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Topic 1

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tohamessi2016
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Topic: 1

Matrices and
Matrix
Operations
Matrix

Entry/Element

Matrix

Lecture of Dr. Anindita Paul 2


Matrix

𝑎23 → Element of 2nd row


and 3rd column

𝑎𝑚𝑛 → Element of m-th row


and n-th column

Lecture of Dr. Anindita Paul 3


Size of A Matrix

Lecture of Dr. Anindita Paul 4


Different Types of Matrices

Rectangular Matrix Row Matrix


Matrix has only one row
1 0 4 𝑅= 3
𝐴= −4
4 5 6

Column Matrix Square Matrix


Matrix has only one column Matrix has same no of rows and columns
0
6 1
𝐶= 1 𝑆=
2 5
4

Lecture of Dr. Anindita Paul 5


Different Types of Matrices

Main Diagonal of A Matrix Diagonal Matrix


Outside diagonal all elements are zero.
𝑎11 𝑎12 9 4 1 0 0
𝑎21 𝑎22 5 2 𝐷= 0 4 0
0 0 3

Identity Matrix Zero Matrix


Diagonal matrix whose all diagonal elements are one. Matrix with all zero elements.
1 0 0 0 0 0
𝐼3 or 𝐼 = 0 𝐴=
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1

Lecture of Dr. Anindita Paul 6


Upper and Lower Triangular Matrices
A square matrix in which all the elements below the diagonal are zero is
called upper triangular matrix.

A square matrix in which all the elements above the diagonal are zero is
called lower triangular matrix.

A matrix that is either upper triangular or lower triangular is called


triangular.

Lecture of Dr. Anindita Paul 7


Transpose of A Matrix

2 3 5 2 0 7
𝐴= 0 4 4 𝐴𝑇 = 3 4 8
7 8 1 5 4 1
Find transpose of the following matrices.

1 3 −3
𝐵= 5 0 𝐶= 4
8 3 2

Lecture of Dr. Anindita Paul 8


Symmetric and Skew-symmetric Matrix

If a matrix is symmetric, then always 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝒂𝒋𝒊 .


3 2 6
𝑆= 2 1 0
6 0 9

If a matrix is skew-symmetric, then always 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = −𝒂𝒋𝒊 . Diagonal


elements of this matrix must be 0.
+0 2 −6
𝐴 = −2 0 −7
+6 7 +0

Lecture of Dr. Anindita Paul 9


Symmetric and Skew-symmetric Matrix
Answer the followings.

1. “Every diagonal matrix is symmetric” – is the statement true?

2. If the matrix 𝐴 is skew-symmetric, then fill up the gaps.

Lecture of Dr. Anindita Paul 10


Trace of A Matrix

−3 2 −1
𝐴 = −1 0 +5 𝑡𝑟 𝐴 = −3 + 0 + 2 = −1
+6 1 +2

Find the trace of the following matrix.

+3 −1 +4 0
𝐵 = +8 −5 +7 3
−1 +4 −3 4
+4 +6 +0 7

Lecture of Dr. Anindita Paul 11


Sum and Difference of Two Matrices

Lecture of Dr. Anindita Paul 12


Scalar Multiple of A Matrix

Lecture of Dr. Anindita Paul 13


Product of Two Matrices

Lecture of Dr. Anindita Paul 14


Product of Two Matrices

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Properties of Matrix Arithmetic

Prove the property (c).

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Properties of Zero Matrix

Lecture of Dr. Anindita Paul 17


Powers of Square Matrix

Lecture of Dr. Anindita Paul 18


Properties of Transpose

𝟑 𝟏
𝟏 −𝟐 𝟎
For 𝑨 = prove the property (a), and for 𝑩 = 𝟎 𝟐 and
𝟐 +𝟔 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
𝒌 = 𝟐 prove the property (d) .

Lecture of Dr. Anindita Paul 19


Properties of Symmetric Matrix

Consider two 𝟐 × 𝟐 symmetric matrices and then prove the property


(c) .

Lecture of Dr. Anindita Paul 20


Problems

Lecture of Dr. Anindita Paul 21

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