UD11T6105 Cargo Work-1

Notes

Compiled by- Capt. Yogesh Shah

Assisted by- Sparsh Goyal (M1334)
 Unit 1: Types of Cargo and Cargo Care

1.1 Introduction to Cargoes (K)

General Cargo, types of general cargoes, e.g. bales, boxes, bags, crates, cases,
pallets.
Bulk carrier, examples of bulk cargoes and method of loading by Conveyor
and discharging by Grab.
Container Cargo, Ro-Ro cargo, Lo-Lo cargo, Passenger, Cattles, Crude Oil,
Chemical and Gas (LPG an LNG)
Cargo: Cargo, also known as freight, refers to goods or produce being transported from one
place to another – by water, air or land.

General Cargo:

For many years till the 20th century, a ship would carry a variety of cargoes, and this was
known as general cargo ship. General cargo includes cargo stowed in bales, boxes, bags,
crates, cases, drums, pallets, etc. These include food or grain, chemicals, packaged timber,
garments & textiles, steel products, bagged cement, cotton bales, machinery, paper rolls,
project cargo and many other goods.

Every type of cargo was carried in these general cargo ships, and it was lifted on board by
lifting appliances such as derricks or cranes and stowed in ship’s holds. Unloading was done
in the same way. To segregate the cargo within a general cargo ship, the ship’s holds may be
divided by decks into t’ween decks and lower holds and by bulkheads into deep tanks,
refrigerated spaces, lockers or magazine (for stowing explosives).

 Bales: Compressed bundles of materials like cotton, wool, or paper

 Boxes: Packaged goods in cardboard or wooden boxes

 Crates: Wooden or plastic frames used to transport items

 Cases: Enclosed containers typically used for more fragile items

  Pallets: Flat transport structures that support goods in a stable manner

Bulk Carriers and Bulk Cargo:

Bulk carriers carry bulk cargoes which is defined as cargoes in particle or granular form
loaded directly into the ship’s hold without any packaging. They also carry break bulk cargo;
these are carried as single or bundled pieces and cannot be stowed in containers.

Examples of Bulk cargo: coal, sulphur, ores and concentrates, urea, grain, cement in bulk,
etc.
Examples of Breakbulk cargo: paper rolls, timber or logs, steel products, etc

Bulk cargoes are homogeneous and loaded by conveyor belt and chute and unloaded by
grabs while breakbulk cargoes are lifted by crane during loading and unloading.

Container cargo:

A container is a form of unitization; consolidating many small packages into one unit which
can be handled easily. It has many advantages including speed and efficiency and most
commodities which used to be shipped in general cargo vessels are now being shipped in
containers.
Ro-Ro cargo:

Ro-Ro vessels, short for "Roll-on/Roll-off" vessels, are designed to carry wheeled cargo that
can be driven on and off the ship. This type of vessel is particularly well-suited for
transporting vehicles, including cars, trucks, buses and other cargoes on trailers.

Lo-Lo cargo:

Lift On Lift Off is a cargo vessel, equipped with onboard cranes used for loading and
offloading goods such as heavy machinery, small boats, big vehicles without the need for or
support with external cranes.
Passenger cargo:

Cruise ships are large, luxurious vessels designed specifically for recreational travel and
tourism. Unlike cargo ships, their primary function is to offer passengers a vacation
experience while traveling from port to port.

Livestock Carrier:

Livestock carriers are specialized cargo ships designed for the transport of live cattle and
sometimes other livestock. These vessels are built to ensure the safety, comfort, and
welfare of the animals during transit.
Crude Oil carriers and Product Tankers:

Tankers are used to carry cargoes in liquid form. This will include crude oil and its derivatives
like diesel, motor spirit, aviation turbine fuel, etc. And residues like bitumen. Tankers can be
classified based on their capacity/deadweight into Supertankers (>75,000 tonnes dwt), Very
Large Crude Carriers (VLCC) (>150,000 tonnes dwt), and Ultra Large Crude Carriers (ULCC)
(>300,000 tonnes dwt). The products of crude oil distillation are carried in smaller tankers
called Product tankers.

Chemical Tankers:

Chemical tanker is a special class of tanker ship designed to transport chemicals in bulk.
Chemicals include acids, alkalis, ketones, olefins and many such complex substances. The
carriage of chemicals require special care and knowledge as these cargoes can be extremely
reactive, corrosive, explosive in nature and sensitive.
Gas (LPG and LNG):

The transportation of gas cargo in a gaseous form is an unviable and uneconomical

proposition as it occupies too much space. However, when converted into a liquid it
occupies about one-tenth of the space. Hence all gas cargoes are carried in liquefied form.
Gas can be liquefied by pressurising, by refrigerating, or by both. The main types of gases
carried are liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and ethylene.

Inspection and preparation of holds (K)

1.2 Outline the reasons for a general inspection of holds and lists items to be
inspected (K)
Reasons for general inspection of holds:

 Structural damage and defects: This could include damage to the tank top, missing
bilge covers, broken ladders, damaged cargo battens, limber boards or tank top
ceiling, dented coamings, leaking hatch covers, etc.
 Suitability for the cargo: The hold must be cleaned to a standard suitable for cargo.
 Cargo Safety and Integrity: To ensure that the holds are clean, dry, and free from
contaminants that could damage the cargo, to prevent cross-contamination between
different types of cargoes.
  Structural Integrity: To check for any signs of damage such as corrosion, cracks, or
deformation.
 Operational Readiness: To confirm that the holds are ready for loading, with all
necessary equipment working properly, lashing points located in case needed, space
and dimensions needed for the cargo should be checked, any obstructions to the
stowage such as ladders, ventilator ducts or converging ship sides especially for
larger cargo must be identified in advance.

Items to be Inspected:

 Cleanliness: Inspection for dust, previous cargo remnants, and cleanliness of the hold
floor, walls.
 Bilges: should be thoroughly cleaned and washed, suction must be tried out
satisfactorily.
 Visual Check: Inspect the holds (cargo spaces) for any damage or signs of wear. Look
for cracks, rust, or any other physical defects.
 Structural Integrity: Verify that the holds are structurally sound and can safely
support the cargo. This includes checking the condition of any supports or fixtures.
 Ventilation: Check that ventilation systems are functioning properly to prevent
moisture buildup and ensure proper air circulation.
 Hatch covers: it's crucial to ensure all components and systems are in optimal
condition to prevent damage to cargo and maintain the safety of the vessel.
 Lighting in the hold must be checked for proper functioning
 Means of access (doorways, ladders) are to be clear and safe from any hazards
 Cargo gear must be thoroughly checked to be in good, working condition and is to be
rigged ready for work
 CO2 and smoke detecting systems of the hold is to be checked
 Safety Equipment: Presence and condition of fire-fighting equipment and emergency
escape routes.

1.3 Explain the importance of cleaning holds before loading (U)

Cleaning cargo holds before loading is crucial for several reasons, impacting both the safety
and quality of the cargo as well as regulatory compliance.
1. Preventing Contamination

 Avoid Cross-Contamination: Residues from previous cargo can contaminate new

shipments, especially if the new cargo is of a different type (e.g., switching from
chemicals to food products).
 Preserve Cargo Quality: For sensitive goods like grains, chemicals, or
pharmaceuticals, even small amounts of residue can spoil or affect the quality of the
new cargo

2. Ensuring Safety

 Reducing Pest Risks: Cleaning helps eliminate potential pest infestations (e.g.,
insects, rodents) that might thrive in leftover cargo residues. This is particularly
important for agricultural products.

3. Minimizing Chemical Residues: For chemical cargoes, any residual chemicals could react
with or spoil the new cargo. Thorough cleaning ensures that no harmful residues remain.
4. Preventing Odor Transfer: Previous cargo, especially if it was organic or had a strong
smell (e.g., fish, chemicals, coffee), can leave odors that may transfer to new cargo. Proper
cleaning helps to prevent such issues.

1.4 Describe how to clean holds after discharge of a general cargo (U)
Cleaning holds after discharging general cargo is essential for maintaining the condition of
the ship and preparing it for future cargo.

 Initial Inspection: Inspect the holds after discharge to assess the extent of residue or
contamination. This helps in planning the cleaning process.
 Remove Loose Debris: Sweep or vacuum any loose debris, dust, and residual cargo
materials from the hold. Use brooms, dustpans, or industrial vacuums to ensure all
loose material is cleared.
 Dry Cleaning: For holds that were used for dry cargo, use brushes, shovels, or
vacuums to remove any remaining cargo residues or dust.
 Wash Down: For holds with residual dirt or sticky substances, use water to wash
down the surfaces. Make sure to use appropriate detergents or cleaning agents if
necessary.

 Rinse and Drain: Rinse the hold with clean water to remove detergent or residues
from the cleaning agents.
 Drying: Allow the hold to dry completely before it’s put back into service. Use fans or
dehumidifiers if necessary to speed up the drying process and prevent mold or
mildew.
  Ventilation: Ensure adequate ventilation throughout the cleaning process to
dissipate any fumes from cleaning agents and to maintain a safe working
environment.

1.5 Describe the reasons for using dunnage (U)

Dunnage is used in cargo shipping and storage to protect and secure goods during transit. It
keeps the cargo away from the steel ship sides and tank top thus facilitating air circulation
and preventing contact with moisture and condensation. Here are the primary reasons for
using dunnage,

 Protection from Damage:

Shock Absorption: Dunnage provides cushioning to absorb shocks and

impacts, reducing the risk of damage to the cargo from vibrations, bumps, or rough
handling.

Prevent Scratching and Abrasion: By separating cargo and covering surfaces,

dunnage helps prevent scratches, dents, and abrasions that could occur during
transportation.

 Load Securing:
Stabilization: Dunnage helps to stabilize and secure the cargo, preventing
movement and shifting that could lead to damage or imbalances in the cargo hold or
container.

Preventing Shifts: Proper use of dunnage ensures that cargo remains in place,
which is crucial for maintaining balance and safety during transit.

 Space Utilization:
 Maximizing Space: Dunnage can be used to fill voids and gaps in the cargo
space, making efficient use of available space and allowing for better organization.
Optimizing Load Distribution: It helps in evenly distributing the load, which is
essential for maintaining the stability of the transport vehicle or vessel.
 Separation of Cargo:
Preventing Contact: Dunnage provides a buffer between different types of
cargo to prevent direct contact, which could cause damage or contamination.
Avoiding Chemical Reactions: For cargoes that are sensitive to each other,
dunnage can help in keeping them separated to avoid any adverse reactions.

1.6 State the types and sizes of material used for dunnage (K)

Dunnage materials come in various types and sizes, each suited for different kinds of cargo
and shipping needs.

Types of Dunnage Materials:

 Wooden Dunnage (Pallets, Block and Crates, Planks)

 Plastic Dunnage (Air bags, Foam Inserts)

 Foam Dunnage (Polyethylene Foam)

 4.Metal Dunnage (Metal Brackets and Racks)

1.7 Describe the methods of dunnaging a hold for various cargoes and how to
dispose of old dunnage (U)
Dunnaging a hold effectively ensures cargo remains secure and undamaged during transit.
The methods used can vary based on the type of cargo, its weight, and its characteristics.

 General Cargo
 Timber Blocking and Chocking:
Blocking: Wooden blocks or beams are placed to fill gaps and prevent
movement. They are often used for heavy or irregularly shaped items.
Chocking: Small, wedge-shaped pieces of wood are used to secure cylindrical
or irregularly shaped items by placing them against the sides of the cargo.
 Pallets:
Use of Pallets: Cargo is placed on wooden or plastic pallets, which are then
secured with strapping or wrapping. This method is effective for easier handling and
stability.

 Fragile Cargo
Foam Padding:
 Foam Sheets and Blocks: Foam is used to cushion fragile items and fill voids. It
provides shock absorption and reduces the risk of damage.

 Heavy Cargo
Metal Dunnage:
  Metal Brackets and Supports: Heavy items are secured with metal brackets,
supports, and beams to prevent movement and distribute weight evenly.

 Metal Straps: Strong metal straps are used to hold heavy cargo in place.

5. Loose Bulk Cargo (e.g., grains, coal, ores)

 Cargo Nets:
Application: Heavy-duty cargo nets are placed over bulk cargo to secure it
and prevent spillage.
Securing: Nets are fastened to the hold or deck using hooks or tie-downs to
ensure they stay in place.
1.8 Impact of Dirty Dunnage (K)

Dirty dunnage poses a significant risk to subsequent cargo, as it can potentially taint or
contaminate it. When dunnage is not properly cleaned or maintained, residues, dirt, and
contaminants from previous shipments can transfer to new cargo, leading to:

 Contamination: Dirt, chemicals, or residues left on dunnage can mix with new cargo,
particularly if it is sensitive or food-grade. This can result in contamination, affecting
the quality and safety of the cargo.
 Damage: Residual substances can cause damage to sensitive or high-value items. For
example, oil stains or abrasive particles can harm the surfaces of delicate goods.
 Cross-Contamination: For cargo that needs to be kept separate, such as food
products and chemicals, dirty dunnage can lead to cross-contamination,
compromising the integrity of different types of cargo.

1.9 Describe the fitting or spar ceiling and explain its purpose (U)

Description of Fitting or Spar Celling

 Components Used:
Spars: These are long, rigid supports or beams made from wood or metal.
They are used to brace or secure the cargo by providing structural support.
Fittings: These include hardware like brackets, clamps, and tie-downs that
are used in conjunction with spars to secure the cargo.
Ceiling: Refers to the arrangement and placement of these supports and
fittings to create a secure environment for the cargo
 Process:

 Placement of Spars: Spars are strategically placed within the hold or container to
create a framework or grid. They are typically positioned parallel to each other and
secured to the container walls or floor.
 Securing Cargo: Once the spars are in place, cargo is positioned within this
framework. Fittings are then used to secure the cargo against the spars, preventing it
from moving or shifting.
 Adjustments: The arrangement of spars and fittings can be adjusted according to the
size and shape of the cargo to ensure a tight fit.

Purpose of Fitting or Spar Ceiling:

 Stability and Security:

Prevent Movement: The primary purpose of fitting or spar celling is to
prevent cargo from moving during transit. By creating a secure framework, cargo is
held in place and is less likely to shift or fall.
Support for Heavy Loads: Spars and fittings provide additional support for
heavy or bulky cargo, distributing weight evenly and reducing the risk of damage.
 Protection from Damage:
Minimize Impact: By securing cargo with spars and fittings, the risk of impact
or vibration damage is minimized. The cargo is cushioned and stabilized, reducing
the potential for physical damage and protect cargo from direct contact with the
ship’s sides.
Prevent Spillage: For bulk cargo, fitting or spar celling helps in containing the
load and preventing spillage, which is particularly important for loose or granular
materials.
1.10 State that bilges or drain wells should be clean, dry and sweet-smelling
disinfectants used (K)

The bilge is the lowest compartment on a ship or boat where the two sides meet at the
bottom. It is the space where water, fuel, or other liquids can accumulate due to leaks,
condensation, or spillage. In addition to its role in water accumulation, the bilge is also
critical for the proper functioning and safety of the vessel.

 Clean: Regularly remove debris and wash surfaces with suitable cleaning agents.
 Dry: Ensure complete removal of liquids and facilitate thorough drying.
 Disinfect and Odorize: Use effective disinfectants and deodorizing agents to
eliminate odors.
 Selection of Disinfectants: Choose disinfectants that are effective against bacteria,
mold, and mildew. Ensure they are suitable for the materials and surfaces in the
bilge or drain well.

1.11 Explain how bilge suctions should be checked for efficient working
scuppers and sounding pipes (U)
Maintaining clean and functional bilge suction wells, drain wells, scuppers, and sounding
pipes is essential for efficient vessel operations and safety.

Purpose: Bilge suction wells collect and drain water that accumulates in the bilge of a ship.
Proper maintenance ensures that water is efficiently removed and that the bilge system
operates effectively.

Cleaning and Checking Procedure:

 Inspection:
Visual Inspection: Regularly inspect the bilge wells for visible debris, sludge,
or obstructions. Check for signs of corrosion or damage.
 Function Test: Test the operation of the bilge pump to ensure it effectively
removes water from the bilge wells.

 Cleaning:
Remove Debris: Use a hand pump, vacuum, or sponge to remove
accumulated debris, sludge, and sediment from the wells.
Scrubbing: Scrub the interior surfaces of the bilge wells with a brush to
remove any remaining deposits. Use appropriate cleaning agents if needed, but
ensure they are compatible with the materials and do not introduce harmful
residues.
 Check and Maintain:
Pump Operation: Ensure that the bilge pumps are in good working condition
and capable of creating sufficient suction.
Hoses and Valves: Inspect hoses and valves connected to the bilge suction
wells for blockages, leaks, or damage. Clean or replace them as necessary.

Scuppers:

Purpose: Scuppers are openings or drains on the deck of a ship that allow water to drain off
the deck and prevent accumulation. They are essential for maintaining deck safety and
preventing water ingress into the vessel.

Cleaning and Checking Procedure:

  Inspection:
Visual Inspection: Check scuppers for visible debris, blockages, or signs of
wear. Inspect the grates or covers for damage.
Flow Test: Test the flow of water through the scuppers to ensure that they
are clear and functioning properly.
 Cleaning:
Remove Debris: Clear any debris or obstructions from the scuppers using
brushes or hand tools. Ensure that the scupper drains are free of blockages.
Flush with Water: Flush scuppers with water to ensure that any remaining
debris is washed out and that water flows freely.

Sounding Pipes:

Purpose: Sounding pipes are used to measure the depth of water in the bilge or other
compartments. They are essential for monitoring water levels and ensuring vessel stability.

Cleaning and Checking Procedure:

 Inspection:
Visual Inspection: Inspect sounding pipes for blockages, corrosion, or
damage. Ensure that they are clear and accessible.
Check Measurements: Verify that the sounding pipe provides accurate
readings by comparing with other measurement methods if available.
 Cleaning:
 Remove Debris: Use appropriate tools to clear any debris or obstructions
from the sounding pipe. This may include rods, brushes, or water jets.

Flush with Water: Flush the sounding pipe with water to remove any
remaining deposits and ensure it is clear.

1.12 Describe how limbers and drain well covers should be treated to prevent
suctions being blocked by small debris, but ensuring free drainage to the
suctions (U)

Limbers and drain well covers play crucial roles in managing water flow and
preventing blockages in a ship’s bilge system. Proper treatment and maintenance of
these components are essential to ensure efficient drainage while preventing small
debris from blocking the suction.

Treatment to Prevent Blockages and Ensure Free Drainage:

 Regular Cleaning:
Remove Debris: Periodically clean limbers to remove any accumulated debris,
sediment, or sludge. Use brushes, vacuums, or water jets to clear these materials.
Flush with Water: Flush the limbers with water to ensure that any remaining
debris is washed out and that the channels are clear.
 Inspection and Maintenance:
Visual Inspection: Regularly inspect limbers for signs of blockages, corrosion,
or damage. Ensure that they are free of obstructions and functioning correctly.
 Check Flow: Verify that water flows freely through the limbers and that there
are no areas where water could accumulate or get trapped.
 Debris Prevention:
Grating: Install grates or mesh over the openings of limbers to prevent large
debris from entering. The mesh should have a sufficiently fine mesh size to allow
water to pass while trapping larger particles.
Regular Checks: Ensure that the grates or mesh are cleaned regularly to
maintain free water flow and prevent debris buildup.

Drain Well Covers

Purpose: Drain well covers protect the openings of drain wells from debris while allowing
water to flow into the wells for removal.

 Cover Design:
Mesh or Grated Covers: Use covers with fine mesh or grating to prevent
small debris from entering while allowing water to pass through. The mesh should be
designed to capture debris without obstructing water flow.
Adjustable Covers: Consider using adjustable or removable covers to
facilitate easier cleaning and maintenance.
 Regular Cleaning:
Remove Debris: Clean drain well covers regularly to remove debris and
prevent clogging. Use brushes or compressed air to clear off any dirt or particles that
may have accumulated.

1.13 State that the ballast lines to deep tanks should be blanked when
preparing to load dry cargo (K)

 Preventing Contamination:
Dry Cargo Protection: Ballast lines leading to deep tanks could potentially
introduce water or residues into the cargo hold. Blanketing these lines ensures that
no unwanted liquids or contaminants meet the dry cargo.
 Avoiding Interference:
Cargo Integrity: Keeping ballast lines blanked off prevents accidental leakage
or ingress of water, which could affect the stability and handling of dry cargo. This
step helps maintain the cargo's integrity and prevents any negative impact on its
quality.
 Ensuring Proper Load Distribution:
 Stability Control: Properly blanking the ballast lines helps in managing the
ship's stability and weight distribution during cargo loading. This measure ensures
that the vessel's ballast system does not interfere with the loading process and
allows for accurate and safe load placement.

1.14 State that the use of a deodorizing wash for ozonator may be necessary
to remove strong odours from a previous cargo (K)

Using a deodorizing wash for the ozonator may be necessary to effectively remove strong
odors from previous cargo. This step helps ensure that the equipment is properly sanitized
and ready for use, maintaining optimal performance and preventing the transfer of
unwanted smells.

Segregation and separation of cargoes

1.15 Explain the need for the segregation of different cargoes with reference
to: (U)

Segregation of different cargoes is essential for several key reasons:

 Prevention of Cross-Contamination: Different types of cargo can have unique

handling requirements or potential contaminants that may affect other goods.

 Compliance with Regulations: Various industries and jurisdictions have strict

regulations governing the transportation and storage of different types of cargo.
Segregation helps meet these regulatory requirements, avoiding legal issues and
ensuring adherence to safety standards.
 Preservation of Quality: Certain cargoes can emit odors or gases that might affect
the quality of other goods.
  Minimization of Risk: Segregating hazardous materials from non-hazardous ones
reduces the risk of accidents, such as chemical reactions, fires, or spills.
 Efficient Handling and Storage: It allows for easier access, better inventory
management, and reduces the chances of mishandling or mixing up different cargoes.

Overall, effective segregation ensures safety, compliance, and the maintenance of quality
standards across different types of cargo.

1.16 – Dangerous goods

 Hazardous cargo, also known as dangerous goods, are substances or materials that
pose a risk to life property or to the environment.
 Segregate based on IMDG (international maritime Dangerous Goods) Code
regulations.

1.17 – Dry cargo

A dry bulk cargo is usually: A solid material (either a combination of particles, granules or
large pieces) Shipped in large quantities.

 Keep separate from wet cargo to avoid moisture damage.

1.18 – Wet cargo
Wet cargo refers to any type of cargo that contains moisture, is liquid in nature, or has a
high-water content. This category encompasses a broad range of goods and materials, each
requiring specific handling and transport considerations.

 Segregate by specialized Containers: Specialized Containers: Wet cargo often

requires specialized tanks or containers to prevent leaks and contamination.

1.19 – Clean cargo

Clean cargo refers to goods that are transported in a state free from contamination or
damage.

Examples of clean Cargo: Food Products, Pharmaceuticals, Electronics and Clothing and
textiles.

 Separate from dirty cargo to maintain cleanliness.

 Sealed Containers: Use of containers or packaging that prevents exposure to
contaminants and maintains cleanliness.

1.20 – Dirty cargo

Dirty cargo refers to cargo that has been contaminated or soiled during handling, storage,
or transport. This contamination can affect various types of cargo, including bulk
commodities, packaged goods, and liquids, and has significant implications for safety,
quality, and regulatory compliance

 Prevent contamination of clean or sensitive cargoes

1.21 – Delicate cargo

 Delicate cargo refers to items that are sensitive or fragile and require special care
during handling, transport, and storage to prevent damage.
 Protective Materials: Use cushioning materials like bubble wrap, foam, or padded
dividers to protect delicate cargo from impacts and vibrations.
 Secure Packaging: Ensure that packaging is robust and able to support the cargo
without allowing movement that could lead to damage.

1.22 – Valuable cargo, e.g. bank notes, personal effects

 Secure separately for enhanced security (e.g., bank notes, personal effects)

1.23 Describe how the cargoes in the above objectives can be segregated (U)

 Use physical barriers, separate compartments, or different holds.

1.24 Explain that separation between parcels of cargo for different
consignees or different ports of discharge is required (U)

Separation between parcels of cargo for different consignees or different ports of discharge
is a crucial practice in shipping and logistics that ensures the efficient and accurate handling
of cargo.

Importance of Separation Between Cargo Parcels

 Efficient Handling and Delivery:

Avoiding Mix-Ups: Proper separation prevents mix-ups between cargo
destined for different consignees or ports. This helps ensure that each parcel reaches
the correct recipient without confusion or delay.
Streamlined Processes: It facilitates smoother loading, unloading, and
distribution processes. By keeping cargo destined for different locations separate,
the handling process becomes more organized and efficient.
 Accurate Documentation:
Correct Documentation: Separation helps in maintaining accurate
documentation for each parcel.

 Minimizing Risks:
Damage Prevention: Separating cargo parcels helps prevent damage that
might occur from mixing different types of cargo. For example, separating hazardous
materials from non-hazardous goods reduces the risk of accidents or contamination.
Loss Prevention: It helps in minimizing the risk of loss or theft by clearly
defining which cargo belongs to which consignee or destination.
1.25 Describe methods of separating adjacent parcels of cargo (U)
Separating adjacent parcels of cargo is crucial for efficient and accurate handling, ensuring
that cargo destined for different consignees or destinations remains distinct and is not
mixed up.

 Partitioning:
Cargo Hold Partitions: Use physical partitions or barriers within cargo holds
or containers to create separate sections for different parcels. This method is
particularly useful in bulk cargo holds.
Container Dividers: In containers, use dividers or internal walls to segregate
cargo into distinct areas.
Use dunnage, tarpaulins, or netting to distinguish between parc
 Pallets and Skids:
Separate Pallets: Place different parcels on separate pallets or skids to keep
them organized and prevent mixing.
Pallet Racking: Use pallet racking systems to store different parcels in
separate rows or tiers, ensuring clear boundaries between items.

1.26 Describe the use of port marking to separate parcels for discharge at
different ports (U)

Port marking is a critical practice in logistics and shipping that involves labeling cargo to
designate its destination for discharge at specific ports. Here’s how port marking is used for
this purpose:

 Clear Identification: Each parcel or shipment is marked with specific codes, labels, or
symbols indicating the port of discharge. This can include port names, codes, or
other identifying information.
 Facilitation of Logistics: Port markings facilitate the efficient handling of cargo by
allowing stevedores (dock workers) to sort and direct parcels to the appropriate
locations.
 Enhanced Accuracy: This ensures that each parcel is unloaded at the correct port,
which is crucial for maintaining accurate delivery schedules and customer
satisfaction.
 Improved Coordination: When everyone involved in the process understands the
destination of each parcel, it leads to smoother operations and better overall
efficiency.