which may
necessitate additional authorizations12 as well as certain skills in creating accounts which meet
the registration criteria of the social media platforms while maintaining an acceptable level of
discretion for the Customs administration.

2. Brief history and evolution of OSINT

The concept of OSINT is not new. The collection and use of open-source information can be
traced back to governments and scholars, who gathered publicly available data to inform their
decisions. The systematic use of open-source information, however, began to take shape in
the 20th century.
During World War I, nations began to recognize the value of intercepting and analysing open
communications. Newspapers, radio broadcasts, and public speeches were scrutinized for
valuable information. For example, the British Admiralty’s Room 40 intercepted and deciphered
German naval codes, gaining insights from publicly transmitted messages. Embassies
worldwide were valued for their access to local newspapers and media.
The establishment of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) by the United States during World
War II marked a significant development in OSINT. The OSS collected and analysed
information from newspapers, periodicals, and radio broadcasts from around the world. The
United Kingdom also employed similar tactics, with the BBC Monitoring Service playing a
crucial role in gathering and interpreting foreign broadcasts.
The period prior to the Cold War saw the institutionalization of OSINT. In 1941, the United
States created the Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), which monitored and
translated foreign broadcasts, publications, and other open sources. The Soviet Union also
utilized open-source information extensively, analysing Western media to understand political
and military strategies.
The evolution of technology in the second half of the 20th century has significantly transformed
OSINT. Advancements in communication technologies, computing, and the Internet have
revolutionized the collection and analysis of open-source information, which has moved from

12
In many countries, specific legislation has to be passed in order to allow Customs administrations or
Police to create online personas.
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WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

the use of telecommunications and broadcasting services to the opportunities provided by

computing, automation and the Internet.
In particular, the proliferation of television and radio broadcasts expanded the scope of OSINT.
Intelligence agencies were able, as a result, to access real-time information from around the
world. The development of satellite technology further enhanced the ability to monitor
broadcasts globally.
The advent of computers enabled the automation of data collection and analysis processes.
Early computer systems facilitated the storage, retrieval, and processing of vast amounts of
information. This period also saw the emergence of database systems that allowed for more
efficient organization and analysis of open-source data.
The introduction of the Internet in the late 20th century was a game changer for OSINT. The
Internet provided unprecedented access to information, with millions of websites, online
publications, and databases becoming accessible. Intelligence agencies began to exploit the
Internet for information gathering, leading to the development of new tools and techniques for
OSINT.
The 21st century has witnessed an exponential growth in the volume and variety of open-
source information. The digital age has ushered in new platforms, technologies, and
methodologies that have transformed OSINT into a sophisticated and essential component of
modern intelligence operations.
The rise of social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter/X, and YouTube has created a wealth
of user-generated content. The explosion of data and digitalization has supported the collection
work of traditional actors. Intelligence agencies leverage these platforms to monitor public
sentiment, track the activities of individuals and groups, and gather real-time information on
events as they unfold. Social media analysis has become a critical aspect of OSINT, providing
insights into everything from political movements to criminal activities. More importantly, new
actors have emerged beyond intelligence and the military, ranging from individuals to
businesses, media, civil society, law enforcement and eventually The explosion of digital data
has necessitated the development of advanced analytical tools and techniques. Big data
analytics enables the processing and analysis of massive datasets to uncover patterns, trends,
and correlations. Machine learning and AI have further enhanced the capabilities of OSINT by
automating data analysis and generating predictive insights.
The integration of geospatial data with open-source information has given rise to geospatial
intelligence. Satellite imagery, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and location-based
data are used to provide spatial context to open-source information. Geospatial Intelligence
(GEOINT) has applications in areas such as natural disaster response, military planning, urban
security and environmental monitoring, to name but a few. In the context of fragility, the WCO
and its Members have also been exploring the use of GEOINT since 2019.13 The first e-learning
module on the use of GEOINT in Customs enforcement will be available on the WCO CLiKC!
platform14 in 2024. Commercial satellite imagery has been a fast-growing market in recent
years, reducing the barrier to accessing imagery which used to be a sovereign capability.
Individuals can purchase images directly from satellite imagery providers or access Google
Earth, which releases free satellite imagery, albeit of lower quality.

13
See WCO (2019), Geodata Discovery Day, available at
https://www.wcoomd.org/en/media/newsroom/2019/may/geodata-discovery-day.aspx
14
For more information on CLiKC!, see https://clikc.wcoomd.org/
17
WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

The digital age has also seen the emergence of digital forensics and cyber threat analysis,
which focus on gathering and analysing information from cyberspace. These include
monitoring hacker forums, analysing network traffic, and tracking digital footprints. Cyber digital
forensics and cyber threat analysis have been crucial for understanding cyber threats,
identifying vulnerabilities, and attributing cyberattacks.
OSINT has a wide range of applications across various sectors and is used by different
stakeholders. Its ability to provide timely and relevant information makes it invaluable for
decision makers in both public and private domains. Below are some examples on the use of
OSINT in specific domains.
Military and Defence: OSINT plays an historical and crucial role in military intelligence,
providing insights into the capabilities and intentions of adversaries. It supports strategic
planning, threat assessment, and operational decision-making. During conflicts, OSINT can
be used to monitor enemy communications, track troop movements, and assess the impact of
military operations.
Law Enforcement and Security: Law enforcement agencies use OSINT to combat crime,
terrorism, and other threats. It is a useful tool to identify suspects, track criminal networks, and
gather evidence. OSINT is also used in the border security context to monitor illegal activities
such as smuggling and human trafficking.
Media: Newsrooms have integrated OSINT into their reporting techniques and production, with
dedicated teams working on visual and data-driven investigations and fact-checking units
using OSINT techniques to debunk misinformation and disinformation.
Corporate Intelligence: Businesses leverage OSINT for competitive intelligence, market
research, and risk management. It helps companies understand market trends, monitor
competitors, and identify potential threats. OSINT is also used in due diligence processes,
providing insights into the reputation and activities of business partners.
Disaster Response and Humanitarian Aid: OSINT supports disaster response efforts by
providing real-time information on natural disasters, humanitarian crises, and other
emergencies. It helps organizations assess the situation, coordinate relief efforts, and allocate
resources effectively.
Academic and Policy Research: Researchers and policymakers use OSINT to gather data,
analyse trends, and develop informed strategies. OSINT supports academic research across
various disciplines and assists in the formulation of policies and regulations.
Citizen Journalism and Communities: OSINT has also been used as a hobby by citizen
journalists and cyber communities which have been leading cutting-edge investigations or
creating tools and tracking the latest technical development of the sector out of passion. These
communities have been proven invaluable to government agencies by conducting a thorough
monitoring of niche research areas such as marine vessel tracking and plane spotting.
Thus, over the years OSINT has become a widely available discipline leveraged by different
actors beyond the military and law enforcement agencies. The opportunities it offers are
immense, given the datafication processes across the globe. While Customs is new to
leveraging OSINT fully, it can be a highly beneficial tool for enhancing its enforcement
capacities.

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WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

II. Application of OSINT in Customs

1.Threat identification and risk assessment

On a macro level, Customs authorities use OSINT to identify emerging threats by monitoring
global news, social media, and specialized online forums. This monitoring allows for early
detection of new smuggling methods, shifts in trafficking patterns, and changes in global trade
dynamics. On a micro level, OSINT enables Customs administrations to follow up on the
activities of a specific organized crime group, or to identify trends in a defined geographical
area or for a particular commodity, in order to anticipate upcoming actions or detect new
operational patterns. The diverse nature of PAI means that OSINT can be used for countless
commodities, ranging from tobacco products and other excise goods to protected flora and
fauna,15 cultural objects, intellectual property infringing goods, drugs and precursors, and
goods that can be used to devise, build, and deliver Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD),
Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW), explosive precursors, or other items of concern.
Risk profiling involves creating detailed profiles of high-risk individuals, organizations,
commodities and shipments. OSINT contributes to risk profiling and targeting by providing
insights derived from publicly and commercially available information to identify potential risks.
Customs can use OSINT to map out smuggling networks by analysing connections between
individuals and entities involved in illegal activities. This helps in identifying current risks
triggered by actors, routes or commodities, and targeting inspections and investigations more
effectively, ensuring resources are focused on the highest risks.
Predictive analytics involves using historical data and trends to forecast future risks. OSINT
provides a wealth of data that can be fed into predictive models to anticipate potential threats
and allocate resources accordingly. By analysing historical trade data and applying a predictive
model, Customs can predict periods of increased smuggling activity, such as around holidays
or during economic downturns, and even detect actors who may be more prone to engage in
illegal activity. In addition, predictive analysis can be applied to patterns in the operational
habits of organized criminal groups to anticipate upcoming actions. This allows for better
preparedness and resource allocation.
OSINT tools enable real-time monitoring of major events that could impact Customs
operations. These include natural disasters, political instability, cross-border violence and
conflicts, and economic shifts, as well as international sporting events such as the Olympic
Games, world championships or regional events which can influence trade patterns and create
opportunities for illegal activities.
OSINT is a complementary tool to real-time alert systems used by Customs as it provides
immediate visibility on an incident or an event as well as an appreciation of the threat posed
by the situation. This allows for swift responses to emerging threats.

15On wildlife trafficking, see Routes Partnership reports: https://routespartnership.org/industry-

resources/publications
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WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

2.Trade compliance and fraud detection

OSINT helps in verifying the authenticity of trade documents by cross-referencing information
from various public sources, such as government databases, corporate filings, and industry
reports. By comparing the details on invoices with data from trade databases, Customs officers
can detect discrepancies that may indicate fraudulent declarations or undervaluation of goods.
Customs monitors the activities of companies involved in international trade to ensure
compliance with regulations. OSINT research can provide insights into business practices,
previous violations, and industry trends.
Analysing corporate websites and social media accounts can reveal non-compliance with trade
regulations. This information helps Customs take pre-emptive action to ensure adherence to
laws and regulations.
Trade misclassification and undervaluation are common methods used to evade Customs
duties. OSINT enables the detection of these practices by analysing market data, industry
reports, and historical trade records. Customs officers can compare the declared values of
goods with market prices to identify significant discrepancies that may indicate underreporting
or misclassification.
OSINT is also a crucial tool in uncovering complex fraudulent schemes, such as trade-based
money laundering (TBML), in which the value of goods is manipulated to launder money. TBML
is a complex financial crime that poses a significant challenge to global efforts in combating
illicit financial flows. Customs uses OSINT to identify and combat TBML by analysing financial
transactions, ownership structures, and trade patterns

3. Smuggling and trafficking detection

OSINT is instrumental in identifying smuggling routes and methods by analysing PAI from
various sources, including social media, news articles, geotagged data, and online
marketplaces. Customs monitor online marketplaces, e-marketplaces and forums where
controlled and illegal goods are advertised. This helps in identifying smuggling routes and the
methods used to transport contraband. In particular, Customs officers use OSINT to track and
intercept illegal shipments by analysing shipping data, trade records, and logistical patterns.
OSINT also allows Customs to map out smuggling networks by analysing connections
between individuals and entities involved in illegal activities. Using graph network analysis
tools, Customs officers can visualize and understand the structure of smuggling networks,
making it easier to target key players and dismantle networks.
Customs can use OSINT to enhance cross-border anti-smuggling operations by sharing
information and coordinating efforts with international counterparts, without compromising on
intelligence security, since OSINT information is from publicly and commercially available
sources.

4. Border security
Customs administrations use OSINT to enhance border surveillance systems by integrating
real-time data from various sources, such as social media, news feeds, and geodata.

20
WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

In particular, GEOINT complements OSINT by providing spatial context to the information

gathered. This is particularly useful for mapping smuggling routes, including the identification
of clandestine runways for general aviation, and identifying hotspots, or so-called Areas of
Interest (AoI). GEOINT can be leveraged in fragile and conflict-affected situations in particular
to gather and analyse information from distant or difficult-to-access areas in order to optimize
Customs patrols.16 With this in mind, the WCO developed a specific platform for general
aviation surveillance, using GIS (geoportal) technology and enabling GEOINT data to be
superimposed on geolocalized law enforcement and Customs data.17
OSINT can be leveraged by Customs and other law enforcement agencies to identify high-risk
individuals and cargo by analysing PAI and cross-referencing it with internal databases. It
provides ready solutions for Customs officers on the ground or intelligence teams to
complement information they already have, such as Advance Passenger Information (API) and
Passenger Name Record (PNR) data or tax records. OSINT may also improve cargo
inspection processes by providing additional context and information about shipments,
transportation, and logistics, helping Customs make more informed decisions.

16 For more on the use of geodata, see Cantens, T. (2019), ‘‘Potential uses of geodata for border
management’’, WCO News 89, available at https://mag.wcoomd.org/magazine/wco-news-89/potential-
uses-of-geodata-for-border-management/ .
17 For more on Project Colibri, see https://colibri.wcoomd.org/en.

21
WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

III. Special Focus: OSINT in Strategic Trade Control Enforcement

The global trade environment is increasingly complex, with a significant rise in the volume and
variety of goods being traded across international borders. Customs administrations play a
crucial role in regulating and monitoring trade to ensure compliance with national and
international laws and regulations. Strategic Trade Control Enforcement (STCE) is essential in
preventing the illicit trafficking of goods that can contribute to the proliferation of WMD, as well
as dual-use commodities18 that are subject to export controls.
Chemical, biological and nuclear weapons, other conventional weapons, the materials or
equipment and technology required for their production and delivery, as well as the know-how
to manufacture them can pose a threat to international security if they are transferred to state
and non-state actors not authorized to have them under existing international agreements.
These goods can be defined as strategic goods. The efforts to prevent the illicit cross-border
movement of strategic goods are further complicated by the fact that many of these
technologies are dual use.
International organizations have created frameworks to prevent the proliferation of WMD.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 (UNSCR 1540) of 200419 calls on all States
to adopt and enforce appropriate laws, and to take effective measures to prevent the
proliferation of WMD and their means of delivery to non-State actors. It is the first international
instrument aimed at preventing non-State actors from acquiring WMD. The WCO’s STCE
programme supports its Members in fulfilling key requirements outlined in the Customs
component of UNSCR 1540, thereby recognizing the central role played by Customs in
enforcing strategic trade controls at international borders. STCE involves monitoring and
controlling the trade in goods that may have military applications or be used in the development
of WMDs.
STCE is a challenging area for Customs and other agencies, as illicit strategic trade
transactions consist of complex chains of actions to acquire and transport strategic goods
covertly. These actions usually take place in multiple jurisdictions. To understand where a
Customs intervention could yield optimal results, it is important to have a holistic picture of the
strategic trade transaction.
Three steps20 are needed to form a transaction: (i) transaction arrangement; (ii) purchase and
pre-shipment arrangement; and (iii) transportation.
During the first stage, the decision maker is the party initiating the process of illicitly procuring
strategic goods, often distancing itself by creating or working through front companies.
Facilitators work on behalf of the decision maker to source strategic goods with direct inquiries
to a manufacturer or through its subsidiaries, sales offices or distributor network. It may take
several iterations to move to the next phase of the transaction. Sometimes inquiries made by
facilitators can be seen using open-source data, as they may appear on e-market places or
social media such as LinkedIn or Facebook.

18 Dual-use commodities are items that can be used for both civilian and military purposes.
19
UN Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004), available at https://documents.un.org/symbol-
explorer?s=S/RES/1540(2004)&i=S/RES/1540(2004)_0402930
20
Nelson, C. (2023). Methods of strategic trade analysis: Data-driven approaches to detect illicit dual-
use trade. Springer.
22
WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

Graph 3. Transaction Arrangement

Source: Nelson, C. (2023), p. 93 (Kindle version used for sourcing: page number may differ from the
paperback edition).

In the second stage, the parties issue documentation: invoices, and even international trade
documentation, sometimes including export licences. These documents contain important
data: purchase value, product name and description, value, HS code, shipping details
(consignor, consignee, applying the Incoterms rules), transhipment details and insurance. The
final act of this phase is to get the goods ready for transportation with shipping documentation.
This information will later appear in commercially available import/export databases.

Graph 4. Purchase and Pre-shipment Arrangements

Source: Nelson, C. (2023), p. 93 (Kindle version: page number may differ from the paperback edition).

The final phase, transportation, starts with the completion of the necessary shipping
documents either by the consignor or the Customs broker, followed by the loading of goods
onto the means of transport. The Customs clearance process follows, as the strategic goods
depart the country. Once the products have cleared Customs, they are transported to their
destination, often with intermediary stops that might present the opportunity for re-export and
transhipment to the final destination and final end-user. The use of the shipper’s name as
consignee on the export/import declaration should be perceived as a red flag. Some shipping
companies and commercial transporters can also trigger red flags, as they may be historically
known to have participated in proliferation networks.
23
WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

Graph 5. Transportation Phase

Source: Nelson, C. (2023), p. 94 (Kindle version: page number may differ from the paperback edition).

These steps demonstrate that strategic trade transactions have elements that take place in
different jurisdictions, creating the need for a broad commonality of purpose and mandate to
investigate and repress illicit strategic trade.
Investigating illicit strategic trade can pose serious challenges to Customs administrations for
a number of reasons. First, international trade has dramatically increased over the past
decades and accounts for an estimated USD 31 trillion in 2024.21 The challenge for Customs
administrations, vis-à-vis this trade volume, is to efficiently identify and control goods that can
potentially be strategic, and, within this category, identify the small percentage of goods that
may be illicitly shipped (see Graph 6). Effective enforcement powers further enable them to
detain these consignments, launch an investigation, and apply various investigative
techniques, including intelligence gathering.
Graph 6. Detection Target for Illicit Strategic Goods

Source: Nelson, C. (2023), p. 45 (Kindle version: page number may differ from the paperback edition).

21
Willige, A. (2024), Global trade growth could more than double in 2024. Here’s why, available at
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2024/05/global-trade-to-double-2024-imf-wto/
24
 WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

Another challenge which makes illicit strategic trade quite unique is the complexity of supply
chains involving multiple actors and jurisdictions to evade controls. The rapid technological
advancements and changes in the geopolitical landscape require awareness and continuous
adaptation by Customs administrations and regulatory bodies.
Finally, in the context of general resource constraints, where more emphasis on the national
level is placed on inbound activities that can offer the potential for revenue collection, export-
related enforcement may become less of a priority. Coupled with other challenges that include
a lack of domestic and international cooperation, and, most of all, the inability to identify
potentially strategic items, can create a fruitful ground for proliferators.
Nevertheless, OSINT can potentially become another tool to be integrated within the all-source
intelligence approach. OSINT can support Customs administrations in analysing strategic
trade, and can be used to complement traditional intelligence gathering and controls. OSINT
could be beneficial in three areas in particular, namely: identification of illicit trade patterns,
risk assessment and profiling, and enhancing overall supply chain security.
First, OSINT can help identify trends and patterns in illicit trade by analysing data from various
sources. For instance, monitoring online marketplaces and forums can reveal the sale of
controlled or prohibited substances, commodities or technologies. By tracking keywords and
phrases associated with illicit activities, Customs authorities can pinpoint suspicious
transactions and entities.
OSINT can also help complement and build a quick transaction risk profile based on several
indicators which can be researched using publicly and commercially available information:

- Consignor and consignee, including corporate structures;

- Commodity;
- Trade route;
- Jurisdiction;
- History of trade for both consignor and consignee; and
- Availability of a valid export licence.

The WCO has produced extensive manuals and training materials on trade risk assessment
using complex methodologies.22 Strategic trade risk profiling consists of online research to
identify red flags which may warrant an inspection or enhanced controls.
Within this first area, several techniques can assist in assessing transaction risks. The first
technique is macro- and micro-mirror statistics. Access to trade data can help Customs
administrations detect discrepancies in the import of strategic goods at the macro and micro
levels, and to identify whether an illicit acquisition programme may be in place for specific
equipment or countries. Working at the micro level with commercially available nominal trade
data helps provide an overview of historical transactions and an assessment of whether they
could explain macro discrepancies. Sets of commercial trade data are difficult to source and
acquire, but can be critical in detecting potential illicit trade and identifying a risk profile as
described above.

22
WCO Customs Risk Management Compendium, available at
https://www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/facilitation/instrument-and-tools/tools/risk-management-
compendium.aspx
25
 WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

The second technique is transhipment analysis, focusing more on the transport phase to
identify the extent to which the route provider, point of departure or point of arrival might raise
red flags. Transhipment and re-export are common features of international trade but can be
used to obfuscate illicit strategic trade by using multiple ports or diversion of goods from their
stated destination.
The third technique is comprehensive data analysis. The vast amount of data available through
OSINT enables comprehensive analysis and cross-referencing of information. Advanced
analytical tools can sift through large datasets to identify patterns, anomalies, and correlations
that might be missed through traditional intelligence methods. This depth of analysis enhances
the accuracy and reliability of the intelligence produced.
The fourth technique in this area is network analysis. Network analysis, using visualization
tools like graphs and opensource research, enables Customs administrations to map
relationships between the entities that are parties to a transaction as well as their historical
interactions. It provides a way to detect patterns more easily.
In the second specific area, risk assessment and profiling, Customs administrations use
OSINT to assess the risk associated with specific shipments, companies, or individuals. This
involves gathering information from business registries, social media profiles, and financial
records to build a comprehensive risk profile. OSINT tools can flag high-risk shipments for
further inspection, improving the allocation of resources. OSINT can also be useful in preparing
for the conduct of on-site post-control audit of a business entity.
Lastly, ensuring the security of global supply chains is a critical aspect of STCE. One way to
do this is by enhancing existing STCE initiatives worldwide. For example, the WCO has
implemented regular enforcement operations dubbed Operation Cosmo.23 The first Operation
Cosmo was conducted in 2014, as a global initiative aimed at enhancing the enforcement of
strategic trade controls. This was the first-ever operation focused specifically on strategic
goods, involving numerous international partners such as INTERPOL, the United Nations
Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the United Nations Office on Disarmament Affairs
(UNODA), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and the Organisation for the
Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). The operation had two key objectives:

- Detection and prevention through targeting illicit trafficking of strategic goods; and
- Capacity assessment through the evaluation of the Customs community’s ability to
enforce international strategic goods-related resolutions, such as UN Security Council
Resolution 1540 concerning Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD).

Operational coordination plays a key role in achieving these objectives. For this reason, the
WCO usually establishes an Operational Coordination Unit (OCU) to support participating
countries and facilitate international communication. In the case of Operation Cosmo, the OCU
was established in Brussels.
The results of the Operation were significant, with over 140 high-risk consignments flagged,
380 messages exchanged on various cases, and 180 technical advice inquiries. About ten

23See WCO (2015), ‘‘Operation Cosmo – the first ever global WCO operation on strategic goods’’,
WCO News 77, available at https://mag.wcoomd.org/magazine/wco-news-77/operation-cosmo-the-first-
ever-global-wco-operation-on-strategic-goods/
26
WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

cases of suspected trafficking and criminal activities were referred for further investigation.
Expanding on its success, Cosmo 2 was launched in 2018, attracting participation from 114
countries. The findings of Cosmo 2 suggested a need to shift towards the implementation of
the regional operations instead of global ones. Based on this direction, several regional Cosmo
operations have since taken place, specifically: Operation ASEAN Cosmo (2020), Operation
Cosmo Central Asia (2022) and Operation Cosmo Mediterranean (2023). Additionally, future
Cosmo operations are anticipated based on existing threat analysis.
Incorporating OSINT into future iterations of Operation Cosmo could provide real-time insights
that can be critical at all stages of the operational activity. By integrating OSINT into the
Operation Cosmo cycle, officers would be able to access timely and relevant information that
complements traditional intelligence sources, enabling more accurate risk assessments and
informed decision-making. The use of OSINT could also enrich the quality of information
shared through the CENcomm platform24 by providing a broader context and corroborative
data that can be securely exchanged via encrypted channels. This integration would not only
enhance the operational capabilities during the Operation Cosmo iterations but also ensure
that participating countries have access to comprehensive intelligence, thereby improving the
overall success of these enforcement efforts.

24
See Customs Enforcement Network Communication Platform (c), available at
https://www.wcoomd.org/en/topics/enforcement-and-compliance/instruments-and-tools/cen-
suite/cencomm.aspx

27
WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

IV. Implementing OSINT

1. Analysing challenges and identifying success factors

A SWOT analysis identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats may provide a
useful insight into the benefits of implementing OSINT in Customs.
Graph 7. SWOT Analysis: OSINT in Customs Enforcement

Strengths Weaknesses

Cost-effectiveness Data overload

Accessibility Information reliability issues
Real-time information Policy, privacy and legal concerns
Diverse data sources Resource intensity
Enhanced collaboration Fragmentation
Improved targeting Evolving evasion techniques

Opportunities Threats

Enhanced fraud detection Evolving threat landscape with adaptive

Improved supply chain security countermeasures from criminal
Better resource allocation (e.g. patrolling) organizations
Proactive threat identification Cybersecurity risks
Collaboration with different partners Evolving data privacy regulations
Technology advancement Limited financial and human resources for
Customs

OSINT techniques present significant advantages in the field of Customs enforcement. Unlike
other intelligence-gathering methods that may require expensive equipment and covert
operations, OSINT leverages publicly available information, which is often free or inexpensive
to access in a cost-effective manner. The accessibility of PAI allows Customs authorities to
gather a wide variety of information without significant legal or logistical barriers. The dynamic
nature of online platforms ensures that Customs can receive real-time updates on relevant
activities. This is crucial for responding to time-sensitive situations, such as imminent
smuggling attempts or fraud schemes.
OSINT encompasses a wide range of data types, including text, images, videos, and
geolocation data. This diversity enables comprehensive analysis and a multifaceted
understanding of the threat landscape. OSINT facilitates information sharing and collaboration
between Customs and other law enforcement bodies, both domestically and internationally.
Shared intelligence helps build a unified approach to combating cross-border crimes. With
OSINT, Customs can better target their inspections and plan more effective interventions. By
identifying high-risk shipments or individuals, they can focus their resources more efficiently,
leading to increased interception rates of illicit goods.
The opportunities are multiple. Integration of OSINT into intelligence practices can enhance
fraud detection and contribute to overall supply chain security. It may allow for better resource
allocation, particularly when it relates to the deployment of border patrols in remote areas or
28
WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

any other physical interventions. Given the real-time availability of PAI, proactive threat
identification can be more easily achieved through OSINT than through some other intelligence
sources, while its public availability can support the development of new partnerships with
other governmental, non-governmental and business actors. As with any new ICT tool, the
implementation of OSINT practices may serve as a catalyst for further technological
advancements in the Customs administration due to the need to revise and strengthen certain
protocols and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs).
On the downside, Customs administrations may struggle to filter out irrelevant information and
focus on actionable intelligence. Sophisticated tools and skilled analysts are therefore
required. Customs administrations should invest in verification processes to ensure that the
information they use is reliable, as information manipulation by malign actors has become an
area of increasing concern in the open-source community. Collecting and using OSINT
involves navigating complex legal and ethical issues related to privacy. Customs
administrations must adhere to data protection regulations and respect individual privacy rights
while conducting their intelligence operations. While OSINT is cost-effective in terms of data
acquisition, it requires substantial human and technical resources for data analysis. Skilled
analysts, advanced software tools, and continuous monitoring are necessary to extract
meaningful insights from the data.
Open-source data is also often fragmented across multiple platforms and formats. Integrating
and synthesizing this disparate information into coherent intelligence can be costly,
challenging and time-consuming. Finally, as Customs authorities become more adept at using
OSINT, criminals and smugglers are also developing more sophisticated methods to evade
detection. These include encrypted communication channels, deep web platforms, and other
means to obfuscate their activities.
The use of OSINT also presents a number of threats that need to be mitigated from the onset.
These include an evolving landscape with adaptive countermeasures by criminal
organizations, cybersecurity risks stemming from the use of OSINT without taking into
consideration operational security (OPSEC) rules, evolving data and privacy regulations that
require constant monitoring and adjustment, and limited financial and human resources in
Customs administrations to support the deployment and smooth running of the OSINT
operations.
Successfully addressing these threats and weaknesses requires time and a multifaceted
approach. In this context, a number of key success factors can be identified.
The first factor in the successful implementation of OSINT in Customs administrations is a
strategic decision to support its use at the highest levels of the organization. This decision
must be backed by a clear understanding of the potential benefits of OSINT, including
enhanced risk management, improved detection of illegal activities, and more effective
enforcement actions. High-level commitment is crucial because it ensures that OSINT
initiatives receive the necessary attention, resources, and support to succeed.
The development of dedicated policies and regulatory frameworks is crucial for defining how
OSINT should be applied within the Customs administration. These policies should provide
clear guidance on the scope and objectives of OSINT activities, as well as the related legal
and ethical considerations.

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WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

Box 2. Policy development and regulatory framework

Policy development involves defining what OSINT is, how it will be used, and the specific
procedures and protocols that will govern its implementation. Policies should address key
issues such as data privacy, information security, and compliance with relevant laws and
regulations. They should also outline the roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders,
including the OSINT unit, other units within the Customs administration, and external partners.
In some cases, the implementation of OSINT may require the development of a special
regulatory framework. This should establish the legal basis for OSINT activities, including the
authority to collect and analyse PAI. It should also provide safeguards to protect the rights and
privacy of individuals, as well as mechanisms for oversight and accountability. The regulatory
framework should be designed to be flexible and adaptable, allowing for adjustments as new
technologies and methodologies emerge.

Adequate budgets, resources and equipment are essential for the successful implementation
of OSINT in Customs administrations. Without sufficient funding and resources, OSINT
initiatives are unlikely to achieve their full potential. Effective resource management involves
ensuring that OSINT specialists have access to the necessary tools and technologies to
perform their functions. These includes equipment, advanced data analytics software, and the
relevant databases and information sources. Resource management also involves optimizing
the use of available resources, such as leveraging partnerships with external agencies to
enhance information sharing and reduce costs.
The creation of a dedicated OSINT team or pool of specialists within Customs administrations
is another critical factor in successful implementation. This team should be responsible for all
aspects of OSINT operations, from data collection and analysis to dissemination of intelligence
products. A dedicated team ensures that OSINT activities are conducted in a coordinated and
systematic manner, leveraging specialized expertise and resources.
The success of OSINT initiatives in Customs administrations relies heavily on the identification,
hiring, and training of skilled personnel. Talented individuals with the right skills and expertise
are essential to conducting effective OSINT operations.
Identifying the right talent involves understanding the specific skills and expertise required for
OSINT activities. This includes knowledge of data acumen, technical aptitudes, and relevant
foreign languages. It also involves identifying individuals with the ability to think critically and
creatively, as well as the capacity to adapt to new technologies and methodologies.
Recruitment and hiring processes should be designed to attract and select the best candidates
for OSINT roles. This includes developing targeted recruitment strategies, conducting rigorous
selection processes, and offering competitive compensation and benefits packages which are
competitive for the sector. Recruitment efforts should also focus on building a diverse and
inclusive workforce, recognizing that different perspectives and experiences can enhance the
effectiveness of OSINT operations.
Training and development are crucial for building and maintaining the skills and expertise of
OSINT specialists. This includes providing initial training for new recruits, as well as ongoing
professional development opportunities to keep staff up to date with the latest advancements
in the field. Training programmes should cover a range of topics, including cyber security,
OSINT methodology, automating data collection and creating personas (where allowed by
national legislation), and best practices for OSINT operations.

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Last but not least, cooperation with other teams within the Customs administration is essential
for the success of the OSINT unit. This includes working closely with enforcement, risk
management, and traditional intelligence units to ensure that OSINT activities are aligned with
broader organizational objectives. Inter-agency cooperation, with tax teams for example, is
also beneficial, as access to tax data can significantly enhance the all-source intelligence
approach. Thus, implementing OSINT will lead toward the establishment of partnerships with
external agencies, such as law enforcement, intelligence services, private sector organizations
and academics, to enhance information sharing and leverage additional resources.

2. Avoiding pitfalls
Implementing OSINT in Customs administrations can be challenging as the domain is new and
structures or regulatory frameworks may not be sufficiently updated to govern use of advancing
technology or new practices. Implementing OSINT requires a multifaceted and strategic
approach. By addressing technical, operational, legal, ethical, organizational, and resource-
related challenges, Customs administrations can effectively integrate OSINT into their
operations and realize its full potential for the purpose of improving enforcement capabilities.
Achieving buy-in from senior management
Achieving internal buy-in for OSINT initiatives can be challenging, in the face of resistance to
change or scepticism about the value of OSINT in Customs operations. Demonstrating quick
wins is an important strategy for building support for OSINT initiatives within Customs
administrations. Quick wins are small, achievable success stories that demonstrate the value
of OSINT and generate buy-in from stakeholders.
Identifying quick wins involves selecting specific projects or initiatives that can deliver
immediate and tangible results. These projects should be carefully chosen to showcase the
benefits of OSINT and align with the strategic objectives of the Customs administration. Quick
wins might include revenue recovery or successful interdictions of illicit goods, enhanced risk
assessments, or improved intelligence sharing with external partners. Communicating the
successful is crucial for generating buy-in and support for OSINT initiatives. This involves
sharing success stories with stakeholders, including senior leadership, staff, and external
partners. Communication efforts should highlight the specific benefits of OSINT, such as
improved enforcement outcomes, enhanced risk management, and increased operational
efficiency.
Building on the momentum of quick wins is essential for sustaining support for OSINT
initiatives. This involves using the success of quick wins to advocate for continued investment
in OSINT and to promote the adoption of OSINT practices more broadly. It also involves
leveraging the lessons learned from quick wins to inform the ongoing development and
refinement of OSINT strategies and operations.

Overcoming legal hurdles

The legal landscape surrounding OSINT is complex, with various laws and regulations
governing data privacy, surveillance, and information sharing. Customs administrations have
to navigate these carefully.
Collecting and analysing PAI raises significant privacy concerns, particularly when it involves
personal data. Balancing the need for intelligence with respect for privacy rights is a critical
ethical challenge. A strategy encompassing the following elements can be adopted:

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WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

1. Legal Consultation: Engaging legal experts to review OSINT policies and practices ensures
compliance with relevant laws and regulations.
2. Clear Policies and Guidelines: Developing clear policies and guidelines that outline the
legal boundaries and ethical considerations for OSINT activities.
3. Regular Legal Reviews: Conducting regular reviews of legal frameworks and updating
OSINT practices accordingly to remain compliant with any changes in the law.
4. Data Anonymization: Implementing techniques to anonymize personal data can help
mitigate privacy risks while still allowing for valuable intelligence gathering.
5. Ethical Standards and Continuous Training: Establishing strict ethical standards and
providing training on privacy issues ensures that officers are aware of the importance of
respecting individuals’ privacy.
6. Transparency and Accountability: Maintaining transparency with respect to OSINT
activities and establishing mechanisms for accountability can build trust and ensure ethical
practices.

Getting data access

One of the primary technical challenges in OSINT implementation is ensuring access to data
located on social media platforms, which requires the creation of an online persona. The
following strategy can be adopted to overcome this challenge.

1. Enhancing the Regulatory and Policy Framework: Creating the right regulatory and policy
framework to enable Customs administration to use online personas as passive research
access keys while maintaining discretion and operational security (OPSEC).
2. Providing Training: Providing all OSINT Customs officers with the appropriate training plan
to create and maintain online personas for passive online research.
3. Supplying the Resources: Providing dedicated units with the resources to configure a
dedicated research environment with special equipment disconnected from equipment and
machines used for work or personal affairs.
4. Ensuring Accountability: Putting in place solutions and mechanisms which allow tracking of
work and auditing.

Hiring and retaining talent

OSINT requires various skills including knowledge of languages, analysis, cyber intelligence,
data acumen, technical aptitudes and a good awareness of information security challenges.
These rare profiles are difficult to identify and recruit. In addition, the speed of technological
development in the sector makes it hard to remain current. Ensuring that staff are adequately
trained is a significant operational challenge. The following strategy can be adopted to mitigate
this challenge:

1. Comprehensive Training Programmes: Developing comprehensive training programmes

that cover all aspects of OSINT, including data collection, analysis, operational security,
use of code and scripting, and ethical considerations.
2. Continuous Professional Development: Encouraging continuous learning and professional
development to keep pace with evolving technologies and methodologies, with
professional certifications and participation in more specialized workshops and
professional conferences.
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WCO Unlocking the value of Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) in Customs Enforcement

3. Partnerships: Partnering with academic institutions and professional organizations can

provide access to specialized training and certification programmes.

Learning from other parties

Implementing OSINT in Customs administrations can be a long and cumbersome process.

Other countries have reached a more mature model that integrates OSINT into the
organization and processes. Exchanging best practices with others on the steps taken to
implement OSINT, hurdles faced and ways to overcome them is critical for organizations that
are committed to implementing OSINT effectively. The following strategy can be adopted:

1. Participation in sector-led OSINT community events: The WCO can provide a platform to
facilitate information sharing and exchange of different practices among Member
administrations related to OSINT implementation and associated challenges.
2. Developing a culture of information sharing: Customs can exchange approaches, best
practices and the latest OSINT developments in bilateral discussions or by participating in
communities of practice that can be established either with the support of organizations
such as the WCO, or any other entities that promote the development of OSINT, with a
view to facilitate peer-to-peer exchanges.

3. Addressing training and capacity building

Capacity building is critical in implementing OSINT in Customs administrations and provides
an opportunity to create a training pathway for different Customs officers and to promote
professionalization and standards in practising OSINT techniques. This would enable Customs
to address different skill levels from foundation to expert level, developing cybersecurity, data
and technical acumen. It would help prepare and train the next generation of the OSINT
workforce. Not all Customs officers would follow the entire training path, but it would provide a
general understanding of open-source research and online security while developing the skills
and knowledge of more specialized teams. A description of four different levels of training that
could be adopted by a Customs administration is set out below.
Graph 8. Levels of OSINT Training

Given the dynamic nature of OSINT, creating an OSINT Community of Practice (CoP) among
Customs administrations would be vital to effectively implement OSINT techniques within
teams, and would enhance risk management, improve border security, support trade
facilitation and foster international collaboration. An OSINT CoP would be able to leverage
diverse expertise, facilitate knowledge sharing and drive continuous improvement, as well as
monitor technology advancement.

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The main objectives of an OSINT CoP would be to ensure the roll-out of OSINT within Customs
administrations by raising awareness, mentoring newly trained officers and following up on the
latest developments in the OSINT sector. An OSINT CoP would also be the place to share
best practices and reflect on the challenges to developing regulatory frameworks enabling the
sector to effectively conduct OSINT investigations. An OSINT CoP could develop protocols for
information sharing, ensuring that sensitive data is protected while enabling the free flow of
information and establishing guidelines for data classification, access control, and information
dissemination.
Not only would an OSINT CoP promote a degree of standardization of OSINT techniques
among administrations, but it would also support the implementation of collaboration tools,
such as secure messaging platforms, collaborative workspaces, and document-sharing
systems. An OSINT CoP would, moreover, be in a position to create mechanisms for
knowledge sharing, such as regular meetings, webinars, and online forums. It could encourage
participants to share insights, experiences, and best practices related to OSINT in Customs
administration. Trained groups and identified OSINT champions among Customs
administrations could be the first members of the OSINT CoP.

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Conclusion

The integration of OSINT into Customs administration practices marks a significant advance
in addressing the multifaceted challenges faced by modern Customs authorities. As global
trade and the volumes of digital information continue to expand, the need for efficient, effective,
and adaptive Customs enforcement becomes increasingly critical. OSINT offers a cost-
effective, versatile and powerful toolset that enables Customs administrations to better
enhance their capabilities in safeguarding national borders, ensuring compliance with trade
regulations, and contributing to national and international security.
Customs administrations are tasked with a wide range of responsibilities, from revenue
collection and trade facilitation to enforcing laws and regulations against illicit trade and
enhancing national security. The traditional role of Customs as gatekeepers has evolved into
a more dynamic function that necessitates the seamless facilitation of legitimate trade while
robustly combating illicit activities. The use of OSINT plays a pivotal role in this transformation
by providing real-time, actionable intelligence derived from PAI. In other words, the adoption
of advanced ICT, coupled with OSINT, allows Customs administrations to leverage a diverse
array of sources, including social media, news articles, government publications, and
specialized databases, in a more streamlined and cost-effective way.
One of the primary benefits of OSINT is its ability to enhance real-time risk management and
border security. By monitoring global news, social media platforms, and specialized forums,
Customs administrations can identify new smuggling methods, shifts in trafficking patterns,
and changes in trade dynamics. This proactive approach enables Customs to anticipate and
mitigate risks more effectively, ensuring that resources are allocated where they are needed
most.
The use of OSINT in real-time threat monitoring and risk profiling allows Customs to create
detailed profiles of high-risk individuals, organizations, and shipments. This targeted approach
not only improves the efficiency of inspections and investigations but also ensures that
enforcement efforts are focused on the highest risks. Furthermore, the integration of predictive
analytics enables Customs to forecast potential threats based on historical data and trends,
facilitating better preparedness and resource allocation.
OSINT plays a crucial role in supporting trade compliance and fraud detection by providing
Customs administrations with the tools to verify the authenticity of trade documents, monitor
corporate activities, and detect fraudulent schemes. By cross-referencing information from
various public sources, Customs officers can identify discrepancies in trade documents,
uncover instances of misclassification and undervaluation, and detect complex fraudulent
schemes such as trade-based money laundering.
The ability to monitor and analyse corporate social media and website activities provides
additional layers of insight into business practices and potential violations of trade regulations.
This comprehensive approach to compliance monitoring ensures that Customs can pre-
emptively address non-compliance issues and take appropriate actions to enforce trade laws.
The prevention of smuggling and trafficking is a core function of Customs administrations, and
OSINT significantly enhances their capabilities in this area. By analysing PAI from various
sources, Customs can identify smuggling routes, track illegal shipments, and monitor
smuggling networks. The use of GEOINT further complements OSINT by providing a spatial
context to the information gathered, enabling Customs to map out smuggling routes and
identify hotspots of illegal activities.
The ability to track and intercept illegal shipments in real-time allows Customs to respond
swiftly to potential threats and prevent the entry of illicit goods into the country. By leveraging
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network analysis tools, Customs can visualize and understand the structure of smuggling
networks, making it easier to target key players and dismantle these networks.
While OSINT offers numerous benefits, Customs administrations must also address certain
challenges to fully leverage its potential. These challenges include managing the sheer volume
of data, ensuring the reliability and accuracy of information, navigating legal and ethical
considerations, and addressing resource limitations. By implementing robust data analytics
tools, rigorous verification processes, and comprehensive training programmes, Customs can
overcome these challenges and maximize the effectiveness of OSINT.
As technology evolves and the digital landscape expands, Customs administrations must
remain agile and adaptive, embracing new opportunities that datafication offers in order to stay
ahead of emerging threats. The future of Customs enforcement lies in the continuous
enhancement of capabilities through the adoption of advanced technologies, fostering
international collaboration, and offering continuous learning opportunities to its staff. In addition
to its core value, OSINT can serve as a catalyst in these areas, as it is intrinsically
interconnected with and highly dependent on them.

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Additional resources for further reading

Government Strategy and Policy Papers

Intelligence Community (IC) OSINT Strategy 2024-2026: Published by the Office of the Director
of National Intelligence (ODNI) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), this strategy outlines
the goals for OSINT within the U.S. Intelligence Community for the next three years. It focuses
on improving the integration of OSINT across various intelligence disciplines, enhancing
capabilities, and fostering collaboration with international partners (DNI.gov) (ODNI).

U.S. Army OSINT Strategy: The U.S. Army has developed a strategy to integrate OSINT into its
intelligence operations. The strategy is structured around four main lines of effort: people,
modernization, readiness, and allies and partners. It emphasizes the need to build dedicated
OSINT teams, modernize training and equipment, ensure readiness through practical exercises,
and enhance information sharing with allies (CSIS).

“The Future of Open Source Intelligence for UK National Security” by the Royal United Services
Institute (RUSI): This paper explores the use PAI and OSINT for national security in the UK. It
discusses the implications of increased accessibility to OSINT tools and data, and provides
recommendations for future policy development. It highlights the commercial, cultural, policy,
and technological implications for national security stakeholders in the UK (Homepage).

“Deploying OSINT in Armed Conflict Settings: Law, Ethics, and the Need for a New Theory of
Harm” by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC): This policy paper examines the
legal and ethical considerations of using OSINT in armed conflict. It addresses the gaps in
International Humanitarian Law (IHL) regarding the classification of data and the implications of
OSINT activities for privacy and data protection rights during conflicts (ICRC Blogs).

“Open Source Intelligence” by RAND Corporation: RAND has produced several reports on
OSINT, focusing on various aspects such as its use in tracking extremism, civilian resistance,
and national security. One notable report is on the use of night-time lighting data to analyse
prisons and detention centres in Tibet, showcasing innovative applications of OSINT in human
rights and security contexts (RAND Analysis).

“Open Source Intelligence” by International Cybersecurity Law Review: This paper discusses
the integration of OSINT with Social Media Intelligence (SOCMINT) and Human Intelligence
(HUMINT) for activities such as social engineering and risk management. It provides insights
into how OSINT is used in different sectors, including law enforcement and civil protection
(Springer).

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Books
“OSINT Techniques: Resources for Uncovering Online Information” by Michael Bazzell (2023) -
This comprehensive guide is often considered a gold standard in the OSINT community,
providing updated techniques, tools, and methods for effective online investigations.

“We Are Bellingcat: An Intelligence Agency for the People” by Eliot Higgins (2021) - This book
details the story of Bellingcat, a collective of citizen journalists using OSINT to uncover truths
behind major global events.

“OSINT 101: The Ultimate Open Source Intelligence Handbook” (2023) - A beginner-friendly
guide that covers the basics of OSINT, including data collection, analysis, and visualization.

“OSINT Handbook: The Ultimate Guide to Open Source Intelligence Methods and Tools” by
Ambre Laurent (2023) - A comprehensive resource for mastering OSINT, with practical methods
and tools for gathering and analysing PAI.

“OSINT for Everyone: A Beginner’s Guide to Open Source Intelligence” by Ezra Mendoza (2023)
- This book provides a practical guide for conducting investigations using OSINT, suitable for
both beginners and experienced professionals.

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Glossary of terms

Anonymization: The process of removing or disguising identifying details to protect the identity
of individuals and organizations.

Big Data Analytics: The process of examining large and varied data sets to uncover hidden
patterns, unknown correlations, and other insights.

Cybersecurity: The practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks.

Customs Enforcement: The activities carried out by Customs authorities to monitor and regulate
the flow of goods across borders, ensuring compliance with national and international laws.

Data Archiving: The process of storing data in such a way that it can be retrieved and used in
the future.

Digital Footprint: The trail of data that a person leaves behind while using the Internet. This
includes all the information that a user creates, shares, and interacts with online, such as social
media posts, browsing history, emails, and online transactions.

Digital Hygiene: Basic principles and practices that ensure the security and proper handling of
digital information.

Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT): The use of satellite imagery, Geographic Information

Systems (GIS), and location-based data to provide spatial context to information.

Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT): The process of collecting, analysing, and utilizing

information that is publicly and commercially available to support intelligence and decision-making
processes.

Operational Security (OPSEC): Measures taken to protect sensitive information and operations
from being disclosed or compromised.

Predictive Analytics: The use of historical data and statistical techniques to predict future
outcomes.

Social Media Analysis: The process of monitoring and analysing social media platforms for
information.

Strategic Trade: international trade of goods, services, and technologies that are critical to
national security, economic stability, and foreign policy interests. These items often include
military and dual-use goods (items that can be used for both civilian and military purposes).

Trade-Based Money Laundering (TBML): The process of disguising the proceeds of crime and
moving value through trade transactions.

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Copyright © July 2024, World Customs Organization (WCO). All rights reserved.
The original version of this report was produced by the WCO in English.
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rights on this report.

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