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TDW Standard

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152 views62 pages

TDW Standard

Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 62

In-Line Inspection & More

Lloyd Pirtle
Technical Representative
August 12th, 2015
www.tdwilliamson.com

® Registered trademarks of T.D. Williamson, Inc. in the United States and in foreign countries. © Copyright 2013
Contents

• Preparing for In-Line Inspections


Assessment Regulations & Standards
Pipeline Design
Pipeline Cleaning
• Threat Identification
• Dents, Metal Loss, Planer Features, Cracks, Strain, Unknown Materials,
Combined Anomalies
• In-Line Inspection Technologies
• Multiple Data-Sets
• Low Drag Solutions for Low Pressure Low Flow
• After the “Smart Pig”
• NDE & PMI (Positive Material Identification)
• Conclusion
Regulations & Standards
Integrity Regs & Standards

Pigging Regulation – all transmission lines must be piggable - 1994


195 – Hydrocarbon Liquid Pipeline Integrity Regulations - 2000
192 – Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Integrity Regulation – 2002
ASME B31.8S – Managing System Integrity - NGT Pipelines - 2010
API 1160 – Managing System Integrity – Haz. Liquid Pipelines - 2013
POF – Pipeline Operators Forum - ILI Inspection of Pipelines 2009
NACE Int. Pub – 35100 - 2000
NACE SP0102-2010 – ILI Tool Standard Practice – 2010
API 1163 – An In Line Inspection System Qualification Standard - 2005
ASNT – ILI PQ 2005 – Personnel Qualification & Certification – 2005
PRCI – Pipeline Research Council International – Various Projects
Technology & Limitations

Introduction

API 1160 also has a similar table


Pipeline Design
Pipeline Piggability

Pipeline Dimensions - Length, WT, Pipe ID’s

Pipeline Materials - Coatings, 70’s ERW, Seamless

Bends - Miters, LR, wt, Back to back, Factory / Field

Reducers – Concentric / Eccentric

Tees - Positioning, Diameter, WT, Flows, Bars & Bar design

Stopple Fittings/Tees - Piggable Fittings / Pig bars installed

Valves - Design, Bore, Position Indicators

Launchers/Receivers - Design, PIG-SIG®

Drips, Coupons, Multi Diameter, etc


Pigging Tools and Accessories
Pigging
Related Tools
There are many of options and variations with regard to pigging
products in the market place. Each tool is designed and
configured to perform a particular function. Just like any other
tools, it’s important to use the right tool for the specific job you
intend to perform
Pigs
Can either be off the shelf or Engineered to Order. Pig
designs have certain fundamental characteristics, but
can be customized for your specific needs
Typical Launcher &
Receiver Designs

Differences ?

Why it matters
Equipment Rental
Temporary Traps –
Drop-down Reducing Spools
(Pressure and size)

Valves
Temp Pipe & Fittings
Tracking Equipment
(1 Transmitter / 2 Receivers)

Non-Intrusive Pig-Sigs
Geophones
Specialty Pigs – (bodies)
Filters & Separators
Pipeline Cleaning
Sensor “Lift Off”
Will reduce the intensity of the magnetic signal identified and will effect data
quality. It’s a fundamental mistake to cut the cleaning program short.

MFL tools are the best most effective cleaning tools in the industry

No One wants an MFL Tool to be a Cleaning Pig!


Your Choice…..
ILI Tool Motivation Options

There are various options to meet your needs


whether Pumping, Slugging, Pushing or Pulling
Threats
Natural Gas Transmission Failure Causes

Significant Incident Cause Breakdown 20 Year Average (1995-2014)


System Type: GAS TRANSMISSION State: ALL Offshore: ALL
Inline Inspection Technologies
What’s it called ?

aka – “Geo Pig”


aka – “ILI”
aka – “Smart Pig”
aka – “Intelligent Pig”
aka – “MFL”
aka – “Metal Loss Pig”
aka – “UT”
aka – “Wall Thickness tool”
aka – “Crack Tool”
ILI Technology

LGT (GEO) (Light Geometry Tool) 6 - 14”


(GEO) KALIPER® 360 (Geometry Inspection - NC) 16 - 48”
Deformation (Hi Res Geometry Inspection) 4 - 48”
MFL (SM) (Axial Magnetic Flux Leakage) 4 - 20”
(ML) GMFL (FM) (Gas Magnetic Flux Leakage) 8 - 48”
SpirALL (Spiral Magnetic Flux Leakage) 6 - 24”
RMFL / LFMFL (Residual / Low Field MFL) 8 - 30”
Versatile
XYZ (IMU – GPS Mapping) 6 - 48”
MDS (DEF/GMFL/SMFL/RMFL/IMU) 6 - 30”
App Specific SPC Speed Control (24,26,36,42,48”)
LD GMFL Low Drag Air-coupled Axial MFL
Newest
EMAT Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Trans 12/16”
Geometry Inspection
Basic Tool Design
(Def Tool)

FRONT TO REAR OF TOOL


• Drive Section
• Magnet Section to trip AGM’s (tools use next size
smaller MFL mag section without brushes)
• Deformation Section – includes Sensor Arms and CPU
• Battery Pack
• Odometers
ILI Tool Specs
Deformation

• Arms ride directly on the pipe wall for


greater sensitivity to ID changes

• Circumferential arm spacing approx.


0.25” (6.35mm) when collapsed in ID

• High resolution offers strain capability


Deformation
DEF: Expansion

Cross Section at Cross Section at


Nominal Increased ID
DEF: Expansion
Metal Loss Technologies
MFL Tools

• MFL sizes from 4” – 24”


• GMFL sizes from 8” – 48”

4” MFL

24” GMFL

10” GMFL
Axial MFL - Principle

Pipe Wall Section

Brushes
Sensor
N S Magnet

Metal Loss Defect

Pipe Wall Section

Brushes
Sensor
Magnet Flux N S Magnet
Leakage
Chapter Header
Combination Tools

Combination Deformation and MFL


IDOD Tool
• Combined high resolution
technology
• Geometry survey
• Metal loss inspection survey
• All the data required to assess
a pipelines structural integrity in
a single pass.
• Cost effective, saving time and
money.
Combination Tools –
MFL and Geometry
More Technologies
Combined Technologies • XYZ Mapping

• Cracking associated with • Volumetric Anomalies


volumetric metal loss • Detect Mill Anomalies
• Extra Metal

• Axial grooving & cracking


MFL w/ •

Internal/External Discrimination
Detect Dents
• Axial ID & OD connected
Laminations
IDOD • Dents w/ Metal Loss
• Mill anomalies
• Coating disbondment • Dents w/ Cracks
• SCC

EMAT DEF


Bore Changes
Measure Dents
• Discrimination of
cracks, axial grooving
and slotting, corrosion • Prediction of Hard Spot
and mill anomalies • Gouging
• Discriminate Mill Anomalies

• Dent w/ Residual Stress


• Discriminate axial grooving
from cracking • Dents w/ Metal Loss
• Identify laminations SMFL • Re-rounding of Dents
• Discriminate mill anomalies
LFM • Cycling of Dents

• Crack w/ volumetric metal loss,


rerounded/cycled dent, dent, axial
• Axial metal loss metal loss
• Selective seam corrosion
• Seam anomalies • Axial gouging,
• Seam variations • Crack w/ re- grooving and • Permeability Anomalies (i.e. Hard
• Volumetric metal loss rounding or slotting with re- Spots)
• Mill anomalies cycling of rounding or cycling • Pipe Grade Changes
• Metal loss in girth welds dents of dents • Mechanical Strain
Axial MFL + SMFL
8

Circumferential Grooving
Circumferential Slotting
Axial MFL
7

6
Normalized Defect Width, W/A

5 General

Overlap = Enhanced
4
Characterization
3

2 Pitting Axial Grooving

1
SpirALL® MFL Technology
Pinhole Axial Slotting

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Normalized Defect Length, L/A
Threat: SSC
Threat: Crack-Like
Planar / Crack-like Anomalies
Anomaly 1 Anomaly 2

MFL SMFL MFL SMFL


longitudinal seam weld
longitudinal seam weld

Anomaly 3
# Descr. ILI % Field ILI Field ILI Field
MFL SMFL % Length Length Width Width
longitudinal seam weld (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.)
1 Planar 37 39 2.22 2.18 0.04 0.01

2 Planar 35 36 1.92 1.22 0.03 0.01

3 Planar 28 35 1.88 2.00 0.06 0.01


MFL SMFL Planar Defect –
Nothing in MFL

Metal Loss
Characterization
Metal Loss crossing and within a girth weld

MFL SMFL
Low Field MFL - Steel Microstructure

Weld Low Carbon

High Carbon Hard Spot


Threat: Pipe Properties

MFL

Residual Field
Threat: Pipe Properties
0.188” WT
Threat: Mech Damage
Re-rounded versus Cycled Dents
Threat: Mech Damage
Re-rounded versus Cycled Dents

Re-rounded dent Cycled dent signature,


signature notice the strong
“halo” effect
6”

10”
8”
12”

20”
16”

24”
30”
Unique Technologies
AGM’s
“aka” Above Ground Markers
NOTE: If you’re interested in finding anomalies / defects… this is important

• Survey / Site Documentation


- Centerline
- Depth of Cover
• AGM Selection
• Anomaly Locating
• GPS Mapping
XYZ Mapping (XYZ)

• Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) senses motion using a


combination of accelerometers and gyroscopes
• ILI vehicle attitude and position is calculated
− Calculations are tied to geographic location
XYZ Mapping
Output from high resolution mapping
6” Low Drag Def + MFL Combo

Tool Drive Wheel Mounted Air-Coupled


Module Geo Module Magnetizer ODO’s

Centering Brushes

Low Drag, Compact, Lightweight


Under 4 feet long
EMAT concept

Main Pulse

Wave Propagation

Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT)/Ultrasonic Transducer (UT)


EMAT UT and Piezoelectric UT
technology
EMAT (Electro Magnetic Acoustic Transducer) UT technology functions by:
• Inducing an ultrasonic wave in a structure through the interaction of a magnetic field
and an eddy current induced by coil circuit
• Different mechanism from Piezo UT— EMAT does not require couplant to pipe wall

Piezoelectric UT EMAT
UT
Crystal
Magnet EMAT Coil
Circuit
Couplant
Eddy Currents
Lorentz Magnetic Field
Force

Ultrasonic Wave Ultrasonic Wave


Piezo-UT
Angled UT sensor heads for crack detection

UT angled beam sensors (crack detection


scheme)—signals generated at angle Couplant—to allow signal to
penetrate inspected material

Inspected material

Angled beam successfully


detecting crack—UT beam
bounces off crack and
returns to UT sensor

= crack/feature of interest
EMAT Overview

• EMAT transmitters induce signals that travel through the entire thickness of
inspected material without the need for couplant or angular signals

Sensing area
No couplant required

Xmit Rec1

Reflected signals Inspected


material

EMAT signals generated


Anomalies/cracks cause
through entire thickness of
signal return regardless of
inspected material—guided
the alignment
shear wave

*TDW proprietary sensor arrangement—self-calibrating due to R1 measuring how much


EMAT signal was imparted to the inspected material (signal “heartbeat”)
NDE & Positive Material
Identification

www.tdwilliamson.com

® Registered trademarks of T.D. Williamson, Inc. in the United States and in foreign countries. © Copyright 2013
Equipment
Mag-Particle Dye-Penetrant
Parker AC Portable Yoke Wet water washable dye
Wet and Dry Mag-Particle Aerosol developer

Thickness Meters
Krautkramer DMS 2
Pipeline, tubes, vessels, tanks in the Oil / Gas and Chemical industries
A Scan and B scan displays

Pit Depth Gauges


Farwest Digitial Gauges
Bridging Bar, Notched feet and Ceramic Magnets hold the unit in place to
allow for quick accurate measurements

Multi-Meters
Fluke
Pipe to Soil
PH Readings
Equipment
Pocket UT
C-Scan Data Acquisition
Quickly detects and assesses the depth, shape and orientation of cracks, flaws,
corrosion/erosion, delaminations, and internal anomalies

Flaw Detectors
Epoch LTC flaw detector
Avenger EZ
Sonatest D10
Ultrasonic flaw detection (Shear Wave) is widely used for locating and sizing hidden cracks, voids,
disbonds and similar discontinuities in welds, forgings, billets, axles, shafts and pressure
vessels, turbines, pipelines, and structural components.

AUT

Semi-Automated Fully-Automated
Proof: NDE (PMI)

Material Preparation Mechanical Properties


Assessment

Optical Emissions Spectrometry Magnetic Particle


Conclusion
• Individual Technologies can be effective when identifying simple
features
• Individual technologies have limitations when used
independently as defined by NACE SP0102-2010 and API 1160
• Multiple DataSets, is proven to enhance characterization and
sizing for complex integrity threats and…
• Overcomes limitations of individual technologies
• Is better suited for characterization of complex defects
• Provides clarity of anomalies, which translates into greater
accuracy
• More effectively detects and characterizes crack-like and
metal loss anomalies whether seam or pipe body
• Provides comprehensive mechanical damage assessment
• Offers foundation for in-situ pipe properties documentation
Questions ?

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