SMART CAR PARKING SYSTEM USING IOT

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

Bachelor of Engineering degree in
Electronics and Communication Engineering

by

CH.MOULI (37130084)
D.SAIKRISHNA(37130092)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

SATHYABAMA
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
Accredited with Grade “A” by NAAC
JEPPIAAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI, CHENNAI - 600 119

APRIL - 2021

1
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this Project Report is the bonafide work of CH.MOULI
(37130084),D.SAI KRISHNA(37130092)who carried out the project entitled “SMART CAR
PARKING SYSTEM USING IOT” under our supervision from December 2021 to April 2021.

INTERNAL GUIDE
Mrs. F. V. JAYASUDHA, M.E., (Ph.D)

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Dr. T. RAVI. M.E., Ph.D.,

Submitted for Viva voce Examination held on

Internal Examiner External Examiner

2
 DECLARATION

We CH.MOULI (Reg. No: 37130084) and D.SAI KRISHNA(Reg. No: 37130092) hereby
declare that the Project Report entitled “SMART CAR PARKING SYSTEM USING IOT”
done by us underguidance of Mrs. F. V. Jayasudha,M.E.,(Ph.D) at Sathyabama Institute
of Scienceand Technology is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering.

DATE:

PLACE: CHENNAI SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATES

3
 ACKNOWLEGDEMENT

We are pleased to acknowledge our sincere thanks to the Board of the Management of
SATHYABAMA for their kind encouragement in doing this project and for completing
it successfully for completingit successfully. we are grateful to them.

We convey our thanks to Dr. N. M. NANDITHA. M.E., Ph.D., Dean, School of Electrical
and Electronics and Dr. T. RAVI. M.E., Ph.D., Head of the Department, Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering for providing me necessary support
and details at the right time during the progressive reviews.

We would like to express our sincere and deep sense of gratitude to our Project Guide
Mrs. F. V. JAYASUDHA. M.E., (Ph.D) for her valuable guidance, suggestions and for
constant encouragement paved way for the successful completion of my project work.

We wish to express our thanks to all Teaching and Non - teaching staff members of the
Department of the Electronics and Communication Engineering who were helpful in
many ways for the completion of the project.

4
 ABSTRACT

Internet of Things (IOT) plays a significant role in connecting the encompassing

environmental things to the network and created straightforward to access those
un-internet things from any remote location.
And generally folks face issues on parking vehicles in parking slots in a very
town. during this study we have a tendency to style a wise Parking System (SPS)
that allows the user to search out the closest park and provides convenience of
parking slots therein individual park.
And it chiefly target reducing the time find the parking tons and conjointly it
avoids the uncalled-for travel through crammed parking tons in a very park.
therefore it reduces the fuel consumption that successively reduces carbon
footprints in an environment.
Internet of Things (IOT) plays a significant role in connecting the encompassing
environmental things to network and makes it straightforward to access these
non-internet things from any distant place. It's inevitable for folks update with
the growing technology. and typically folks ar manage parking issues in town
automotive parks. during this study, we have a tendency to style Associate in
Nursing intelligent parking system (SPS) permits the user to search out the
closest park convenience of parking areas during this individual park. And he
focuses chiefly on reducing the time to search out the parking and conjointly
avoids uncalled-for travel because of complete parking in a very car parking
zone.

5
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
NO: NO:
ABSTRACT 5

1 INTRODUCTION 9
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 10
2.1LITERATURE SURVEY 10
2.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT 12

3 EXISTING SYSTEM AND PROPOSED 12

STSTEM
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM 12
3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM 13
3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM 14
3.4 REQUIREMENTS 14
3.4.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 14
3.4.2SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 14

4 IOT: INTERNET OF THINGS 15

4.1 BACKGROUND 15
4.2 MOTIVATION 15
4.3 IOT DEFINATION 18
4.4 CHALLENGES 18
4.5 IOT BASED MIDDLE WARE 20
4.5.1 INTERFACE PROTOCOLS 20
4.5.2 DEVICE ABSTRACTION 21
4.5.3 CENTRAL CONTROL 22
MANAGEMENT
4.5.4 APPLICATION ABSTRACTION 23
4.6 CONCLUSION 24
4.7 REVIEW OF IOT BASED MIDDLE 24
WARE
4.8 IR(INFRARED SENSOR) 26

6
 4.8.1 IR SENSOR APPLICATION 28
4.8.2 RADIATIO THEROMETERS 28
4.8.3 FLAME MONITORS 28
4.8.4 MOISTURE ANALYZERS 29
4.8.5 IR IMAGING DEVICES 29
4.9 LDR-LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR 30
4.9.1 WORKING PRINCIPE OF LDR 30
4.9.2 CHARCTERSTICS OF LDR 31
4.9.3 TYPES OF LIGHT DEPENDENT 34
RESISTORS
4.9.4 APPLICATIONS OF LDR 34
4.10 NODE MCU 35
4.11 ESP 82676 ARDUINO CORE 35
4.11.1 INTODUCTION 36
4.11.2 NODE MCU DEVELOPMENT 36
BOARD
4.12 DC MOTORS 40
4.13 ARDUINO SOFTWARE 50

5 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 54

CONCLUSION 55

REFERENCES 55

7
 TABLE OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
NO NO

3.4.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT 14

3.4.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT 14

4.5.1 INTERFACE PROTOCOLS 20

4.5.2 DEVICE ABSTRACTION 21

4.5.3 CENTRAL CONTROL MANAGEMENT 21

4.5.4 APPLICATION ABSTRACTION 23

4.8.1 IR SENSOR APPLICATION 28

4.8.2 RADIATIO THEROMETERS 28

4.8.3 FLAME MONITORS 28

4.8.4 MOISTURE ANALYZERS 29

4.8.5 IR IMAGING DEVICES 29

4.9.1 WORKING PRINCIPE OF LDR 30

4.9.2 CHARCTERSTICS OF LDR 31

4.9.3 TYPES OF LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTORS 33

4.9.4 APPLICATIONS OF LDR 34

4.11.1 INTODUCTION 35
4.11.2 NODE MCU DEVELOPMENT BOARD 36

8
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION:
Road congestion caused by vehicles is alarming problem on a global scale and is
growing exponentially. The problem of parking is an important factor and it was
still a big problem with confined car parks urban cities. Searching for a parking
space is a routine often frustrating activities for many people in the cities around
the world. This search burns about a million barrels the oil of the world every
single day.
These problems will get worse with the world's population continues to urbanize
without removed from the car well planned, based on convenience. According to
a report, Smart Parking could involve 2, 20,000 lots of fuel until 2030 and
approx. 3, 00,000 loads fuels by 2050 if fulfilled properly as stated in Figure.
Smart Parking systems get information about availability parking in a particular
geographical area. This process is in real time to position the vehicles in the
available positions. Involved Real-time data collection with low-cost sensors
automatic payment systems activated on the mobile phone allows people to book
early parking. The importance of smart parking is: Detects and accurately
preaches the occupation of premises / vehicles by real time. Guide residents and
visitors to available parking. Optimize the use of the parking space. Simplify the
parking experience and add value parking parties, such as dealers and drivers.
Help the free flow of traffic in the city by exploiting the IOT technology.
Enables smart decisions using data, including real data temporary status
applications and historical analysis reports. Smart parking plays an important
role in the creation of urban environment by reducing CO2 emissions and other
pollutants. Smart Parking allows better tracking in real time and manage the
resulting free parking space significant revenue generation. Provides tools to
optimize the management of theworkforce.

9
 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY:
Smart automotive Parking Management System victimisation Iot Aniket Gupta*,
Sujata Kulkarni* , Vaibhavi Jathar, Ved Sharma, Naman Jain
Proliferation within the range of vehicles is resulting in issues of vehicles
parking at associate degree applicable place particularly the automotive parking.
This indirectly ends up in tie up. this can be due to the actual fact that current
transportation infrastructure and area unita|lot} facility are unable to address the
arrival of huge range of vehicles on the road. To alleviate the same drawback,
authors planned a sensible Parking Management System that helps users to
mechanically realize a free parking lot with a smaller quantity. sensible Parking
involves use of unhearable detector, Arduino Uno, ESP8266-01 Wi-Fi Module,
Cloud server. IOT based mostly new parking platform alter to attach, analyze
and alter information gathered from devices and execute sensible parking
potential. sensible parking would alter vehicle occupancy, observance and
managing of accessible parking lot in time period that reducing the
environmental pollution. planned system provides optimize usage of parking lot
and acquire extended revenue generation.
Smart automotive Parking System supported Iot idea Vrushali D. Ichake.1, 2, 3,
Priya D. Shitole. 1, 2, three and Mohsina Momin.1, 2, three Kanchan S. Thakare,
professor two, 3
A major drawback in day to day life is parking of vehicles particularly the
automotive parking at associate degree applicable place. And this issue
indirectly ends up in tie up. This paper presents the fundamental idea of
victimisation server or cloud based mostly sensible parking services in sensible
cities as a vital application of the web of Things (Iot) paradigm. this method are
going to be accessible through a mobile app or through the webpage provided

10
and might be accustomed monitor or realize the empty slots in this space.
Survey paper on sensible Parking System supported net of Things Vishwanath
Y1 , Aishwarya D Kuchalli2 , Debarupa Rakshit3
This paper proposes a sensible Parking system that provides associate degree
optimum answer for parking drawback in metropolitan cities. thanks to fast
increase in vehicle density particularly throughout the height hours of the day,
it's a troublesome task for the drivers to seek out a parking lot to park their
vehicles. The aim of the paper is to resolve the on top of mentioned issue that
provides the sensible Parking system. this method uses cloud computing and net
of Things (IOT) technology.
A suitable shortest path algorithmic program is employed to seek out the
minimum distance between the user and every parking area within the system.
Thus, the waiting time of the user is reduced .The paper conjointly introduces
the usage of golem application victimisation sensible phone for the interaction
between the sensible Parking system and therefore the user. RFID technology is
employed during this system to avoid the human intervention that minimizes the
value

2.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

1. No have to be compelled to waste time on searching for parking.
2. Reduction in time and fuel spent by road user checking out parking.
3. Less queues as motorists are going to be guided to parking areas.
4. correct choice of auto in step with the provision of parking lot.
5. on-line parking ends up in higher revenues and profit for parking facilities.

11
 CHAPTER – 3
EXISTING SYSTEM AND PROPOSED SYSTEM
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEM
This document provides a singular algorithmic program that will increase the
capability of the present cloud intelligent parking system and is additionally
developing a spec supported the web of Things technology. this method helps
users realize a free parking lot with new minimum prices automatic performance
mensuration. This metric calculates user areas in every parking lot. to boost
parking management, a sensible parking system has been developed to cut back
purpose of hiring individuals to keep up the parking system. during this article,
we have a tendency to propose a cloud-based Internet-based intelligent parking
system. Things. information as well as the GPS position of the vehicle and
therefore the distance between the automotive parks and therefore the range free
parking within the automotive parks are going to be sent to the information
center. Here the info} center is given as cloud server that calculates the prices of
a user parking request and this information is regular updated and created out
there to vehicles on the network at any time. during this planned system, every
{parking lot|parking zone|automobile parking lot|car parking zone} is associate
degree IOT network and operates severally as a traditional parking space.

DRAWBACKS:
The vehicles could thieving by others
Man power is required.
It is not appropriate for big no {of vehicle|of auto|of automotive} car parking
Maintenance price is high
Not machine-controlled

12
3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM:
The planned system encompass the automotive parking system and street light-
weight management victimisation the Raspberry pi.
The automotive parking system having the IR detector to observe the vehicles
count and send it to the mail within the entrance of the automotive parking zone.
Whenever the vehicle is detected, the empty house are going to be displayed
within the mail and therefore the automotive parking availableness are going to
be shown victimisation LED’s intimation.
When the vehicle is moving, we are {able to} able to turn on the sunshine
mechanically then once deed the vehicle we will switch of the vehicle.
At the day time, LDR detector observe mechanically, it'll switch of the sunshine,
then at the evening time, we are {able to} able to turn on the sunshine.
When light-weight area unit having any hassle, we are {able to} sent the
message to the management of the several places and conjointly we will able to
monitor the gap between backside of the vehicle and parking place.

ADVANTAGES:
NO man power
Automated
More security than existing system
Less maintenance
More comfy.

13
3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

3.4 REQUIREMENTS:
3.4.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
Nodemcu
IR sensor
Camera
LDR
Dc motor

3.4.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

Embedded C
Arduino ide

14
 CHAPTER-4
IOT:INTERNET OF THINGS
4.1 Background
The Future net goal is to produce AN infrastructure to possess an on the spot
access to info regarding the physical world and its objects. Physical objects are
often applicable to totally different application domains, like e-health,
warehouse management, etc. every application domain might have differing
types of physical devices. every physical device will have its own specifications,
that is needed to use so as to act with it. to attain the longer term net goal, a
stratified vision is needed which will facilitate information access. net of Things
(IoT) could be a vision that aims to integrate the virtual world of data to the
important world of devices through a stratified design.
The term „Internet of Things‟ consists of 2 words, specifically net and Things.
net refers to the world network infrastructure with scalable , configurable
capabilities supported practical and commonplace communication protocols.
Things ar physical objects or procedures, or virtual objects, devices or info, that
have identities, physical qualities and virtual characters, and use intelligent
interfaces [1]. for example, a virtual object will represent AN abstract unit of
device nodes that contains data to spot and find out its corresponding device
nodes. Therefore, IoT refers to the items which will give info from the physical
atmosphere through the net.

Middleware is as AN interface between the hardware layer and also the

application layer, that is answerable for interacting with devices and knowledge
management [2]. The role of a middleware is to gift a unified programming
model to act with devices. A middleware is to blame of masking the

15
nonuniformity and distribution issues that we have a tendency to face once
interacting with devices [3].
4.2 Motivation
IoT-based system is to blame of providing information from AN atmosphere to
AN non-expert user. IoT-based system are often utilized in totally different
environments, thus it has to be ready to address several heterogeneous devices.
Thus, a serious concern among developing AN IoT-based system is the way to
handle the interaction with the heterogeneous devices for non-expert users. This
concern are often addressed by a middleware layer between devices and non-
expert users. This layer is accountable to cover the range of devices from the
user perspective, and provides access transparency to the devices for the tip
users.
The idea of making abstractions of devices been addressed within the literature.
The middleware we have a tendency to found within the literature will give
satisfaction by facilitating the interaction with devices, however they are doing
not support low-level device configuration [4].

4.3. IoT definition

In this section, we have a tendency to make a case for a number of the IoT
definitions. Also, we have a tendency to make a case for the stratified design for
IoT.

Internet of Things (IoT) has progressively gained attention in trade to act with
differing types of devices. IoT will have influence on trade and society by
integration physical devices into info networks [8]. IoT impacts are often on
totally different views, specifically for personal and business users. From the
angle of a personal user, IoT has impact on each operating and private fields,

16
like sensible homes and offices, e-health and aided living. From the side of a
business user the impacts would be in fields like automation and industrial
producing, logistics, business method management, intelligent transportation of
individuals and product [9]
IoT integrates physical things into info networks. IoT covers the general
infrastructure, together with software package, hardware and services, that is
employed to support these info networks. The integrated physical things will
exchange information regarding the physical properties and knowledge that they
sense in their atmosphere. to spot devices, we are able to use identification
technologies like as an example RFID, which permit every device be
unambiguously known [10].
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)1 defines IoT as “A world
infrastructure for the data Society, sanctioning advanced services by
interconnecting (physical and virtual) things supported, existing and evolving,
practical info and communication technologies”[11]
Internet of Things-Architecture two (IoT-A) defines it as “The plan of a globally
interconnected time of devices, objects and things generally emerged with the
RFID technology, and this idea has significantly been extended to this vision
that envisages a embarrassment of heterogeneous objects interacting with the
physical atmosphere.”[12]
IoT encompasses a stratified design designed to answer the stress of assorted
industries, enterprises and society. Fig. 2.1 shows a generic stratified design for
IoT that carries with it 5 layers, that ar mentioned, within the following:[13]
Edge Technology layer

This is a hardware layer that consists of embedded systems, RFID tags, device
networks and every one of the opposite sensors in numerous forms. This

17
hardware layer will perform many functions, like collection info from a system
or AN atmosphere, process info and supporting communication.
Access entree layer
This layer worries with information handling, and is answerable for business
enterprise and subscribing the services that ar provided by the items, message
routing, and hovelling the communication between platforms.
Middleware layer
This layer has some essential functionalities, like combining and filtering the
gathered information from the hardware devices, playacting info discovery and
providing access management to the devices for applications.

Application layer
This layer is answerable for delivering numerous application services. These
services ar provided through the middleware layer to totally different
applications and users in IoT-based systems. the appliance services are often
utilized in totally different industries like, logistics, retail, healthcare, etc.
4.4 Challenges
IoT-based systems are often used for various functions and areas, so that, we've
to face totally different challenges. during this section, we have a tendency to
make a case for a number of the challenges that require to be thought of in
analysis activities [10]:

At the hardware level, additional analysis efforts ar needed to develop the

technology of embedded devices, sensors, actuators and (passive and active)
identification, since AN IoT-based system should be ready to gather enough info
regarding the important world by using an outsized type of devices and

18
environments. Thus, there additional work continues to be needed to attach
heterogeneous devices and deploy them in IoT applications, and to produce
support for brand spanking new devices.
Networking technologies
In IoT, things area unit connected through completely different sorts of
networks, i.e. mobile, wired and wireless network. These networks support bi-
directional communication at completely different levels among the $64000
world objects, applications and services that area unit utilized by the IoT
applications. This extremely distributed structure ought to offer interconnection
with low energy consumption, whereas distributed knowledge will cause privacy
problems.

Middleware system
In IoT, we've heterogeneous devices and networks. Their heterogeneousness will
doubtless increase with new technologies. To facilitate the utilization of those
devices by IoT applications, we should always defend their heterogeneousness.
Therefore, we want to develop a secure, scalable and semantically enriched
service-oriented middleware to address the heterogeneousness of devices.

Platform services

They support a superior management of all concerned devices in associate

degree integrated means, guaranteeing quantifiability, high convenience, and
therefore the safe and secure execution of the requested practicality from
devices.
In continue, we have a tendency to specialise in the middleware challenges, as a
result of we have a tendency to area unit searching for the functionalities that a

19
middleware will offer for the appliance layer within the IoT-based systems.
4.5 IoT_based Middlewar
Bandyopadhyay, S. et. al. have studied the middleware systems that are applied
in IoT-based systems [1]. They classify the specified practicality of middleware
to manage interaction with a spread of devices in four purposeful elements,
particularly (1) interface protocols, (2) device abstraction, (3) central
management, context detection & management, and (4) application abstraction
(shown in Fig. 2.2). within the following, we have a tendency to make a case for
these elements in details.

4.5.1 Interface protocols

This element is answerable of providing technical ability. ability within the
context of Interface protocols means: the power of 2 systems to interoperate by
victimisation an equivalent communication protocols. in step with ETSI
(European Telecommunications Standards Institute) [14] technical ability is
outlined because the association of hardware or package elements, systems and
platforms that alter machine-to-machine communication to require place. this
type of ability is usually targeted protocols and therefore the infrastructure
mandatory for those protocols to function[14].
The Interface Protocol element defines protocols for exchanging data among
{different|totally completely different|completely different} networks which will
work supported different communication protocols, so as to permit technical
ability. This element is answerable for handling basic property within the
physical and electric circuit, network, transport, and typically the appliance layer
of the TCP/IP stack.
To address the heterogeneousness of devices, we are able to use a wrapper for
every device to translate the protocol supported by the device to a standard

20
protocol. This wrapper is placed either on the device aspect or the middleware
aspect. If we wish to own direct interaction with devices, we should always
place the wrapper within the middleware aspect. Devices sometimes have
restricted capability of machine method, therefore this may be a reason to
implement wrapper on the middleware aspect. In distinction, just in case of
indirect interaction with devices we are able to develop associate degree
negotiant wrapper between the middleware and therefore the devices. The
interface protocol element is accountable to permit the middleware to support
each direct and indirect interactions.
4.5.2 Device Abstraction (DA):
This element is answerable for providing associate degree abstract format to
facilitate the interaction of the appliance elements with devices. This abstraction
provides syntactical and linguistics ability, that area unit outlined by ETSI [14]
as follows:
Syntactic ability is related to knowledge formats. The messages
transferred by communication protocols should have a well-defined syntax and
encryption format, which might be delineate by victimisation high-level transfer
syntaxes like, HTML and XML.

Semantic ability is typically related to the which means of the content of

message that is apprehensible for human. Thus, ability on this level means
there's a standard understanding among folks on the which means of the content
(information) being changed among them. However, since district attorney
doesn't communicate directly with human, linguistics ability within the context
of district attorney is answerable of providing this common understanding for
applications.
Semantic ability depends on linguistics models that tends to be domain specific.

21
as an example, a method to supply linguistics ability in commission bound
(SOA) [15] primarily based middleware is by victimisation Devices Profile for
internet Services (DPWS) [16] . during this context, every device sort refers to a
distinguished service sort
DA element offer 2 general functionalities: (1) to raise devices to perform some
practicality and (2) to outline and tack together devices DPWS uses the XML
format that's shown in Code a pair of.1.
4.5.3 Central management, Context detection & Management (CCM)
Context characterizes matters of associate degree entity, which might be an area,
someone or associate degree object that's relevant to the user, applications and
their interactions [1]. The CCM purposeful element is accountable to support
context-aware computation that's a machine vogue that go for account the
context of the entities that move with the system. A middleware for IoT-based
systems should be context-aware to figure in sensible environments [1]. sensible
environments talk over with a physical world that's richly and invisibly
interlocking with devices, actuators, shows the machine components, embedded
seamlessly within the everyday matters of our lives, and connected through a
continual network [17]. Context-awareness includes 2 functionalities:

1) Context detection, that consists of assembling knowledge from resources,

and choosing the knowledge which will have an effect on the computation.

2) Context process, to use the gathered data to perform a task or create a

choice.

4.5.4 Application Abstraction

22
This purposeful element provides associate degree interface for each high-level
applications and end-users to move with devices. for example, this interface is a
quiet interface or is enforced with some query-based language.

4.6 Conclusion
In this chapter, we have a tendency to outlined IoT and known common IoT
layers. moreover, we have a tendency to mentioned a reference middleware
design for IoT-based systems. This design has been planned by Bandyopadhyay,
S. et. al supported a study on the present middleware frameworks for IoT-based
systems [1].

4.7 Review of IoT-based Middleware

The term net of Things (IoT) refers to a large set of applications and analysis
areas like, distributed computing and information management. abundant of the
IoT analysis we have a tendency to found within the literature is said to the
sphere of pervasive computing. World Wide internet syndicate (W3C)3 defines
pervasive computing as a vision concerning our future computing life vogue.
during this vision, pc systems are going to be seamlessly integrated into our
daily life, associateticipating our desires and providing relevant services and data
for America in an anytime-and-any-where fashion. Pervasive Computing is all
concerning creating the human's life easier by exploiting the offered computing
technologies [20]. This motivates scientists to develop new technologies for the
everyday people‟s lives.

Since the vision of IoT is sort of just like Pervasive computing, we have a

23
tendency to reviewed the literatures that address each IoT and Pervasive
systems. to pick out the middleware to debate we have a tendency to had the
subsequent approaches:

1) We checked out typical IoT middleware like ISMP [21], be after [22]
GSN [23]. we have a tendency to designated HYDRA [24] to review, as a result
of it's the foremost widespread and well-documented middleware in comparer to
the mentioned middleware. Also, supported the study of Bandyopadhyay, S. et.
al [3], those middleware doesn't support the mentioned useful parts in Chapter
three, whereas HYDRA supports them.

2) We checked out typical Pervasive system middleware like [25], [26], [27].
we have a tendency to designated the subsequent middleware to review:

• AURA [28] as a result of this middleware specialize in elaboration and

manipulation of the gathered information from devices. we have a tendency to
aim to produce simple configuration and readying for user and developer. Since
to fulfill this goal, we have a tendency to need to facilitate the gathered
information manipulation, we have a tendency to reviewed AURA that was the
sole middleware among the reviewed paper that thought of the information
manipulation.

• TinyDB [19] specialize in gathering information from devices. Since in

associate IoT-based system we'd like to collect information from surroundings
through totally different devices, we have a tendency to reviewed TinyDB that's
a well-liked middleware.

24
• WiseMID [29] is that the solely middleware among the reviewed
middleware that's specific for energy saving purpose. As saving the energy of
devices is very important issue, we have a tendency to reviewed this
middleware.
In this chapter, we have a tendency to the mentioned middleware in additional
detail. Also, we have a tendency to analyze the mentioned middleware with
regard to the useful parts
4.8 IR (Infrared) sensing element
An infrared sensing element is associate means that produces so as to sense
some features of the environment. associate IR sensing element will live the
warmth of associate object further as detects the motion. These styles of sensors
measures solely actinic ray, instead of emitting it that's known as as a passive IR
sensing element. typically within the spectrum, all the objects radiate some style
of thermal radiations. These styles of radiations ar invisible to our eyes which
will be detected by associate infrared sensing element. The electrode is just
associate IR diode (Light Emitting Diode) and also the detector is just associate
IR photodiode that is sensitive to IR lightweight of a similar wavelength as that
emitted by the IR diode. once IR lightweight falls on the photodiode, the
conflicts and these output voltages, modification in quantity to the magnitude of
the IR lightweight received.
IR sensing element Circuit Diagram and dealing Principle
An infrared sensing element circuit is one amongst the essential associated
widespread sensing element module in an device. This sensing element is
analogous to human’s visionary senses, which might be wont to observe
obstacles and it's one amongst the common applications in real time. This circuit

25
contains of the subsequent parts
LM358 IC combine of} IR transmitter and receiver pair
Resistors of the vary of weight unit ohms.
Variable resistors.
LED (Light Emitting Diode).
In this project, the transmitter section includes associate IR sensing element, that
transmits continuous IR rays to be received by associate IR receiver module.
associate IR output terminal of the receiver varies relying upon its receiving of
IR rays. Since this variation can not be analyzed intrinsically, so this output are
often fed to a comparator circuit. Here associate operational electronic
equipment (op-amp) of luminous flux unit 339 is employed as comparator
circuit. once the IR receiver doesn't receive an indication, the possible at the
inverting input goes outside that non-inverting effort of the comparator IC
(LM339). so the output of the comparator deacreases, however the diode doesn't
glow. once the IR receiver module gets signal to the possible at the inverting
input goes to the low. so the output of the comparator (LM 339) goes to the high
and also the diode jumps glowing.

26
IR Sensor circuit

Fig. IR Sensor Circuit diagram

Resistor R1 (100 ), R2 ( 10k ) and R3 (330) are used to confirm that minimum
10 mA current passes through the IR LED Devices and usual LEDs respectively.
Resistor VR2 (preset=5k) is used to regulates the output terminals. Resistor VR1
(preset= 10k) is recycled set to the understanding of the circuit Diagram.

Different Types of IR Sensors and Their Applications

IR sensors ar classified into differing types looking on the applications. The

speed detector is employed for synchronizing the speed of multiple motors. The
temperature detector is employed for industrial temperature management. PIR
detector is employed for automatic door gap system and supersonic detector ar
used for distance mensuration.

27
IR detector Applications

IR sensors ar employed in numerous detector based mostly comes and

additionally in numerous electronic devices that measures the temperature that ar
mentioned within the below.

Radiation Thermometers

IR sensors ar employed in radiation thermometers to live the temperature rely on

the temperature and therefore the material of the item and these the

Flame Monitors

These styles of devices ar used for police investigation the sunshine emitted
from the flames and to watch however the flames ar burning. the sunshine
emitted from flames extend from ultraviolet illumination to IR region varieties.
PbS, PbSe, Two-color detector, pyro electrical detector ar a number of the
unremarkably used detector employed in flame monitors.

Moisture Analyzers

Moisture analyzers use wavelengths that ar absorbed by the wet within the IR
region. Objects ar exposed with lightweight taking these wavelengths (1.1 µm,
1.4 µm, 1.9 µm, and 2.7µm) and additionally with reference wavelengths. The
Lights mirrored from the objects rely on the wet content and is detected by
instrument to live wet (ratio of mirrored lightweight at these wavelengths to the
mirrored lightweight at reference wavelength). In GaAs PIN photodiodes, Pbs
electrical conduction detectors ar used in wet instrument circuits.

IR Imaging Devices

IR image device is one among the key applications of IR waves, primarily by

28
virtue of its property that's not visible. it's used for current imagers, sight
devices, etc.

For examples Water, rocks, soil, vegetation, and animal tissue all options emit
IR radiation. The Thermal infrared detectors live these rays in IR vary and map
the spatial temperature distributions of the object on a picture. Thermal imagers
sometimes composed of a Sb (indium antimonite), and Gd Hg (mercury-doped
germanium), and the Hg Cd Te (mercury-cadmium-telluride) sensors.
An electronic detector is cooled to low temperatures victimisation liquid He or
liquid nitrogen’s. Then the Cooling the detectors ensures that the energy
(photons) recorded by the detectors comes from the parcel of land Associate in
Nursingd not from the close temperature of objects at intervals the scanner itself
an IR imaging electronic devices.
Thus, this is often all concerning IR sensing element circuit with operating and
applications. These sensing elements ar utilized in several sensor primarily based
natural philosophy comes.
4.9 LDR- light-weight DEPENDENT electrical device
What is a lightweight Dependent electrical device or a photograph Resistor?
A Light Dependent electrical device (LDR) or a photograph electrical device

29
may be a device whose impedance may be a operate of the incident radiation.
Hence, they're light-weight sensitive devices. they're conjointly referred to as as
pic conductors, pic conductive cells or just photocells. they're created from
semiconductor materials having high resistance. There ar many alternative
symbols wont to indicate a LDR, one among the foremost normally used image
is shown within the figure below. The arrow indicates light-weight falling
thereon.
Working Principle of LDR
A light dependent electrical device works on the standard of pic conduction.
pic conduction is Associate in Nursing physical phenomenon within which the
fabrics conduction (Hence resistivity) reduces once light-weight is absorbed by
the material. once light-weight falls i.e. once the photons drop on the device, the
electrons with the valence band of the semiconductor sensible ar excited to the
physical phenomenon band. These photons within the incident light-weight
ought to have energy bigger than the band gap of the semiconductor material to
form the electrons jump from the valence band to the physical phenomenon
band. thence once light-weight have the enough energy is to the incident on the
device a lot of the electrons ar excited to the physical phenomenon band which
finishes up in sizable amount of charge carriers. The results of this method is a
lot of and a lot of current starts flowing and thence it's same that the resistance of
the device has attenuate. this is often the foremost common rule of LDR

30
Diagram of LDR Sensor

Characteristics of LDR
LDR’s ar lightweight dependent devices whose resistance decreases once
lightweight falls on them and will increase within the dark. once a lightweight
dependent resistance is unbroken in dark, its resistance is extremely high. This
resistance is termed as dark resistance. It may be as high as 1012 Ω. And if the
device is allowed to soak up lightweight its resistance can decrease drastically. If
a continuing voltage is applied thereto and intensity of sunshine is accumulated
this starts increasing. Figure below shows resistance vs. illumination curve for a
specific LDR. Photocells or LDR’s ar non linear devices. There sensitivity varies
with the wavelength of sunshine incident on them. Some photocells may not in
the least response to an explicit vary of wavelengths. supported the fabric used
totally {different|completely different} cells have different spectral response

curves.

31
Circuit diagram of LDR device

When lightweight is incident on a sensing element it always takes concerning

eight to 12ms for the amendment in resistance to require place, whereas it
takes seconds for the resistance to rise back once more to its initial worth when
removal of sunshine. This development is termed as resistance recovery rate.
This property is employed in audio compressors. Also, LDR’s square measure
less sensitive than image diodes and image semiconductor. (A image diode and
a sensing element (LDR) don't seem to be a similar, a photo-diode may be a
contact semiconductor that converts lightweight to electricity, whereas a
sensing element may be a passive device, there's no contact during this nor it
“converts” lightweight to electricity).

4.9.3 sorts of lightweight Dependent Resistors:

32
Based on the materials used {they square measure|they're} classified as: i)
intrinsic image resistors (Un doped semiconductor): These are pure
semiconductor materials like element or Ge. Electrons get excited from framing
band to conductivity band once photons of enough energy falls thereon and
variety charge carriers will increase.

ii) extraneous image resistors: These square measure semiconductor materials

doped with impurities that square measure referred to as as dopants. Theses
dopants produce new energy bands higher than the valence band that square
measure full of electrons. thus this reduces the band gap and fewer energy is
needed in exciting them. extraneous image resistors square measure typically
used for long wavelengths.

Construction of a sensing element

The structure of a light-weight dependent resistance consists of a light-weight

sensitive material that is deposited on associate insulating substrate like
ceramic. the fabric is deposited in zigzag pattern so as to get the specified
resistance & power rating. This zigzag space separates the metal deposited
areas into 2 regions. Then the resistance unit contacts square measure created
on the either sides of the realm. The resistances of those contacts ought to be
as less as attainable to form certain that the resistance principally changes
because of the impact of sunshine solely. Materials usually used square
measure mineral, Cd selenide, metallic element antimonide and Cd sulphonide.
the employment of lead and Cd is avoided as they're harmful to the
surroundings.

4.9.4 Applications of LDR

33
LDR’s have low price and easy structure. they're usually used as lightweight
sensors. they're used once there's a requirement to observe absences or
presences of sunshine like during a camera exposure meter. employed in street
lamps, timepiece, stealer alarm circuits, candlepower meters, for investigating
the packages moving on a transporter, etc.

4.10 NODE MCU

NodeMCU is associate open supply IoT platform.[4][5] It includes microcode

that runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware that
is predicated on the ESP-12 module.[6][7] The term "NodeMCU" by default
refers to the microcode instead of the event kits. The microcode uses the Lua
scripting verbal. it's supported the eLua plan, and designed on the Espressif
Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It usages several open supply comes, like lua-cjson[8]
and SPIFFS

NodeMCU was created just when the ESP8266 came out. On Dec thirty, 2013,
Espressif Systems[6] started production of the ESP8266.[10] The ESP8266 may
be a Wi-Fi SoC integrated by a Tensilica Xtensa LX106 core,[citation needed]
wide employed in IoT applications (see connected projects). NodeMCU started
on thirteen October 2014, once Hong committed the primary file of nodemcu-
firmware to GitHub.[11] 2 months later, the project enlarged to incorporate
associate open-hardware platform once developer Huang R committed the
gerber file of associate ESP8266 board, named devkit v0.9.[12]Later that
month, Tuan PM ported MQTT consumer library from Contiki to the ESP8266
SoC platform,[13] and committed to NodeMCU project, then NodeMCU was
ready to support the MQTT IoT protocol, victimization Lua to access the MQTT

34
broker. Another necessary update was created on thirty Jan 2015, once
Devsaurus ported the u8glib[14] to NodeMCU project,[15] sanctioning
NodeMCU to simply drive alphanumeric display, Screen, OLED, even VGA
displays.

In summer 2015 the creators abandoned the microcode project and a bunch of
freelance contributors took over. By summer 2016 the NodeMCU enclosed over
forty totally different modules. because of resource constraints users ought to
choose the modules relevant for his or her project and build a microcode
tailored to their wants.

4.11 ESP8266 Arduino Core[edit]

As Arduino.cc began developing new MCU boards supported non-AVR

processors just like the ARM/SAM MCU and employed in the Arduino Due, they
required to switch the Arduino IDE in order that it might be comparatively
straightforward to alter the IDE to support alternate toolchains to permit
Arduino C/C++ to be gathered for those new processors. They did this with the
outline of the Board Manager and also SAM Core. A "core" is that the
assortment of software package parts needed by the Board Manager and also
the Arduino IDE to compile associate Arduino C/C++ supply file for the target
MCU's machine language. Some ESP8266 aficionados developed associate
Arduino core for the ESP8266 wireless fidelity SoC, popularly referred to as the
"ESP8266 Core for the Arduino IDE".[16] This has become a number one
software package development platform for the varied ESP8266-based modules
and development boards, together with NodeMCUs.

4.11.1 Introduction
35
NodeMCU is associate open supply LUA based mostly microcode developed for
ESP8266 wireless fidelity chip. By exploring practicality with ESP8266 chip,
NodeMCU microcode comes with ESP8266 Development board/kit i.e.
NodeMCU Development board.board/kit i.e. NodeMCU Development board.

4.11.2 NodeMCU Development Board/kit v0.9 (Version1)

Since NodeMCU is open supply platform, their hardware style is open for
edit/modify/build.

NodeMCU Dev Kit/board accommodates ESP8266 WLAN enabled chip. The

ESP8266 could be a cheap Wi-Fi chip developed by Espressif Systems with
TCP/IP protocol. For additional info regarding ESP8266, you'll be able to refer
ESP8266 WLAN Module.

36
There is Version2 (V2) out there for NodeMCU Dev Kit i.e. NodeMCU
Development Board v1.0 (Version2), that sometimes comes in black coloured

NodeMCU Development Board/kit v1.0 (Version2)

For a lot of info concerning NodeMCU Boards out there in market refer
NodeMCU Development Boards
NodeMCU Dev Kit has Arduino like Analog (i.e. A0) and Digital (D0-D8) pins
on its board.
It supports serial communication protocols i.e. UART, SPI, I2C etc.
Using such serial protocols we are able to connect it with serial devices like I2C
enabled liquid crystal {display|LCD|digital display|alphanumeric display}
display, gaussmeter HMC5883, MPU-6050 Gyro meter + measuring instrument,
RTC chips, GPS modules, bit screen displays, American state cards etc.
How to begin with NodeMCU?
NodeMCU Development board is featured with wireless fidelity capability,
analog pin, digital pins and serial communication protocols.
To get begin with victimisation NodeMCU for IoT applications initial we'd like

37
to understand concerning the way to write/download NodeMCU code in
NodeMCU Development Boards. And before that wherever this NodeMCU code
can get as per our demand.
There is on-line NodeMCU custom builds out there victimisation that we are
able to simply get our custom NodeMCU code as per our demand.
To know a lot of concerning the way to build custom NodeMCU code on-line
and transfer it refer obtaining started with NodeMCU
How to write codes for NodeMCU?
After putting in ESP8266 with Node-MCU code, let’s see the IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) needed for development of NodeMCU.
NodeMCU with ESPlorer IDE
Lua scripts square measure usually wont to code the NodeMCU. Lua is
Associate in Nursing open supply, light-weight, embeddable scripting language
designed on high of C artificial language.
For a lot of info concerning the way to write Lua script for NodeMCU refer
obtaining started with NodeMCU victimisation ESPlorerIDE
NodeMCU with Arduino IDE
Here is in a different way of developing NodeMCU with a well known IDE i.e.
Arduino IDE. we are able to conjointly develop applications on NodeMCU
victimisation Arduino development setting. This makes simple for Arduino
developers than learning new language and IDE for NodeMCU.
For a lot of info concerning the way to write Arduino sketch for NodeMCU refer
obtaining started with NodeMCU victimisation ArduinoIDE

Difference in victimisation ESPlorer and Arduino IDE

Well, there's a artificial language distinction we are able to say whereas
developing application for NodeMCU victimisation ESPlorer IDE and Arduino

38
IDE.
We need to code in C\C++ artificial language if we tend to square measure
victimisation Arduino IDE for developing NodeMCU applications and Lua
language if we tend to square measure victimisation ESPlorer IDE.
Basically, NodeMCU is Lua Interpreter, therefore it will perceive Lua script
simply. after we write Lua scripts for NodeMCU and send/upload it to
NodeMCU, then they're going to get executes consecutive. it'll not build binary
code file of code for NodeMCU to jot down. it'll send Lua script because it is to
NodeMCU to induce execute.
In Arduino IDE after we write and compile code, ESP8266 toolchain in
background creates binary code file of code we tend to wrote. And after we
transfer it to NodeMCU then it'll flash all NodeMCU code with fresh generated
binary code code. In fact, it writes the whole code.
That’s the rationale why NodeMCU not settle for additional Lua scripts/code
once it's obtaining flashed by Arduino IDE. once obtaining flashed by Arduino
sketch/code it'll be no a lot of Lua interpreter {and we tend to|and that we} got
error if we attempt to transfer Lua scripts. To once more begin with Lua script,
we'd like to flash it with NodeMCU code.
Since Arduino IDE compile and upload/writes complete code, it takes longer
than ESPlorer IDE.
4.12 DC MOTORS

A DC motor is employed to drive a mechanical

load. during this work, a severally excited DC
generator provides the load. The load on the motor
is adjusted by variable the generator field current.
By increasing the sector current of the DC

39
generator, the load on the DC motor will increase and so the coil current will
increase. In general, DC motors area unit characterised by their torque-speed
curves as shown in Figure nine.1. Since the activity instrumentality for shaft
torsion isn't offered within the work it's necessary to use different means that of
characterizing the DC motor. One different is to plot shaft speed versus coil
current since torsion is directly proportional to the coil current ( ) with a
continuing field current equipped to the motor. Shaft speed is additionally a
operate of the sector current in an exceedingly DC motor whereas maintaining a
continuing coil voltage ( ) as field current is directly proportional to the direct
axis flux made within the machine.
B. Construction

The stator of the dc motor has

poles, which are enthusiastic by dc

current to produce magnetic fields

In the neutral zone, within the middle between the poles, commutating poles
square measure placed to scale back sparking of the electrical switch. The
commutating poles square measure equipped by dc current. Compensating
windings square measure mounted on the most poles. These short-circuited
windings damp rotor oscillations. The poles square measure mounted on
associate iron core that gives a closed magnetic circuit. The motor housing

40
 supports the iron core, the brushes and therefore the bearings. The rotor
contains a circular laminated iron core with slots. Coils with many turns
square measure placed within the slots. the gap between the 2 legs of the coil
is concerning a hundred and eighty electrical degrees. The coils square
measure connected serial through the electrical switch segments. The ends of
every coil square measure connected to a electrical switch section. The
electrical switch consists of insulated copper segments mounted on associate
insulated tube. 2 brushes square measure ironed to the electrical switch to
allow current flow. The brushes square measure placed within the neutral
zone, wherever the force field is near to zero, to scale back arcing. The rotor
contains a circular laminated iron core with slots. The electrical switch
consists of insulated copper segments mounted on associate insulated tube. 2
brushes square measure ironed to the electrical switch to allow current flow.
The brushes square measure placed within the neutral zone, wherever the
force field is near to zero, to scale back arcing. The electrical switch switches
the present from one armature to the adjacent coil, the change needs the
interruption of the coil current. The unforeseen interruption of associate
inductive current generates high voltages. The high voltage produces arc and
arcing between the electrical switch section and therefore the brush.

C. DC Motor Operation
In a dc motor, the stator coil poles ar equipped by dc excitation current, that
produces a dc field of force. The rotor is equipped by dc current over the
brushes, electrical switch and coils. The interaction of the field of force and
rotor current makes a force that drives the motor. The field of force lines arrive
into the rotor from the pole (N) and exit toward the pole (S). The poles generate
a field of force that is perpendicular to the current carrying conductors. The
interaction between the world and so this produces a Hendrik Antoon physicist
force; the force is perpendicular to every the sphere of force and conductor. The
generated force turns the rotor until the coil reaches the neutral purpose between

41
the poles. At now, the sphere of Rotation
force
becomes abundant zero at the Ir_dc/2 Ir_dc Ir_dc/2 aspect of
Brush Pole
the force. However, inertia winding drives the
Shaft
motor on the so much aspect the neutral
zone where the direction of the |
1
sphere of
2
force reverses. To avoid the 8
reversal of
3
N 7
S the force
6 4
B 5 direction,
a the
Insulation Copper electrical
segment
S 30
2 N Vdc
Rotor Ir_dc
switch
v v Winding
1

b changes this v B
direction, a

Ir_dc that 1
S N Vdc
maintains 30
2
the rotation. Before reaching the neutral zone,
b
this enters in part one and exits from part a
v
combine of. Therefore, current enters the coil end Ir_dc
at slot a and exits from slot b throughout this
stage. once passing the neutral zone, this enters part a combine of and exits from
part one, this reverses this direction through the coil, once the coil passes the
neutral zone. The results of this current reversal is that the upkeep of the
rotation

D . DC MOTOR EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

The following figures show the equivalent circuit of a severally excited dc

motor. Equivalent circuit is analogous to the generator solely this directions ar
completely different. The elicited voltage and motor speed vs angular frequency
The combination of the equations ends up in The current is calculated from this
equation. The output power and force are: Generally, even the best golem
needs a motor to rotate a wheel or performs specific action. Since motors need
additional current then the microcontroller pin will generally generate, you
would like some variety of a switch (Transistors, MOSFET, Relay etc.,) which
may settle for atiny low current, amplify it and generate a bigger current, that
any drives a motor. this whole method is finished by what's referred to as
a motor driver. Motor driver is essentially a current electronic equipment that
42
takes a low-current signal from the microcontroller and offers out a
proportionately higher current signal which may management and drive a
motor. In most cases, a semiconductor unit will act as a switch and perform this
task that drives the motor during a single direction. Turning a motor ON and
OFF needs only 1 switch to regulate one motor during a single direction. What
if you wish your motor to reverse its direction? the easy answer is to reverse its
polarity. this will be achieved by mistreatment four switches that ar organized in
associate intelligent manner specified the circuit not solely drives the motor,
however additionally controls its direction. Out of the many, {one of|one
among|one during all|one amongst|one in every of} the foremost common and
clever style could be a H-bridge circuit wherever transistors ar organized in a
form that resembles land alphabet "H". As you'll see within the image, the
circuit has four switches A, B, C and D. Turning these switches ON and OFF
will drive a motor in numerous ways that.

1.Turning on Switches A and D makes the motor rotate clockwise

2.Turning on Switches B and C makes the motor replace anti-clockwise
3.Turning on Switches A and B will stop the motor (Brakes)
4.Turning off all the switches provides the motor a free wheel drive
5.Lastly turning on A & C at constant time or B & D at constant time shorts your
entire circuit. So, don't try this.
H-bridges are often engineered from scratch victimisation relays, mosfets, field
impact transistors (FET), bi-polar junction transistors (BJT), etc. however if your
current demand isn't too high and every one you wish may be a single package
that will the work of driving atiny low DC motor in 2 directions, then all you
wish may be a L293D IC. This single cheap package will interface not one,
however 2 DC motors. L293, L293B and few alternative versions conjointly will
constant job, however decide the L293D version as this one has AN integral fly
back diode that protects the driving transistors from voltage spikes that occur
once the motor coil is turned off.

43
 Vbrush Electrical
Rf Ra power in
max
DC Power
Vf If Iam Vdc
Eam supply

Mechanical
power out

Armature voltage equation

Vdc  Eam  I am Ra  Vbrush

The induced voltage and motor speed vs angular frequency

  2  nm
Eam  Km I f 

The combination of the equations

Km I f   Eam  Vdc  I am Rm results in

The current is calculated from this

Pout  Eam I am Pout
T  K m I am I f equation. The output power
and torque are: 

44
Introduction to L293D IC
L293D IC typically comes as a regular 16-pin DIP (dual-in line package). This
motor driver IC will at the same time management 2 little motors in either
direction; forward and reverse with simply four microcontroller pins (if you are
doing not use modify pins). a number of the options (and drawbacks) of this IC
are:
1.Output current capability restricted|is restricted|is proscribed} to 600mA per
channel with peak output current limited to one.2A (non-repetitive). this
suggests you can not drive larger motors with this IC. However, most little
motors utilized in hobby artificial intelligence ought to work. If you're unsure
whether or not the IC will handle a selected motor, connect the IC to its circuit
and run the motor along with your finger on the IC. If it gets very hot, then
watch out... conjointly note the words "non-repetitive"; if the present output
repeatedly reaches one.2A, it'd destroy the drive transistors.
2.Supply voltage are often as giant as thirty six Volts. this suggests you are
doing not need to worry a lot of concerning voltage regulation.
3.L293D has AN modify facility that helps you modify the IC output pins. If AN
modify pin is ready to logic high, then state of the inputs match the state of the
outputs. If you pull this low, then the outputs are going to be turned off no matter
the input states
4.The datasheet conjointly mentions AN "over temperature protection"
engineered into the IC. this suggests an inside sensing element senses its internal
temperature and stops driving the motors if the temperature crosses a group
purpose
5.Another major feature of L293D is its internal clamp diodes. This flyback
diode helps shield the driving force IC from voltage spikes that occur once the
motor coil is turned on and off (mostly once turned off)

45
6.The logical low within the IC is ready to one.5V. this suggests the pin is ready
high on condition that the voltage across the pin crosses one.5V that makes it
appropriate to be used in high frequency applications like change applications
(upto 5KHz)
7.Lastly, this microcircuit not solely drives DC motors, however may be wont to
drive relay solenoids, stepper motors etc.

L293D Connections

The circuit shown to the proper is that the most simple implementation of
L293D IC. There area unit sixteen pins protruding of
this IC and that we need to perceive the practicality
of every pin before implementing this in an
exceedingly circuit
1.Pin1 and Pin9 area unit "Enable" pins. they ought
to be connected to +5V for the drivers to perform. If
they force low (GND), then the outputs are going to
be turned off no matter the input states, stopping the
motors. If you have got 2 spare pins in your
microcontroller, connect these pins to the microcontroller, or simply connect
them to regulated positive five Volts.
2.Pin4, Pin5, Pin12 and Pin13 area unit ground pins that ought to ideally be
connected to microcontroller's ground.
3.Pin2, Pin7, Pin10 and Pin15 area unit logic input pins. These area unit
management pins that ought to be connected to microcontroller pins. Pin2 and
Pin7 management the primary motor (left); Pin10 and Pin15 management the
second motor(right).

46
4.Pin3, Pin6, Pin11, and Pin14 area unit output pins. Tie Pin3 and Pin6 to the
primary motor, Pin11 and Pin14 to second motor
5.Pin16 powers the IC and it ought to be connected to regulated +5Volts
6.Pin8 powers the 2 motors and will be connected to positive lead of a secondary
battery. As per the datasheet, offer voltage are often as high as thirty six Volts.

Truth table

I have shown you wherever to attach the motors, battery and the microcontroller.
however however will we management the direction of those motors? allow us
to take AN example:
Suppose you wish to manage the left motor that is connected to Pin3 (O1) and
Pin6 (O2). As mentioned higher than, we tend to need 3 pins to manage this
motor - Pin1 (E1), Pin2 (I1) and Pin7 (I2). Here is that the truth table
representing the practicality of this motor driver.

Pin 1 Pin 2 Pin 7 Function

High High Low Turn Anti-clockwise (Reverse)

High Low High Turn clockwise (Forward)

High High High Stop

High Low Low Stop

Low X X Stop

47
High ~+5V, Low ~0V, X=Either high or low (don't care)
In the higher than truth table you'll be able to observe that if Pin1 (E1) is low
then the motor stops, no matter the states on Pin2 and Pin7. thus it's essential to
carry E1 high for the driving force to perform, or just connect modify pins to
positive five volts.
With Pin1 high, if Pin2 is ready high and Pin7 is force low, then current flows
from Pin2 to Pin7 driving the motor in anti-clockwise direction? If the states of
Pin2 and Pin7 area unit flipped, then current flows from Pin7 to Pin2 driving the
motor in clockwise direction.
The higher than conception holds true for alternative aspect of the IC too.
Connect your motor to Pin11 and Pin14; Pin10 and Pin15 area unit input pins,
and Pin9 (E2) permits the driving force.

48
4.13 ARDUINO SOFTWARE:

1. Open Arduino IDE as shown below

Open Arduino IDE

49
2. Select the COM Port from tool Select the COM
Port

50
3. Select the required Arduino board from Tools as shown below

Select the required Arduino board

51
4. Write the sketch in Arduino IDE
Sketch in Arduino IDE

52
5. Compile and upload the Sketch to Arduino board upload the Sketch to Arduino board

53
 CHAPTER-5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The demand of sensible parking system is increasing considerably. this permits user to
involve real time access of the provision of the parking zone. the prevailing system in
today’s world doesn’t contains the facilities of parking reservation and parking slot
accessibility checker. the prevailing system was vision-based observation system [7] that
estimates the amount of the parking slots accessible within the space by reckoning the
amount of incoming and outing cars that consumes ton of your time and efforts.
consequent existing system was sensor-based system that uses inaudible sound waves for
detection the presence of vehicles and so two-tier parking came into existence that used
the thought of parking cars one on top of another. The results of the paper is to create the
lot connected with the planet yet as reduces time and might be value effective for the
user. The results of this paper is to cut back automotive thieving. This paper reduces
overall fuel energy of the vehicle that is consumed within the search of the automotive.

54
CONCLUSION:
This designed automatic sensible parking system that is straightforward, economic and
provides effective answer to cut back carbon footprints within the atmosphere. it's well
managed to access and map the standing of parking slots from any remote location
through application. so it reduces the chance of finding the parking slots in an
exceedinglyny lot and additionally it eliminates needless traveling of vehicles across the
stuffed parking slots in a town. thus it reduces time and it's value effective additionally.

References:
[1] http://www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors Sensors 2014, 14, 22372-22393;
doi:10.3390/s141222372
[2] Bilodeau, V.P. Intelligent Parking Technology Adoption. Ph.D. Thesis, University of
Southern Queensland: Queensland, Australia, 2010.
[3] Li, T.S.; Ying- Chieh, Y.; Jyun-Da, W.; Ming-Ying, H.; Chih-Yang, C.
Multifunctional intelligent autonomous parking controllers for carlike mobile robots.
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2010, 57, 1687–1700.
[4] Faheem1, S.A. Mahmud, G.M. Khan, M. Rahman and H. Zafar,‖A Survey of
Intelligent automotive Parking System‖, Oct 2013
[5] S. Alam, M. M. R. Chowdhury, and J. Noll, “Senaas: AN event-driven device
virtualization approach for web of things cloud,” in Networked Embedded Systems for
Enterprise Applications (NESEA), 2010 IEEE International

55