PCQA111 | FINALS

Pharm aceutical Inorga nic Chem istry with Qu alitative Analysis

1st Semester | A.Y. 2023 - 2024 | Prof. Jayson Serrano, RPh

TOPIC 11  Some forms of 𝑁 are toxic and other forms can

cause light-headedness
 A potent oxidizing agent
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS Occurs free in atmosphere
 Largest constituent (78%) of Earth’s
AND PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC atmosphere;
 78.082% by volume in dry air
COMPOUNDS: GROUP 5A AND 5B  75.3% by weight in dry air
Layers of gases surrounding the planet
TOPIC OVERVIEW Earth that is retained by Earth’s gravity.
11.1 GROUP V-A Protects life on Earth by:
 Absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation
11.2 GROUP V-B  Warming the surface through heat
retention (greenhouse effect)
 Reducing extreme temperature between
Earth’s night and day (diurnal temperature
TOPIC 11.1 | GROUP V-A Atmosphere variation)
Common name given to atmospheric gases
used in breathing and photosynthesis is air
PNICTOGENS Component:
 78.09% 𝑁
Also known as pnictogens or nitrogen Dry Air 

20.95% 𝑂
0.93% 𝐴𝑟

family/group 

0.035% 𝐶𝑂2
Small amount of other gases

Properties: Contained in black cylinders

Group V-A  Nitrogen and phosphorus are non-metals  Black is the color coding for nitrogen-filled tanks
(or 5A)  Arsenic and antimony are metalloids Toxicity: methemoglobinemia (diminution of
 Bismuth is a metal the oxygen-carrying capacity of circulating
 Arsenic and antimony is amphoteric
 Arsenic has more acidic than basic oxides
hemoglobin)
 Antimony has more basic than acidic oxides)  Mechanism of toxicity of nitrite and nitrates
 Antidote: methylene blue
Component of amino acids and plant and animal
THE ELEMENTS OF GROUP V-A
tissues
New Popes Assign Subordinate Bishops: nitrogen (𝑵),
Used by plants in nitrogen fixation (nitrogen
phosphorus (𝑷), arsenic (𝑨𝒔), antimony (𝑺𝒃), bismuth (𝑩𝒊)
from the air (𝑁2 ) is converted to ammonia
Element Symbol Element Name Atomic Number
𝑁 Nitrogen 7 (𝑁𝐻3 ))
𝑃 Phosphorus 15 Uses:
𝐴𝑠 Arsenic 33  Habers’ process (manufacture of ammonia with
𝑆𝑏 Antimony 51 hydrogen derived from methane)
𝐵𝑖 Bismuth 83  Filler gas for electric lamps and in high
temperature thermometers
 Mettalurgy: provides an inert temperature to
NITROGEN prevent oxidation in industrial 𝑁 processes
Also known as mephitic air (obnoxious air) or  Diluent for oxygen in deep sea diving
azote (given by Antoine Lavoisier; “without
life”) FORMS OF PURE NITROGEN
Named after: Nitrogen Triple bond, which is responsible for inertness
 Latin: nitron (nitre (from 𝐾𝑁𝑂3 )) and genes Gas Can replace the air in parenteral solution
(forming)
If touched, causes frostbite
Sources/ores:
 Nitratine or Chile saltpeter (sodium nitrate; Liquid Uses:
𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3 ) Nitrogen  Refrigerant
Nitrogen  In cryogenics (Study of very low temperature
 Nitrobarite (barium nitrate; 𝐵𝑎(𝑁𝑂3 )2)
(𝑵)  Nitrocalcite (calcium nitrate; (𝐶𝑎(𝑁𝑂3 )2) (195.79 °C))
Described by Carl Wilhelm Scheele as foul air
 Oxygen is fire air NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
Colorless, odorless, non-flammable, neutral gas 𝑵𝟐 𝑶
which does not support combustion Also known as laughing gas
Properties: Nitrous Not used alone (causes diffusion
 Forms triple bonds A
Oxide hypoxia)
 Accounts for its great stability to oxidation or Hypoxia Low oxygen level
reduction and its relatively non-polar character Hypoxemia Low oxygen level in blood
Stored in a blue container

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PCQA111 | FINALS
Pharm aceutical Inorga nic Chem istry with Qu alitative Analysis
1st Semester | A.Y. 2023 - 2024 | Prof. Jayson Serrano, RPh

Used as inhalational anesthesia (for Glows in the dark

Does not glow in the
-
dark
removing wisdom tooth)
Has an opaque
𝑵𝑶 Translucent waxy Has an iron grey
monoclinic or
solid luster
Naturally produced inside the body by rhombohedral crystals
Nitric
B arginine (essential amino acids) Soluble in 𝐶𝑆2 , but Insoluble in 𝐶𝑆2 and
-
Oxide insoluble in 𝐻2 𝑂 𝐻2 𝑂
A potent vasodilator (dilutes and opens
Non-poisonous (used
blood vessels) Poisonous in the preparation of -
𝑪𝟕 𝑯𝟓 𝑵𝟑 𝑶𝟔 matches)
C TNT 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene
Used as explosives COMPONENTS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL BUFFER
D
Sodium 𝑵𝒂𝑵𝟑 1 𝑯𝑪𝑶𝟑 and 𝑯𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑
Azide Used in air bags  Plasma and kidneys
−𝟐
2 𝑯𝑷𝑶𝟒 and 𝑯𝟐 𝑷𝑶𝟒
 Cells and kidneys
Hgb (hemoglobin) and 𝑪𝑯𝑶𝑵 (plasma proteins)
3  RBC
PHOSPHORUS
 Most effective single buffer system for buffering 𝐻2 𝐶𝑂3
Also known as St. Elmo’s fire during metabolic processes
Named after:
 Greek: phos (light) and phorus (bringing)
Ores:
 Apatite: principal ore
 Hydroxylapatite (𝐶𝑎5 (𝑃𝑂4 )3 𝑂𝐻)
ARSENIC
 Fluorapatite (𝐶𝑎5 (𝑃𝑂4 )3 𝐹) Also known as Lewisite metal
 Chlorapatite (𝐶𝑎5 (𝑃𝑂4 )3 𝐶𝑙) Named after:
Colorless and translucent white waxy solid  Greek: arsenikon (yellow orpiment)
 Burns spontaneously in air to form phosphorus Source/ore:
pentoxide  Arsenopyrite (iron arsenic sulfide; 𝐹𝑒𝐴𝑠𝑆)
 Must be stored under water A toxic, protoplasmic poison (a substance that
 Widely distributed in nature and an essential
Phosphorus element for life
kills healthy living cells)
(𝑷)  Trivalent form is more potent, and more toxic than
First isolated by Hennig Brandt, an alchemist pentavalent form
from Hamburg, in 1669, from the residue ID Test:
obtained from concentrated, putrefied urine  Gutzeit test ((+): light brown spot in filter paper
Poisoning: phossy jaw (osteonecrosis of the Arsenic moistened with silver nitrate solution): based on the
jaw) (𝑨𝒔) reaction of arsenic gas with hydrogen ion to form
yellow stain on mercuric chloride paper in presence
 Caused from the use of chemical weapons that
of reducing agents
contains white/yellow phosphorus
Uses: Toxicity: Aldrich-Mee’s line (transverse white
 Light carrier (manufacture of matches striae on nails)
 Manufacture of steel alloys and phosphor  Antidote: British Anti-Lewisite (BAL)
bronze  BAL is used in heavy metal poisoning
 Inorganic cleaning agents Uses:
 Water softeners  Anti-syphilis (discovered by Paul Erlich)
 Component of magic bullet, salvarsan,
arsphenamine and compound 606
ALLOTROPIC MODIFICATIONS OF
 Anti-leukemia
PHOSPHORUS  Preparation of various insecticides
White/Yellow
Red Phosphorus Black Phosphorus
Phosphorus
Polymeric structure ARSENIC COMPOUNDS
Exists in two forms:
Discrete tetrahedral consisting chains of 𝑨𝒔𝑯𝟑
black 𝜶-𝑷 and black
𝑃4 molecules 𝑃4 units linked A highly toxic, colorless gas with a
𝜷-𝑷
together
Very reactive A Arsine faint garlic-like odor
(Converted to red  Most toxic form of arsenic
Less reactive than
phosphorus when
white phosphorus
Very less reactive It is generated by reduction of
heated in the absence aqueous arsenic compounds,
of air)

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PCQA111 | FINALS
Pharm aceutical Inorga nic Chem istry with Qu alitative Analysis
1st Semester | A.Y. 2023 - 2024 | Prof. Jayson Serrano, RPh

typically arsenites, with 𝑍𝑛 in the ID Test:

presence of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4  Hydrogen sulfide ((+): orange precipitate)
 The evolved gaseous 𝐴𝑠𝐻3 is  Hydrochloric acid ((+): violet precipitate)
then exposed to 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 either Uses:
as powder or as a solution.  Added as a hardening agent for lead bullets
 With solid 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 , 𝐴𝑠𝐻3 reacts  Expectorant
to produce yellow 𝐴𝑔4 𝐴𝑠𝑁𝑂3 ,  Emetic
whereas 𝐴𝑠𝐻3 reacts with a  Anti-helminthic
solution of 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 to give An alloy of antimony
black 𝐴𝑔3 𝐴𝑠.  Composed of 20% 𝑆𝑏 and 80% 𝑆𝑛
Babbitt  An anti-friction metal first produced by Isaac
𝑪𝟒 𝑯𝟔 𝑨𝒔𝟔 𝑪𝒖𝟒 𝑶𝟏𝟔 Metal Babbitt

Cupric Also known as Paris green Used as lining for bearing shells of cast iron,
B Uses: steel and bronze (Babbitt Lining)
Acetoarsenite
 Insecticide
 Paint ANTIMONY ALLOTROPES
𝑨𝒔𝑶𝟑 Also known as beta-antimony or
Also known as white arsenic rhombohedral antimony
Uses: The ordinary form, referred to as
 Tonic antimony
 Anti-leukemic
 Ingredient in Paris green, Crystalline Properties:
A  Silver-white solid with a high metallic
Fowler’s solution and Antimony luster and a crystalline structure
Donovan’s solution
 Brittle and a poor conductor of heat
 Primary standard for 𝐶𝑒𝑆𝑂4 and electricity
Contains 1% potassium Highly-divided powdered form
Arsenic arsenite (𝐾𝐻2 𝐴𝑠𝑂3 ) Antimony
Used as a coat of brass and lead
C Fowler’s  Black
Trioxide Obtained from boiling
potassium bicarbonate alloys
Solution

and arsenic trioxide
Once prescribed as a
Also known as alpha-antimony
remedy or a tonic Formed when 𝑆𝑏𝐻3 is treated with air at
A red solution containing Yellow
B -90 °C
arsenic triiodide (𝐴𝑠𝐼3 ) and Antimony
mercuric iodide (𝐻𝑔𝐼2 ) Properties may depend on the presence
Donovan’s  Arsenic trioxide is of the hydrides as impurities in the metal
dissolved in
Solution concentrated 𝐻𝐶𝑙 to Formed on the cathode as a powder
form arsenic trichloride,
which is reacted with
which explodes when rubbed or
potassium iodide to scratched when a current of electricity is
form arsenic triiodide Explosive
C passed through a solution of 𝑆𝑏𝐶𝑙3 .
Antimony
Properties may depend on the presence
of the trichloride as an impurity in the
metal powder.
ANTIMONY
Named after:
 Greek: anti monos (not alone; (never found
ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS
uncombined with other elements)) 𝑲𝟐 𝑺𝒃𝟐 (𝑪𝟒 𝑯𝟐 𝑶𝟔 )𝟐
 Chemical symbol (𝑆𝑏) is derived from stibium Also known as tartar emetic
(Latin of antimony sulfide) Antimony Uses:
Sources/ores: A Potassium  Component of brown mixture
 Stibnite, antimony glance, or orange red Tartrate  Emetic
Antimony sulfide (antimony sulfide; 𝑆𝑏2 𝑆3 ): principal  Expectorant
source  Tx for Schistosomiasis
(𝑺𝒃)  Sernamontite (antimony trioxide; 𝑆𝑏2 𝑂3 )
 Valentinite (antimony oxide; 𝑆𝑏2 𝑂3 )
 Cervantite (antimony tetroxide; 𝑆𝑏2 𝑂4 )
 Cuprous thioantimonite
 Silver thioantimonite BISMUTH
Brittle, toxic metal found as stibnite Bismuth Also known as beautiful meadow
 Stibnite is used as a cosmetic for blackening the (𝑩𝒊) Named after:
eyebrows in biblical times

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PCQA111 | FINALS
Pharm aceutical Inorga nic Chem istry with Qu alitative Analysis
1st Semester | A.Y. 2023 - 2024 | Prof. Jayson Serrano, RPh

 German: bisemetum (bismuthinite; derived from

wismuth, a corrupted form of the phrase weisse
masse (white mass))
Ores: IDENTIFICATION TESTS FOR THE IONS OF
 Bismuthite or bismuth glance (𝐵𝑖2 𝑆3 ) GROUP IV-A
 Tetradymite (𝐵𝑖2 𝑇𝑒3 ) Ions ID Tests (+)
 Bismite or bismuth ochre (𝐵𝑖2 𝑂3 ) Nessler’s reagent Orange ppt. of 𝐻𝑔𝑂 · 𝐻𝑔𝑁𝐻2 𝐼
(alkaline 𝐾2 𝐻𝑔𝐼4 ) (iodide of Millon’s base)
Grayish white silvery solid metal with a faint reddish Ammonium ion
Evolution of 𝑁𝐻3 (detected by its
tinge (𝑁𝐻4 +) Heated with strong
characteristic odor and change of
alkali
Properties: red litmus paper to blue)
 Has the lowest thermal conductivity of all metals White ppt. of 𝐴𝑔𝐶𝑁 (insoluble in
Cyanide ion 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3
(except mercury) 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 )
(𝐶𝑁 −)
 Has lowest electrical conductivity and exhibits hall 𝐻𝑔2 (𝑁𝑂3 )2 Black ppt. of metallic 𝐻𝑔
effect Thiocyanate ion
𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 Blood red sol’n. of 𝐹𝑒(𝑆𝐶𝑁)2+
 Expands on solidification (𝑆𝐶𝑁 − )
 Found in fairly pure state Dilute 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 Brown gas of 𝑁𝑂2
 A protoplasmic poison (kills healthy living cells) Brown ring test
ID Test: (𝐹𝑒𝑆𝑂4 , conc. Brown ring
 Hydrogen sulfide ((+): orange precipitate) 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 )
Nitrite ion
𝐻𝐴𝑐 or dilute
A/E: blue black linings of gums and black stools (𝑁𝑂2 −)
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 is used
 Antidote: BAL instead of conc. Brown ring
Uses: 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 in brown
 Silvering of mirror ring test
 Astringent Dilute 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 No reaction
 Antiseptic Brown ring test
 Internal Protective (𝐹𝑒𝑆𝑂4 and conc. Brown ring
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 )
Nitrate ion
𝐻𝐴𝑐 or dilute
BISMUTH COMPOUNDS (𝑁𝑂3 −)
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 is used
(𝑩𝒊𝑶)𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 instead of conc. -
Uses: 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 in brown
 Antacid ring test
 Antiseptic Orange ppt. of 𝑆𝑏2 𝑆3 , soluble in
𝐻2 𝑆
 Astringent Antimony ion 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆 reagent
Bismuth Also known as bismuth cream (𝑆𝑏3+ ) Black ppt. of metallic 𝑆𝑏, insoluble
A 𝐴𝑙 metal
Subcarbonate Components: in 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐵𝑟 reagent
 Bismuth hydroxide Brownish black ppt. of 𝐵𝑖2 𝑆3 ,
Milk of  Bismuth subcarbonate Bismuth ion 𝐻2 𝑆
insoluble in 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆 reagent
Bismuth Uses: (𝐵𝑖 3+ )
𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑛𝑂2 Black ppt. of metallic 𝐵𝑖
 Tx for helicobacter pyroli
 Internal protective for 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 𝐴𝑔3 𝑃𝑂4
gastric ulcer Yellow ppt. of (𝑁𝐻4 )3 𝑃𝑂4 ·
(𝑁𝐻4 )2 𝑀𝑜𝑂4
𝑪𝟕 𝑯𝟓 𝑩𝒊𝑶𝟔 Phosphate ion 12 𝑀𝑜𝑂3
An active ingredient of Devrom® (an (𝑃𝑂4 3−) Magnesia mixture
(𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 , 𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙 White ppt. of 𝑀𝑔𝑁𝐻4 𝑃𝑂4
Bismuth over-the-counter FDA-approved and 𝑁𝐻3)
B
Subgallate medicine commonly used to treat 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 𝐴𝑔3 𝐴𝑠𝑂4
malodor by deodorizing flatulence Yellow ppt. of (𝑁𝐻4 )3 𝐴𝑠𝑂4 ·
(𝑁𝐻4 )2 𝑀𝑜𝑂4
and stool) Arsenate ion 12 𝑀𝑜𝑂3
𝑩𝒊𝟓 𝑯𝟗 𝑵𝟒 𝑶𝟐𝟐 (𝐴𝑠𝑂4 3−) Magnesia mixture
(𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 , 𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙 White ppt. of 𝑀𝑔𝑁𝐻4 𝐴𝑠𝑂4
Also known as white bismuth and 𝑁𝐻3)
Bismuth
C
Subnitrate Incompatible with tragacanth 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 𝐴𝑔3 𝐴𝑠𝑂3
 Remedy: add sodium bicarbonate (𝑁𝐻4 )2 𝑀𝑜𝑂4 -
Arsenite ion
Tx for ulcer (inflammation of the GIT) (𝐴𝑠𝑂3 3−)
Magnesia mixture
(𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 , 𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙 -
𝑪𝟕 𝑯𝟓 𝑩𝒊𝑶𝟒
and 𝑁𝐻3)
Also known as pink bismuth
Bismuth Brand: Pepto-Bismol®
E
Subsalicylate Uses:
 Antacid
 Antidiarrheal

OLFU – AC | Ralph Angelo Enriquez | College of Pharmacy Batch 2023 | Page 4

PCQA111 | FINALS
Pharm aceutical Inorga nic Chem istry with Qu alitative Analysis
1st Semester | A.Y. 2023 - 2024 | Prof. Jayson Serrano, RPh

TOPIC 11.2 | GROUP V-B Used in the manufacture of steel-cutting tools (in
association with tungsten carbide)
VANADIUM SUBGROUP
Also known as tantalum family or vanadium NIOBIUM
subgroup Formerly known as columbium with the symbol,
Properties: 𝑪𝒃
 Elements of this group does not show much  Columbium is named after Columbia, the poetic
similarity to the Group V-A elements except as name for the United States with the mineral
related to their electronic structure columbite
 They form compounds with oxidation states of 2+ Source/ore:
through 5+, the lower valence becomes less stable
 Niobite or columbite (𝐹𝑒(𝑁𝑏𝑂3 )2 )
as the atomic number increases
 Acidity of the oxides decreases with progressing Identified by English chemist, Charles Hatchett in
atomic number, with vanadium being amphoteric to Niobium 1801 from a mineral sample (in a mixture with
a notable degree in its highest oxidation state.
(𝑵𝒃) tantalum) sent to England, United States in 1734 by
 Basicity of the hydroxide decreases with increasing John Winthrop F.R.S. (grandson of John Winthrop
oxidation state.
 Compounds of these elements in the lower
the Younger)
oxidation states are usually colorful (keeping with A soft, grey, ductile transition metal, which is often
Group V-B their character as transition metals) found in the pyrochlore mineral (main commercial
(or 5B)  In the lower oxidation states, vanadium is basic source for niobium and columbite)
and forms ionic bonds. However, in the higher
oxidation states, the bonding becomes more Identical chemical properties to tantalum
covalent along with increasing volatility of the Used in the manufacture of steel-cutting tools (in
compounds. association with tungsten carbide)
 Although they show a good reducing action on the
basis of oxidation potentials, they are inert to
chemical action in finely divided form. It is this TANTALUM
property of tantalum, which permits it to be used for Previously known as tantalium
corrosion-resistant applications in medicine. Named after:
 Vanadium compounds are the most toxic  Tantalus (a figure in Greek mythology)
 Tantalum compounds are non-toxic
 Niobium and tantalum are transition metals that
Source/ore:
are almost always found together in nature because  Tantalite (𝐹𝑒(𝑇𝑎𝑂3 )2)
they have very similar physical and chemical Discovered in Sweden in 1802 by Anders
properties. Their properties of hardness, Ekeberg, in two mineral samples (one from
conductivity, and resistance to corrosion largely Sweden and the other from Finland)
determine their primary uses today. Tantalum
Properties:
(𝑻𝒂)
 Unaffected by bloody fluid
THE ELEMENTS OF GROUP V-B  Corrosion-resistant
Vaba NobiTa: vanadium (𝑽), niobium (𝑵𝒃), tantalum (𝑻𝒂), Uses:
Element Symbol Element Name Atomic Number  Surgical repair for bones, nerves, tissues (in sheet
𝑉 Vanadium 23 form)
𝑁𝑏 Niobium 41  Filaments in electric lamps
𝑇𝑎 Tantalum 73  Alternating current rectifiers
 Manufacture of steel-cutting tools (in association
VANADIUM with tungsten carbide)
Also known as green tongue
Sources/ores:
 Carnotite (𝑈2 𝑂3 · 𝑉2 𝑂5 · 𝐾2 𝑂 · 3𝐻2 𝑂)
 Patronite (𝑉2 𝑆5 )
 Vanadinite (𝑃𝑏5 (𝑉𝑂4 )𝐶𝑙3)
A hard, silvery gray, ductile and malleable
Vanadium UPDATE THE FORMAT: topic 12-15
transition metal
(𝑽) Toxicity:
 Breathing vanadium can irritate the nose, throat
and lungs causing coughing, wheezing and/or
shortness of breath
 High exposure to vanadium can cause nausea,
vomiting, abdominal pain and greenish
discoloration of the tongue

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PCQA111 | FINALS
Pharm aceutical Inorga nic Chem istry with Qu alitative Analysis
1st Semester | A.Y. 2023 - 2024 | Prof. Jayson Serrano, RPh

TOPIC 12 Types:
 UVA Light
 UVB Light
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS  UVC Light
AND PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC Pure 𝑶𝟐
B
Oxygen Most common allotrope of oxygen
COMPOUNDS: GROUP 6A AND 6B 𝑶
Atomic
C Also known as nascent oxygen
TOPIC OVERVIEW Oxygen
Unstable form of oxygen
12.1 GROUP VI-A
12.2 GROUP VI-B

SULFUR
TOPIC 12.1 | GROUP VI-A
Also known as sulvere (in Sanskrit), sulfurium (in
CHALCOGENS Latin), brimstone (burning stone) or shulbari (enemy
Also known as chalcogens or oxygen of cooper)
family/group Named after:
Group VI-A  Arabic: sufra (yellow)
(or 6A) Properties:
 Oxygen, sulfur and selenium are non-metals
Ores:
 Tellurium and polonium are metalloids  Galena (𝑃𝑏𝑆)
 Iron Pyrite (𝐹𝑒𝑆2 )
 Cinnabar (𝐻𝑔𝑆)
THE ELEMENTS OF GROUP VI-A  Gypsum (𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 · 2𝐻2 𝑂)
Oversized Sailors Sell and Tell about Polo cologne: Oxygen Amorphous Residue of the extraction of sublimed sulfur (with
(𝑶), Sulfur (𝑺), Selenium (𝑺𝒆), Tellurium (𝑻𝒆), Polonium (𝑷𝒐) Sulfur the use of carbon disulfide)
Element Symbol Element Name Atomic Number Liquid Sulfur Produced from heating sulfur at 160 °C to 180 °C
𝑂 Oxygen 8 Plastic Also known as gamma-sulfur
𝑆 Sulfur 16 Sulfur Resembles rubber
𝑆𝑒 Selenium 34 Sulfur Components:
 Sublimed sulfur (also known as flower of
𝑇𝑒 Tellurium 52 (𝑺) Vleminckx’s sulphur or azutre): by boiling
𝑃𝑜 Polonium 84 Solution  Lime (𝐶𝑎𝑂)
Use
ID of microorganism
OXYGEN Component:
 Precipitated sulfur (also known as lac sulfur or milk of
Also known as empyreal air (named by Carl sulfur)
Sulfur 
Wilhelm Scheele), dephlogisticated air (named by Ointment 
Liquid petrolatum
White ointment
Joseph Priestly), yne (triple bond), and acid Uses
Scabicide
former (named by Antoine Lavoisier) Parasiticide
Named after: Uses
 Greek: oxis (sour) and genes (born) Grenades and gunpowder
Carboxylic 𝑹 − 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 Preparation of scabicidal and keratolytic (exfoliates skin) ointment
Oxygen Acid Organic acids or lotion
Abundance: Stimulant cathartic
(𝑶) Depilatory agent
 Most abundant element on the atmosphere
Fumigant
 Second most abundant element on the Earth’s crust
Anti-dandruff
 Third most abundant element on the universe
Stored in a green cylinder
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy EXTRACTION PROCESSES OF SULFUR
HBOT
Involves breathing pure oxygen (100% humidified 𝑂2 )
1 Crude furnace
Use  For 𝑆𝑂2 and 𝑆𝑂3 production
For hypoxia/asphyxia Frasch Process
2  Done by dissolving calcarone (crystal form of
OXYGEN ALLOTROPES underground sulfur deposits) in heated water
 Melting point: 112.8 °C
𝑶𝟑
A Ozone Produced when 𝑂2 comes in contact with
UV light SULFUR ALLOTROPES
𝑶𝟐 + 𝑼𝑽 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 → 𝑶𝟑 A Crystalline

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Pharm aceutical Inorga nic Chem istry with Qu alitative Analysis
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𝑺𝟖
Also known as alpha sulfur or
octahedral sulfur TELLURIUM
a Rhombic Most common and most stable Named after:
Examples  Latin: tellus (Earth)
Tellurium
Milk of sulfur A metalloid with a metallic luster characteristic but
Flower of sulfur (𝑻𝒆) can be pulverized to form a gray powder
Also known as beta sulfur or Has the odor of rotten garlic
prismatic sulfur
b Monoclinic
Less dense than alpha sulfur POLONIUM
Prepared by cooling melted sulfur Named after Poland (birthplace of Marie Curie)
Also known as plastic sulfur or mother- First discovered radioactive element by Marie
of-pearl sulfur Polonium Curie in 1898
Gamma Produced by heating rhombic sulfur
B (𝑷𝒐) One of the deadliest radioactive element produced
Sulfur above its melting point from the decay of radon gas
Example
Amorphous sulfur More radioactive than radium

SULFUR COMPOUNDS IDENTIFICATION TESTS FOR THE IONS OF

𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 GROUP VI-A
ID Test (+)
Sulfuric Also known as oil of vitriol Evolves 𝐻2 𝑆 (characterized by its
A 𝟐− Dilute 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
Acid Uses 𝑺 odor of rotten egg)
Sulfonating agent 𝑃𝑏(𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑂2 )2 Black ppt. of 𝑃𝑏𝑆
Dehydrating agent
Sulfite
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝟐 𝑶𝟑 ID Test (+)
Also known as prismatic rice 𝑺𝑶𝟑 𝟐− Evolves 𝑆𝑂2 (characterized by its
Sodium Uses Dilute 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
odor of burnt sulfur)
B
Thiosulfate In photography 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 or 𝐼2 SLNs SLNs are decolorized
For ringworm Sulfate
For 𝐶𝑁 and 𝐼2 poisoning ID Test (+)
𝑯𝟐 𝑺 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝟐− Dilute 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 No reaction
Also known as aitch-tu-es gas 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2
White ppt. of
Produced from the decomposition or 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 (insoluble to all acids)
Hydrogen breakdown of organic matter Thiosulfate
C
Sulfide Known for its rotten egg odor
ID Test (+)
𝑺𝟐 𝑶𝟑 𝟐− 1 Dilute 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
Evolves 𝑆𝑂2 with the precipitation of
Use yellow 𝑆
Reducing agent and precipitating agent of metal 2 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 or 𝐼2 Slns. Slns. are decolorized
ions

SELENIUM
Named after:
 Greek: selene (moon)
Enhances absorption of vitamin E (tocopherol)
Selenium  FeC, CaD, SeE: iron: vitamin C; calcium: vitamin
(𝑺𝒆) D; selenium: vitamin E
When consumed by cows, it causes blind staggers
Uses
For seborrheic dermatitis and pityriasis versicolor

SELENIUM COMPOUND
Selenium 𝑺𝒆𝑺𝟐
A Use
Disulfide Anti-dandruff (SelsunBlue® (2.5%))
TOPIC 12.2 | GROUP VI-B

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Pharm aceutical Inorga nic Chem istry with Qu alitative Analysis
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CHROMIUM SUBGROUP Potassium Use

Also known as chromium subgroup Dichromate Powerful oxidizing agent
Properties:
 Has high melting point
 Chromium forms compounds with oxidation
states of 2+, 3+ (most stable) and 6+
 Molybdenum and tungsten form compounds in MOLYBDENUM
which they exhibit oxidation states of 2+ through Ores:
6+  Molybdenite
 Compounds in which chromium exhibits a 2+  Molybdite
Group VI-B oxidation state are good reducing agents since
Molybdenum  Wulfenite
(or 5B) they are readily oxidized to 3+ Essential trace element: co-factor enzyme
 Compounds such as dichromate having 6+ (𝑴𝒐)
Components:
oxidation number are readily reduced to the 3+  Molybdenum oxide
state and are thus good oxidizing agents. MOL-IRON  Ferrous sulfate
 Group VI-B form oxides of which those of higher Use
Hematinic
molecular weight are acidic. The oxides form a
series of compounds such as the chromates,
the molybdates, etc., TUNGSTEN
 Chromium (III) hydroxide (𝐶𝑟(𝑂𝐻)3 ) is Also known as wolfram (heavy stone; “eats 𝑆𝑛
amphoteric salt and will dissolve in excess of
alkali to form chromite (𝐶𝑟𝑂2 − ). like a wolf”)
Tungsten Use
Manufacture of special steel alloys
THE ELEMENTS OF GROUP VI-B (𝑾)
Filaments of electric lamps as the anti-cathode in X-ray tube
Crush Mo kUW, Sige: Chromium (𝑪𝒓), Molybdenum (𝑴𝒐), Armaments or military equipment (due to its durability and
Tungsten (𝑾), Uranium (𝑼), Seaborgium (𝑺𝒈) high melting point)
Element Symbol Element Name Atomic Number
𝐶𝑟 Chromium 24 URANIUM
𝑀𝑜 Molybdenum 42 Discovered by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789
𝑊 Tungsten 74
𝑈 Uranium 92 Uranium Its radioactive property was discovered in
𝑆𝑔 Seaborgium 106 (𝑼) serendipity (accidental) by Henri Becquerel
Use
Manufacture of atomic bomb
CHROMIUM
Named after: SEABORGIUM
 Greek: chroma (color)
Ore: Discovered by Albert Ghiorso in 1974
 Crocoite Named after Glenn Seaborg (famous chemist
Seaborgium
Chromium Discovered by Nicolas Lewis Vauqelin in 1789 who discovered many elements)
(𝑺𝒈)
(𝑪𝒓) (multiple colors during experiment) An artificial or synthetic element
Essential trace element: glucose tolerant factor No known use nor application
Deficiency: hyperglycemia
Use IDENTIFICATION TESTS FOR THE IONS OF
Increases insulin sensitivity GROUP VI-B
ID Test (+)
CHROMIUM IONS Grayish green ppt. of 𝐶𝑟(𝑂𝐻)3
𝑪𝒓𝟐+ 𝑪𝒓𝟑+ 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
(dissolves in excess, forming green
A Chromium (II) 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑟𝑂2 solution; adding an oxidizing
Produces green pigment agent (𝑁𝑎2 𝑂2 ) turns it to yellow)
𝑪𝒓𝟑+ ID Test (+)
B Chromium (III) 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 Yellow ppt. of 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑟𝑂2
Produces blue pigment
𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 Brownish red ppt. of 𝐴𝑔2 𝐶𝑟𝑂2
𝑪𝒓𝑶𝟒 𝟐− 𝑪𝒓𝑶𝟒 𝟐− Perchromic Acid
C Chromate 𝐻2 𝑂2 and ether yields a blue ethereal
Produces yellow pigment Test or Vanishing
layer due to perchromic acid
Blue Test
𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕 𝟐−
D Dichromate
Produces orange pigment

CHROMIUM COMPOUND
A 𝑲𝟐 𝑪𝒓𝟐 𝑶𝟕

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Pharm aceutical Inorga nic Chem istry with Qu alitative Analysis
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 Abnormal bone growth

TOPIC 13
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS 𝑵𝒂𝑭
AND PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC Use
A Sodium Fluoride Anti-cariogenic at 2%
COMPOUNDS (GROUP 7A AND 7B) sln. in 4 different
applications
TOPIC OVERVIEW 𝑺𝒏𝑭𝟐
Stannous Fluoride Use
13.1 GROUP VII-A B
Anti-cariogenic at 8%
13.2 GROUP VII-B SLN
Sodium 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑷𝑭𝑶𝟑
C Use
Monofluorophosphate
TOPIC 13.1 | GROUP VII-A Anti-cariogenic
𝑪𝑪𝒍𝟐 𝑭𝟐
HALOGENS Also known as
Also known as halogens (“producer of sea salt” as C Difluoromethane freon
suggested by Berzulius) Uses
Named after: Refrigerant
 Greek: hal (salt) and genes (former) Aerosol propel
Exists as diatomic molecules (never found free in
nature)
Properties:
Sodium salts of the hydro acids of fluorine, CHLORINE
chlorine, bromine and iodine are similar to Also known as dephlogisticated muriatic acid
Group VII- ordinary salts (combining with metals form salts)
Named after
 Constitute the most active family of non-metals
A (or 7A)  Oxidation property of halogens decreases with
 Greek: chloros (greenish yellow)
increasing atomic number (greatest: iodine; least: Most abundant extracellular anion
fluoride) Responsible for the maintenance of osmotic
 Two heaviest halides are reducing agents Chlorine pressure and anion and cation in the body
 Two lightest halides are oxidizing agents (𝑪𝒍) Chlorine gas (𝐶𝑙2 ) can cause burning in the eyes
Product of hydrogen and a halogen
Types: and sinuses
Hydrohalic  Hydrofluoric acid (𝐻𝐹): weak acid Chlorides are precipitated with silver nitrate,
Acid  Hydrochloric acid (𝐻𝐶𝑙): strong acid
 Hydrobromic acid (𝐻𝐵𝑟): strong acid forming silver chloride
 Hydroiodic acid (𝐻𝐼): strong acid Use
Beilstein Test Qualitative test for halogens Water disinfectant

THE ELEMENTS OF GROUP VII-A CHLORINE COMPOUNDS

Fat Clyde Bribed Innocent Arthur: Fluorine (𝑭), Chlorine (𝑪𝒍), 𝑪𝒍𝑶−
Bromine (𝑩𝒓), Iodine (𝑰), Astatine (𝑨𝒕) Use
Element Symbol Element Name Atomic Number Bleaching agent (𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐶𝑙 or 𝐾𝑂𝐶𝑙)
𝐹 Fluorine 9 A Hypochlorite Dakin’s sln. (𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐶𝑙)
𝐶𝑙 Chlorine 17 Muriate of Lime (𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐶𝑙)2)
𝐵𝑟 Bromine 35 Chlorinated soda lime SLN (derived from
𝐼 Iodine 53 Labarraque’s SLN or diluted Dakin’s SLN
𝐴𝑡 Astatine 85 (2.5%))
𝑯𝑪𝒍
FLUORINE Also known as muriatic acid (35-35%
Hydrochloric w/w)
Named as super halogen by Linus Pauling B
Acid Low levels of 𝐻𝐶𝑙 on gastric
Ore: Achlorhydria secretions
 Fluorspar or fluorite (𝐶𝑎𝐹2 )
Tx: dil. 𝐻𝐶𝑙 (10%)
Fluorine Strongest oxidizing agent
(𝑭) Fluorine gas (𝐹2 ) ignites anything it touches
Poisoning: fluorosis
Fluorosis Physical manifestation:
 Mottled enema BROMINE

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Dark, reddish brown fuming liquid with a suffocating 1 Iodine Sln. (2% 𝐼2 with 𝐻2 𝑂)
odor Strong Iodine Sln. or Lugol’s Solution (5% iodide
Quickly attacks the skin to cause burn that is slow 2
in water with 𝐾𝐼)
to heal (antidote: ammonia water) Iodine Tincture (disinfectant; 2% iodine sln.; 50%
Electron affinity of bromine is high and is similar to 3
alcohol with 𝐾𝐼 or 𝑁𝑎𝐼)
that of chlorine.
 It is, however, a less powerful oxidizing agent, IODINE COMPOUNDS
chiefly because of the weaker hydration of the
bromide ion as compared with the chloride ion. 𝑲𝑰
Combines violently with the alkali metals and with Also known as potassium iodide
Bromine phosphorus, arsenic, aluminum, and antimony but Potassium KISS saturated solution
A Use
(𝑩𝒓) less violently with certain other metals Iodide For digoxin toxicity

Koppeschaar’s Also known as bromine 10th N solution Use

Solution 0.1 N bromine sln. Increases solubility of 𝐼2
Poisoning: Brominism (antidote: sodium chloride Also known as polyvinylpyrolidone
and ammonium chloride) Povidone- (PVP)
B Iodophore Liberates free iodine
Physical manifestations: Iodine
 Skin eruption Use
Brominism  Psychosis Antiseptic (Betadine®)
 Weakness Boulton’s Also known as phenolated iodine sln.
 Headache C Use
Use Solution Disinfectant
Sedative/depressant Also known as carbolised iodine sln.
Mandel’s
D Use
Solution Antiseptic
BROMIDE ELIXIRS
1 Sodium bromide (𝑁𝑎𝐵)
2 Potassium bromide (𝐾𝐵)
3 Ammonium bromide (𝑁𝐻4 𝐵)
ASTATINE
Also known as eka-iodine
Only metallic and only synthetic halogen resembling
Astatine
IODINE iodine of the same chemical property
(𝑨𝒕)
Most metallic halogen Only radioactive halogen
Grayish black solid with violet-colored vapor Least electronegative element
Gives a red solution in benzene (result of a different
type of charge transfer complex) IDENTIFICATION TESTS FOR THE IONS OF
In inert solvents, such as carbon tetrachloride or GROUP VII-A
carbon disulfide, violet-colored solutions that contain ID Test (+)
Etches on glass become permanents after
uncoordinated iodine molecules are obtained 𝑭− Etching Test allowing 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 (conc.) to stay on the glass
Combines directly with many elements for sometime
Iodide ion is colorless but iodide solutions may 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 No ppt.
acquire a brownish tint as a result of oxidation of − ID Test (+)
Iodine 𝑪𝒍 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 White ppt. of 𝐴𝑔𝐶𝑙 (insoluble to 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 )
(𝑰) iodide to free iodine by atmospheric oxygen
ID Test (+)
Iodide ions have wide uses in diagnosis but toxic at 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 Yellow ppt. of 𝐴𝑔𝐵𝑟 (insoluble to 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 )
free state 𝑩𝒓− 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 , 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ,
Orange to brown layer due to liberation of 𝐵𝑟2
Deficiency: goiter chloroform
Toxicity: iodism ID Test (+)
Uses − 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 Yellow ppt. of 𝐴𝑔𝐼 (insoluble to 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 )
𝑰 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 , 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ,
Expectorant Violet layer due to liberation of 𝐼2
Anti-fungal chloroform
Antibacterial (1:5000 (0.02%); greater antibacterial activity than
chlorine and bromine of the same strength; same strength as
potassium permanganate)
Iodine Test (Differentiates glycogen (red) and starch (blue))

TOPIC 13.2 | GROUP VII-B

IODINE PREPARATIONS

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MANGANESE SUBGROUP Preparation of radiopharmaceuticals

Group VII-B
Also known as manganese subgroup EKA-ELEMENTS
(or 7-B)
1 Eka-cesium: francium (𝐹𝑟)
THE ELEMENTS OF GROUP VII-B 2 Eka-boron: scandium (𝑆𝑐)
MinT cRew: Manganese (𝑴𝒏), Technetium (𝑻𝒄), Rhenium 3 Eka-aluminum: gallium (𝐺𝑎)
(𝑹𝒆) 4 Eka-silicon: germanium (𝐺𝑒)
Element Symbol Element Name Atomic Number 5 Eka-iodine: astatine (𝐴𝑡)
𝑀𝑛 Manganese 25 6 Eka-manganese: technetium (𝑇𝑐)
𝑇𝑐 Technetium 43
𝑅𝑒 Rhenium 75

MANGANESE IDENTIFICATION TESTS FOR THE IONS OF

Silvery-gray metal (resembles iron) which is GROUP VII-B
hard, very brittle and difficult to fuse ID Test (+)
Co-factor in the following biochemical 𝑴𝒏𝟐+ 𝐻2 𝑆 Salmon or flesh-colored ppt. of 𝑀𝑛𝑆
Manganese processes of the body: 𝑁𝑎𝐵𝑖𝑂3 Purple sln. of permanganic acid (𝐻𝑀𝑛𝑂4 )
(𝑴𝒏)  Protein synthesis
 Phosphorylation
 Fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis
Poisoning: Parkinsons-like syndrome (tremors)

MANGANESE SALTS
Complex oxide of manganese
A Hausmannite containing both divalent and trivalent
manganese
Silicate mineral containing both
B Braunite
divalent and trivalent manganese

MANGANESE COMPOUNDS
𝑲𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟒
Potassium Also known as mineral chameleon
A Uses
Permanganate
Oxidizing agent
Antiseptic
Manganese 𝑴𝒏𝑶𝟐
B Uses
Oxide Masks blue-green color of glass
𝑴𝒏𝑺𝟐
Salmon-colored sulfur
Manganese Poisoning: similar to Parkinsonism
C Use
Sulfide
Trace element and co-factor for 𝐶𝐻𝑂𝑁
synthesis (for riboflavin), phosphorylation,
fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis

TECHNETIUM
Also known as eka-manganese
Named after:
Technetium  Greek: tekhnetos (artificial)
(𝑻𝒄) First element produced artificially
Produced from decay of molybdenum-99
Uses TOPIC 14

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Pharm aceutical Inorga nic Chem istry with Qu alitative Analysis
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PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

KRYPTON
AND PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC Ramsay and Travers isolated krypton in liquid
Krypton
COMPOUNDS (GROUP 8A AND 8B) residues from argon
(𝑲𝒓)
Have inhalational anesthetic activity
TOPIC OVERVIEW
14.1 GROUP VIII-A XENON
14.2 GROUP VIII-B Least abundant noble gas
Xenon Uses
(𝑿𝒆) Flash lamps and arc lamps
Anesthetic action
TOPIC 14.1 | GROUP VIII-A
NOBLE GASES RADON
Also known as noble gases, inert gases or Also known as niton
stable gases Inert gas given off by radium salts as decomposition
Radon product
Group VIII-A Formerly labeled as group 0
(𝑹𝒂) Radioactive (short-lived alpha emitter)
(or 8-A) Colorless, odorless, tasteless and nonflammable
Use
gases Limited treatment for cancer (cervical cancer)
Does not bond with other atoms (unreactive)

THE ELEMENTS OF GROUP VIII-A

He Never Arrived; Kara Xero Ran: Helium (𝑯𝒆), Neon (𝑵𝒆),
Argon (𝑨𝒓), Krypton (𝑲𝒓), Xenon (𝑿𝒆), Radon (𝑹𝒏)
Element Symbol Element Name Atomic Number
𝐻𝑒 Helium 2
𝐶𝑙 Neon 10
𝐴𝑟 Argon 18
𝐾𝑟 Krypton 36
𝑋𝑒 Xenon 54
𝑅𝑛 Radon 86

HELIUM
Second lightest gas
Stored in a brown cylinder
Artificial 80% helium and 20% oxygen
Helium Gas Stored in brown green cylinder
(𝑯𝒆) Toxicity (inhalation): “Donald Duck-like sound”
Use
Carrier/diluents for medically important gases
Component of artificial gas

NEON
Second lightest noble gas
Neon Produce bright reddish orange light
(𝑵𝒆) Use
For advertising

ARGON
Most abundant noble gas
 Present in the air (0.94% v/v) in natural gas,
occluded in minerals and dissolved in the oceans
Argon and all fresh waters.
(𝑨𝒓) Stored in red cylinder
Use TOPIC 14.2 | GROUP VIII-B
Substitute for nitrogen gas (inert atmosphere for
pharmaceuticals)

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TRIADS OF GROUP VIII-B Toxicity: GIT distress, cardiac collapse and

Composed of three triads: hemochromatosis (antidote: deferroxamine)
Group VIII-B  Iron Family (first triad) Use
(or 8-B)  Palladium Family (second triad) Hematinic
 Platinum Family (third triad)
IRON FORMS
IRON FAMILY Also known as pig iron
A Cast Iron
From blast furnace (92-94% iron)
THE ELEMENTS OF THE FIRST TRIAD OF Also known as white cast iron
GROUP VIII-B B Cementite Solid solution of hard, brittle iron
FeCoNi: Iron (𝑭𝒆), Cobalt (𝑪𝒐), Nickel (𝑵𝒊) carbide
Element Symbol Element Name Atomic Number
Also known as gray cast iron
𝐹𝑒 Iron 26 Graphite
Cobalt 27 C Liquid iron is run into sand molds
𝐶𝑙 Scales
𝑁𝑖 Nickel 28 and allowed to cool
Removal of impurities of iron
D Wrought Iron
IRON (99.9% iron)
Sources: Also known as fool’s gold
E Iron Pyrite
 Fool’s Gold or Iron Pyrite (𝐹𝑒𝑆2 ) Native iron sulfide
 Magnetite Chalybeate Iron in solution with ferrogenous
 Limonite F
Water taste
 Shooting Star
 Ciderite G Misch Metal 30% iron and 70% cerium
 Hematite (𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 )
 Falling Star IRON COMPOUNDS
Oxidation states: 𝑭𝒆𝑺𝑶𝟒
 Iron (III) or Ferric (𝐹𝑒 3+ ) Also known as green vitriol or
 Iron (II) or Ferrous (𝐹𝑒 2+ )
copperas
Lustrous transition metal with a grayish tinge Ferrous
A Most economical, most satisfactory
Shares many properties of other transition metals, Sulfate ferrous salt
including other group 8 elements
Adv: black stool and constipation
Forms compound with oxidation stares ranging from Use
2- to 7+ Hematinic
 Forms coordination compounds such as ferrocene, 𝑭𝒆𝑪𝟒 𝑯𝟐 𝑶𝟒
ferrioxalate and Prussian blue
Components: Ferrous Adv: Less irritating to the GIT
Iron B Use
Basham’s
 Iron Fumarate
(𝑭𝒆)  Ammonium acetate Most stable iron supplement for pregnants
Mixture Use (Toleron®)
Astringent
Styptic (causes coagulation) 𝑭𝒆𝑪𝟏𝟐 𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝟏𝟒
Iron Adv: Less irritating to the GIT
Sorbitex
Complex of iron, sorbitol, citric acid and dextrin Ferrous
C Use
Chief constituent of Earth’s core (most abundant Gluconate
Iron supplement with less gastric irritation in
element on Earth) px with peptic ulcer (Fergon®)
Present in proteins: 𝑭𝒆𝑪𝑶𝟑
 Hemoglobin Has a ferruginous taste
 Tranferrin Ferrous Uses
D
 Ferritin Carbonate In chalybeate pills, ferrunginous pill and
 Cytochrome-oxidase enzyme Blaud’s pills (for anemia)
Enhances absorption of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) Hematinic
and copper Ferrous (𝑵𝑯𝟒 )𝟐 𝑭𝒆(𝑺𝑶𝟒 )𝟐
 FeC, CaD, SeE: iron: vitamin C; calcium: vitamin D; E Ammonium Also known as Mohr’s salt
selenium: vitamin E Use
Sulfate
Best absorbed in the duodenum In analytical chemistry
 Mucosal block postulation by Hahn is the best 𝑭𝒆𝑪𝒍𝟑
known hypothesis of iron absorption Ferric Uses
F
Most important element in engineering Chloride Astringent
Styptic

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PCQA111 | FINALS
Pharm aceutical Inorga nic Chem istry with Qu alitative Analysis
1st Semester | A.Y. 2023 - 2024 | Prof. Jayson Serrano, RPh

Rgt. for detection of tannins NICKEL

Ferric 𝑭𝒆𝟐 𝑶𝟑 Also known as old Nick’s copper or Raney
G Uses nickel
Oxide Turns calamine to pink
Lustrous, metallic, and silver with a gold tinge
Ferric 𝑭𝒆𝟒 𝑯𝟐 𝑶𝟐𝟐 𝑺𝟓
Oxidation state: 2+
F Subsulfate Also known as Monsel’s solution  Nickelous ion (𝑁𝑖 2+ ) is green/bluish green in sln.
Solution Use Nickel Found in fossil fuel combustion
Styptic and hemostatic agent (𝑵𝒊) Toxicity: nephritis and hypotension
Uses
BLUE POINT DYES Fancy jewelry (fake)
𝑭𝒆𝟑 (𝑭𝒆(𝑪𝑵)𝟔 )𝟐 Fossil fuel
Also known as Turnbull’s blue Catalyst
Ferrous Poison
A Cherry red blood
Ferricyanide
Produces deep blue pigment
NICKEL COMPOUNDS
Uses
𝑭𝒆𝟒 (𝑭𝒆(𝑪𝑵)𝟔 )𝟑 Nickel
A For diarrhea
Also known as Prussian blue Pectinate Tomectin
Ferric Chocolate brown or brownish red 𝑵𝒊𝑺𝑶𝟒
B Nickelous
Ferrocyanide blood B Uses
Produces intense blue pigment Sulfate Parasiticide
Tonic
Nickelous 𝑵𝒊𝑪𝑶𝟑
C Use
Carbonate Tonic

COBALT
Source:
 Cobaltite IDENTIFICATION TESTS FOR THE IONS OF
Forms: THE FIRST TRIADS OF GROUP VIII-B
 Anhydrous cobalt (blue) ID Test (+)
 Hydrated cobalt (pink) 𝑵𝒊𝟐+ Dimethylglyoxime Green color
 Pure cobalt (pinkish white)
Oxidation state: 2+ and 3+
Cobalt Forms compound with oxidation states ranging
(𝑪𝒐) from 3- to 5+
PALLADIUM FAMILY
Essential for development of erythrocytes and
hemoglobin
THE ELEMENTS OF THE SECOND TRIAD OF
Component of Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)
GROUP VIII-B
Deficiency: megaloblastic anemia
Use
RuRhPd: Ruthenium (𝑹𝒖), Rhodium (𝑹𝒉), Palladium (𝑷𝒅)
Manufacture of beer Element Symbol Element Name Atomic Number
𝑅𝑢 Ruthenium 44
𝑅ℎ Rhodium 45
COBALT COMPOUND 𝑃𝑑 Palladium 46
𝑪𝒐𝑪𝒍𝟐
Also known as lover’s ink or PALLADIUM
Cobaltous sympathetic ink Palladium
A
Chloride Use An effective catalyst in finely divided steel
(𝑷𝒅)
Dessicator’s indicator: indicator for silica
gel beads (pink: hydrated; blue:
anhydrous)
Cobalt Meta- 𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑪𝒐𝟐 𝑶𝟓
A
aluminate Also known as Thenard’s blue PLATINUM FAMILY

THE ELEMENTS OF THE THIRD TRIAD OF

GROUP VIII-B

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PCQA111 | FINALS
Pharm aceutical Inorga nic Chem istry with Qu alitative Analysis
1st Semester | A.Y. 2023 - 2024 | Prof. Jayson Serrano, RPh

OsIrPt: Osmium (𝑶𝒔), Iridium (𝑰𝒓), Platinum (𝑷𝒕) RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS

Element Symbol Element Name Atomic Number
𝑂𝑠 Osmium 76
TOPIC OVERVIEW
𝐼𝑟 Iridium 77
𝑃𝑡 Platinum 78 15.1 RADIATION
15.2 APPLICATION OF RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
OSMIUM
Heaviest/densest metal
Osmium Use TOPIC 15.1 | RADIATION
Mixture of osmic acid and osmium tetroxide for staining of
(𝑶𝒔) microscopic specimen used in electron microscopy (gram + NUCLEAR NOTATION
bacteria) 𝑨
𝒁𝑿𝑵
𝑋 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
PLATINUM 𝐴 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑍 = 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
Source: 𝑁 = 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠
 Sperrylite
Atomic The identity of each element
A noble metal (low oxidation potential and low Denotes the number of protons in an atom, also the
reactivity) Number
(𝒁) number of electrons
Platinum Also known as cis-diaminedichloroplatinum
𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 # = #𝒑+ = #𝒆−
Uses
(𝑷𝒕) Cisplatin Antineoplastic Also known as atomic mass
For prostate cancer
Ototoxic agent
Mass Number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in an
Uses Number atomic nucleus
finely divided steel (𝑨) 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔# = #𝒑+ + #𝒏𝒐
Manufacture of crucibles and wires #𝒏𝒐 = 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔# − #𝒑+

ISOTOPES
Term suggested by Frederick Soddy
Named by Margaret Todd from isos topos (same
place)
Atoms with the same atomic number (same number
of protons) but with different mass numbers
(differing number of neutrons)
Isotopes Isobars Nuclides which have the same mass
Nuclides which possess the same number of
Isotones
neutrons
The isotopes of a particular element have the
same element and physical property
 Many elements exist as two or more stable
isotopes, but one isotope is usually in greater
abundance.

RADIATION
Form of energy that travels as waves or particles
through space or other mediums
When radioactive isotopes decay, they emit certain
particles or quantities of energy that are characteristic
of the particular isotope involved.
Radiation

TOPIC 15

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Pharm aceutical Inorga nic Chem istry with Qu alitative Analysis
1st Semester | A.Y. 2023 - 2024 | Prof. Jayson Serrano, RPh

Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is

characterized by excess energy which is
available to be imparted either to a newly-
Radionuclide
created radiation particle within the nucleus, or
else to an atomic electron (continuous until it
becomes a stable atom) A negatively-charged species with the mass
of an electron
TYPES OF RADIATION PARTICLES Range: 10-15cm in water
Constitutes to beta radiation
OVERVIEW OF RADIATION PARTICLES  Emissions from elements alters atomic
Beta number, but not mass number
B Particle
(β) OVERVIEW OF BETA PARTICLES
β- β+
no to p+ p+ to no
Exceeds limit Below limit
Negative e- Positive e-
Plus 1 (next highest) Minus 1 (next lowest)

Radiation
Mass
Penetrating Ionizing
Shielding
Also known as negative electron
Particle Power Power Emitted by unstable nuclei having
α 4 amu Very low Very high Paper thin
1/2000 1-inch
neutron, in excess of protons
β Intermediate Intermediate
amu aluminum
0
γ (energy Very high Very low 2-inch lead
only) If the neutron/proton ratio
exceeds stable limits:
 A transformation of a neutron
A helium nucleus, containing two protons to a proton will occur, with the
and two neutrons of an atomic mass of 4 expulsion of beta radiation
and atomic number of 2 a Negatron (β-)
Range: 5cm in air; <100mcm in tissue
Low penetrating power
 𝜶 can be stopped by a sheet of paper or a Element emitting this type of
very thin aluminum paper transformation will decay to the
Discovered by Ernest Rutherford by element having the next highest
deflection of radiation through magnetic atomic number
field
Constitutes to alpha radiation
 Heaviest and slowest of all radioactive
Alpha emissions
A Particle  Emitted from elements having atomic
(α) numbers greater than 82

Also known as positive electron

Particle identical to the electron
with the exception of having a
positive charge

b Positron (β+)
Emitted from nuclei having a
Isotopes emitting alpha particles will decay proton/neutron ratio above stable
to the element having a mass number of 4 limits
or less and atomic number 2 less than the  A proton is transformed into a
original isotope neutron, accompanied by the
emission of a positron

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PCQA111 | FINALS
Pharm aceutical Inorga nic Chem istry with Qu alitative Analysis
1st Semester | A.Y. 2023 - 2024 | Prof. Jayson Serrano, RPh

The effect of radioactive particles impinging upon

biological tissues depends upon a number of factors
related to:
 Ability of the radiation to penetrate tissue
Elements emitting positron 1  Energy of the radiation
radiation will decay to the element  Particular tissue and the surface area exposed
having the next lowest atomic  Dose rate of the radiation (measured in REM (Roentgen
Equivalent Mass))
number
Example
400-450 REM, received in short period of time (30d)
The destructive aspect of radioactivity is directly related
to its interaction with molecules present in the tissue to
form abnormal amounts of ion and/or free radicals
A photon of electromagnetic radiation (unstable atoms; incorporated with anti-oxidant that will
Most penetrating of all types of radiation donate its electron to the free radical to make it stable)
emitted by radionuclides
Constitutes to gamma radiation
 An electromagnetic radiation (alpha and 2
beta are particulate)

Emission of x-rays, similar to gamma

rays
These chemical species can alter the local pH to serve to
3 initiate free radical chain reactions, resulting in the
production of peroxides and other toxic compounds
These and other events can create a hostile environment
4 for tissue cells, leading to necrosis and ultimately,
complete destruction of the tissue or organ
Produced by an isotope with an
Gamma
C unstable proton/neutron ratio but with
Ray (γ) insufficient energy to emit a positron
 Alternatively, the nucleus “capture”
K-capture an electron from the k shell which
combines with a proton to form a
neutron
 The rearrangement of the orbital
electrons takes place with the
release of energy in the form of x-
rays

Gamma-emitting radionuclides are

particularly useful for diagnostic
radiopharmaceuticals
 Once the radiopharmaceutical has
distributed within the body, the photons
can penetrate the tissues and be detected
externally using specially designed
imaging equipment.

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION

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PCQA111 | FINALS
Pharm aceutical Inorga nic Chem istry with Qu alitative Analysis
1st Semester | A.Y. 2023 - 2024 | Prof. Jayson Serrano, RPh

TOPIC 15.2 | APPLICATION OF Cyanocobalamin (𝟓𝟕𝑪𝒐 and 𝟔𝟎

𝑪𝒐) Capsules and
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS Sources
9 Use
Diagnostic aid to study the absorption and deposition of vitamin B12 in
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS normal individuals and in patients with megaloblastic anemias
Preparations containing radioisotope Ferric Hydroxide ( 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝒎𝑰𝒏)
chaser attached to a pharmaceutical 10 Use
Administered internally for therapeutic Diagnostic agent for lung imaging
Radiopharmaceuticals
and diagnostic (undergoes radiation on Ferrous Nitrate ( 𝟓𝟗𝑭𝒆) Injection
the affected radiation to treat human 11 Use
diseases) Diagnostic aid for the evaluation of the kinetics of iron metabolism
Ferrous Hydroxide ( 𝟗𝟗𝒎𝑻𝒄)
ISOTOPES IMPORTANT FOR 12 Use
Diagnostic aid in pulmonary scintigraphy
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
Fibrinogen (𝟏𝟐𝟓𝑰) Injection
Those emitting beta and gamma radiation
1 Use
 These types of radiation can penetrate body tissue 13 Diagnosis and localization of deep-vein thrombosis (the accumulation
Can be concentrated in specific manner in certain organs of fibrinogen in clots is observable by use of a radiation detector
2
or cells pressed to the surface of the limb)
Should be eliminated by the body easily aside from the Gallium Citrate ( 𝟔𝟕𝑮𝒂) Injection
3 associated radioactivity  A positive gallium-67 uptake is a potential indicator of
 Decay products should be of low toxicity certain malignancies such as lymphomas, bronchogenic
14 carcinoma, and Hodgkin’s disease.
Use
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS USED IN MEDICINE Diagnosis of lesions of the lungs, breast, maxillary sinuses and liver by
Albumin Microspheres ( 𝟗𝟗𝒎𝑻𝒄, 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝑰𝒏, 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝒎𝑰𝒏 and using scanning and organ-imaging techniques

1
𝟐𝟎𝟑
𝑷𝒃) Indium Chloride (𝟏𝟏𝟑𝒎𝑰𝒏) Injection
Use 15 Uses
For lung imaging Blood-pool studies, including visualization, aneurysms, and in
placental scintigraphy
Chromated (𝟓𝟏𝑪𝒓) Albumin Injection
Uses Indium Hydroxide (𝟏𝟏𝟑𝒎𝑰𝒏) Injection
2 16 Uses
Detection and quantitation of gastrointestinal protein loss and
placental localization Liver, spleen and bone marrow scintigraphy
Iodinated (𝟏𝟐𝟓𝑰) Albumin Injection Insulin (𝟏𝟐𝟓𝑰 and 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝑰)
3 Use 17 Use
Diagnostic aid in the determination of total blood and plasma volumes In vitro assay of circulating insulin, either free or bound
Iodinated (𝟏𝟑𝟏𝑰) Albumin Injection Iodohippurate Sodium ( 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝑰) Injection
Uses 18 Use
Diagnostic aid in the determination of total blood and plasma volumes, For kidney function
4
circulation times or cardiac output Krypton ( 𝟖𝟏𝒎𝑲𝒓)
Adjunct to other diagnostic procedures in the detection and localization Uses
of brain tumors, in placental localization and in cisternography
19
For lung function, ventilation and perfusion
Iodinated (𝟏𝟑𝟏𝑰) Albumin Aggregated Injection Radiocardiology
5 Use Liothyronine (𝟏𝟐𝟓𝑰 and 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝑰)
Diagnostic study of the lungs (pulmonary embolism) by radioisotope 20 Use
scanning In vitro evaluation of thyroid function
Chlormerodrin ( 𝟏𝟗𝟕𝑯𝒈 and 𝟐𝟎𝟑𝑯𝒈) Injection Levothyroxine (𝟏𝟐𝟓𝑰 and 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝑰)
6 Use Use
Diagnostic aid for scanning the brain for suspected lesions and the 21
For studying metabolism of endogenous thyroxine, supplementing
kidneys for anatomical and functional abnormalities other tests of thyroid function.
Chromic Phosphate (𝟑𝟐𝑷) Injection Oleic Acid ( 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝑰 and 𝟏𝟑𝟏
𝑰) and Trinolein (𝟏𝟐𝟓𝑰 and
Use
7 𝟏𝟑𝟏
𝑰)
Neoplastic suppressant for palliative treatment of pleural and 22 Use
peritoneal effusions
Diagnostic agents for measuring fat absorption in suspected
Cobalt ( 𝑪𝒐) and Iridium (
𝟔𝟎 𝟏𝟗𝟐
𝑰𝒓) Sources pancreatic disease and other gastrointestinal dysfunction
Use
8 Pentetate Indium Trisodium (𝟏𝟏𝟑𝑰𝒏) Injection
Replacement for radium (relatively expensive for many
23 Uses
radiation uses)
Diagnostic aid for brain scanning, for studies of glomerular filtration
and for kidney imaging

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PCQA111 | FINALS
Pharm aceutical Inorga nic Chem istry with Qu alitative Analysis
1st Semester | A.Y. 2023 - 2024 | Prof. Jayson Serrano, RPh

Pentetate Indium Disodium (𝟏𝟏𝟏𝑰𝒏) Injection Technetium (𝟗𝟗𝒎𝑻𝒄) Pentetate Injection

24 Uses Uses
For diagnostic aid for studies of cardiac output, for cisternography, for 40 For brain and kidney visualization
evaluation of glomerular filtration and in renal scintigraphy For vascular dynamic studies
Pentetate Ytterbium Trisodium ( 𝟏𝟔𝟗𝒀𝒃) Injection For measurement of glomerular filtration
Uses For lung ventilation studies
25
For brain and kidney imaging Technetium (𝟗𝟗𝒎𝑻𝒄) Pyrophosphate Injection
For cisternographic diagnosis of CSF rhinorrhea Use
41
Potassium Chloride ( 𝟒𝟐𝑲) Injection Skeletal imaging agent used to demonstrate regions of altered
Uses osteogenesis
26
For tumor localization Technetium (𝟗𝟗𝒎𝑻𝒄) Sulfur Colloid Injection
Studies of renal blood flow 42 Use
Potassium Chloride ( 𝟒𝟑𝑲) Injection Diagnostic aid for liver scanning
27 Use Technetium (𝟗𝟗𝒎𝑻𝒄) Gluceptate Injection
For heart imaging 43 Uses
Rose Bengal Sodium (𝟏𝟑𝟏𝑰) Injection Renal imaging agent
Use Localization of brain, lung and gall bladder lesions
28
Diagnostic aid for liver function, especially for differential diagnosis of Technetium (𝟗𝟗𝒎𝑻𝒄) Sodium Phosphate Injection
hepatobiliary diseases 44 Uses
Selenomethionine (𝟕𝟓𝑺𝒆) Injection For bone and renal imaging
29 Use Technetium (𝟗𝟗𝒎𝑻𝒄) Sodium Phytate Injection
Scintigraphy of the pancreas and parathyroid glands 45 Uses
Sodium Chloride ( 𝟐𝟐𝑵𝒂) Injection For liver and spleen imaging

30 Use Thallium (𝟐𝟎𝟏𝑻𝒍) Chloride Injection

For determining circulating times, sodium space and total Use
46
exchangeable sodium Myocardial perfusion imaging for diagnosis and localization of
Sodium Chromate (𝟓𝟏𝑪𝒓) Injection myocardial ischemia and infarction
31 Use Xenon ( 𝟏𝟑𝟑𝑿𝒆) Injection
Biological tracer to measure circulating red-cell volume, red-cell 47 Use
survival time and whole blood volume Gas for lung imaging to detect alveolar blockage
Sodium Fluoride (𝟏𝟖𝑭) Injection
32 Use
Bone imaging, especially to define area of altered osteogenic activity
Sodium Iodide (𝟏𝟐𝟑𝑰, 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝑰 and 𝟏𝟑𝟏𝑰)
33 Use
Thyroid function
Sodium Pertechnetate (𝟗𝟗𝒎𝑻𝒄) Injection
Uses
34
Detection and location of cranial lesion, thyroid and salivary glands
Imaging placental localization and blood pool imaging
Sodium Phosphate (𝟑𝟐𝑷) Solution
Uses
35
Neoplastic and polycythemic suppressant
Diagnostic aid for localization of ocular tumor
Strontium (𝟖𝟓𝑺𝒓) Injection
36 Use
Diagnostic aid for scanning bones to detect and define lesions and to
study bone growth and abnormal formation
Technetium (𝟗𝟗𝒎𝑻𝒄) Etidrenate Injection
37 Use
Best agent for bone imaging
Technetium (𝟗𝟗𝒎𝑻𝒄) Iminodiacetic Acid (TIDA) or
38 Hepatobiliary Iminodiacetic Acid (HIDA)
Use
Hepatobiliary imaging agent
Technetium (𝟗𝟗𝒎𝑻𝒄) Ferpentate Injection
39 Use
For kidney imaging

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