Q1: Create EMP Table and Queries

Create Table and Insert Data

CREATE TABLE EMP (
empno INT PRIMARY KEY,
ename VARCHAR(50),
job VARCHAR(50),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
joiningdate DATE,
DOB DATE,
deptno INT
);

-- Insert suitable data

INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (1, 'John', 'Manager', 50000, '2018-01-15', '1985-03-25', 1001);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (2, 'Sarah', 'Developer', 40000, '2020-06-10', '1990-07-19', 1002);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (3, 'Sam', 'Salesman', 35000, '2019-05-20', '1988-04-10', 1003);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (4, 'Sophia', 'Analyst', 45000, '2017-03-05', '1992-01-15', 1002);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (5, 'Steve', 'Developer', 42000, '2015-11-25', '1987-08-20', 1002);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (6, 'Sandra', 'Developer', 48000, '2019-12-01', '1989-11-30', 1002);

i) Display employees name and number in an increasing order of salary

SELECT ename, empno
FROM EMP
ORDER BY salary ASC;

ii) Display the list of employees excluding job title as ‘Salesman’

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE job <> 'Salesman';
iii) Display total salary of all employees
SELECT SUM(salary) AS Total_Salary
FROM EMP;

iv) Display number of employees department-wise

SELECT deptno, COUNT(*) AS Employee_Count
FROM EMP
GROUP BY deptno;

v) Display employee name having experience more than 3 years

SELECT ename
FROM EMP
WHERE (SYSDATE - joiningdate) / 365 > 3;

vi) Display employee name starting with “S” and working in deptno 1002
SELECT ename
FROM EMP
WHERE ename LIKE 'S%' AND deptno = 1002;

Q2: SQL Commands for Sequence Operations

i) Create Sequence Seq_1
CREATE SEQUENCE Seq_1
START WITH 1
INCREMENT BY 1
MINVALUE 1
MAXVALUE 20;

ii) Insert record into EMP table using Seq_1

INSERT INTO EMP (empno, ename, job, salary, joiningdate, DOB, deptno)
VALUES (Seq_1.NEXTVAL, 'Emma', 'Tester', 38000, '2023-02-14', '1995-12-05', 1003);

iii) Change the Seq_1 max value from 20 to 50

ALTER SEQUENCE Seq_1
MAXVALUE 50;

iv) Drop sequence Seq_1 from the database

DROP SEQUENCE Seq_1;

Q3: PL/SQL Program to Print n Even Numbers Using For Loop

DECLARE
n NUMBER := 10; -- Specify the number of even numbers to print
BEGIN
FOR i IN 1..n LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(i * 2); -- Prints even numbers
END LOOP;
END;
/

Q1: EMP Table with Integrity Constraints and Queries

Create Table and Insert Data
CREATE TABLE EMP (
empno INT PRIMARY KEY,
ename VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
job VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
salary DECIMAL(10, 2) CHECK (salary > 0),
joiningdate DATE NOT NULL,
DOB DATE CHECK (DOB < SYSDATE),
deptno INT NOT NULL
);

-- Insert suitable data

INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (1, 'John', 'Manager', 60000, '2010-05-10', '1985-03-25', 10);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (2, 'Alice', 'Developer', 45000, '2008-03-12', '1990-07-15', 30);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (3, 'Raj', 'Analyst', 40000, '2012-11-25', '1987-01-20', 20);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (4, 'Sophia', 'Manager', 70000, '2004-07-19', '1984-05-12', 10);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (5, 'Sam', 'Clerk', 30000, '2015-01-10', '1992-06-14', 30);

i) Find the employees who belong to deptno 10 or 30

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE deptno IN (10, 30);

ii) Find out the number of employees who work as a manager

SELECT COUNT(*) AS Manager_Count
FROM EMP
WHERE job = 'Manager';

iii) Display names of employees whose name starts with the alphabet ‘A’
SELECT ename
FROM EMP
WHERE ename LIKE 'A%';

iv) Increase the salary of employees by 20% who joined after ‘1/1/2005’
UPDATE EMP
SET salary = salary * 1.2
WHERE joiningdate > TO_DATE('01-JAN-2005', 'DD-MON-YYYY');

-- Check updated salaries

SELECT * FROM EMP;

v) Display details of employees whose job is the same as the job of ‘Raj’
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE job = (SELECT job FROM EMP WHERE ename = 'Raj');

Q2: EMP and Dept Tables with Integrity Constraints

Create Tables and Insert Data
CREATE TABLE Dept (
deptno INT PRIMARY KEY,
dname VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
location VARCHAR(50)
);

CREATE TABLE EMP (

empno INT PRIMARY KEY,
ename VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
job VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
 salary DECIMAL(10, 2) CHECK (salary > 0),
joiningdate DATE NOT NULL,
DOB DATE CHECK (DOB < SYSDATE),
deptno INT NOT NULL,
FOREIGN KEY (deptno) REFERENCES Dept(deptno)
);

-- Insert suitable data into Dept

INSERT INTO Dept VALUES (10, 'Sales', 'Mumbai');
INSERT INTO Dept VALUES (20, 'HR', 'Pune');
INSERT INTO Dept VALUES (30, 'IT', 'Bangalore');

-- Insert suitable data into EMP

INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (1, 'John', 'Manager', 60000, '2010-05-10', '1985-03-25', 10);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (2, 'Alice', 'Developer', 45000, '2008-03-12', '1990-07-15', 30);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (3, 'Raj', 'Analyst', 40000, '2012-11-25', '1987-01-20', 20);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (4, 'Sophia', 'Manager', 70000, '2004-07-19', '1984-05-12', 10);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (5, 'Sam', 'Clerk', 30000, '2015-01-10', '1992-06-14', 30);

i) Create view emp_vu20 that contains details of employees in deptno 20

CREATE VIEW emp_vu20 AS
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE deptno = 20;

ii) Display employee details from view emp_vu20 whose salary is greater than 50,000
SELECT *
FROM emp_vu20
WHERE salary > 50000;
iii) Delete view named as emp_vu20
DROP VIEW emp_vu20;

iv) Create view emp_dept that contains employee name, job, salary, and their department
name for employees whose job is Manager
CREATE VIEW emp_dept AS
SELECT e.ename, e.job, e.salary, d.dname
FROM EMP e
JOIN Dept d ON e.deptno = d.deptno
WHERE e.job = 'Manager';

Q3: PL/SQL Procedure to Find the Largest Number Among Three

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE find_largest (a IN NUMBER, b IN NUMBER, c IN NUMBER)
IS
largest NUMBER;
BEGIN
IF a > b AND a > c THEN
largest := a;
ELSIF b > c THEN
largest := b;
ELSE
largest := c;
END IF;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The largest number is: ' || largest);

END;
/
Execute the procedure:
BEGIN
 find_largest(25, 40, 15);
END;
/

Q1: Book_Master Table and Queries

Create Table and Insert Data
CREATE TABLE Book_Master (
book_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
book_name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
author VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
no_of_copies INT CHECK (no_of_copies >= 0),
price DECIMAL(10, 2) CHECK (price > 0)
);

-- Insert 5 rows into Book_Master

INSERT INTO Book_Master VALUES (1, 'Data Structures', 'Mark Allen', 15, 600);
INSERT INTO Book_Master VALUES (2, 'Digital Logic', 'Peter Brown', 8, 750);
INSERT INTO Book_Master VALUES (3, 'Database Systems', 'John Davis', 5, 820);
INSERT INTO Book_Master VALUES (4, 'Design Patterns', 'Gamma et al.', 12, 650);
INSERT INTO Book_Master VALUES (5, 'Deep Learning', 'Ian Goodfellow', 3, 1200);

i) Get author-wise list of all books

SELECT author, book_name
FROM Book_Master
ORDER BY author;

ii) Display all books whose price is between 500 & 800
SELECT *
FROM Book_Master
WHERE price BETWEEN 500 AND 800;

iii) Display all books with details whose name starts with ‘D’
SELECT *
FROM Book_Master
WHERE book_name LIKE 'D%';

iv) Display all books whose price is above 700

SELECT *
FROM Book_Master
WHERE price > 700;

v) Display all books whose number of copies is less than 10

SELECT *
FROM Book_Master
WHERE no_of_copies < 10;

Q2: View Operations on Book_Master

i) Create a view v1 to fetch book_id, book_name, and price of the book
CREATE VIEW v1 AS
SELECT book_id, book_name, price
FROM Book_Master;

ii) Display book names from v1 having price greater than 200
SELECT book_name
FROM v1
WHERE price > 200;

iii) Delete view named as v1

DROP VIEW v1;

Q3: PL/SQL Program to Handle Divide by Zero Exception

DECLARE
num1 NUMBER := 10;
num2 NUMBER := 0;
 result NUMBER;
BEGIN
-- Attempting division
BEGIN
result := num1 / num2;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Result: ' || result);
EXCEPTION
WHEN ZERO_DIVIDE THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error: Division by zero is not allowed.');
END;
END;
/

Q1: EMP Table and Queries

Create Table and Insert Data
CREATE TABLE EMP (
empno INT PRIMARY KEY,
ename VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
job VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
salary DECIMAL(10, 2) CHECK (salary > 0),
joiningdate DATE NOT NULL,
DOB DATE CHECK (DOB < SYSDATE),
deptno INT NOT NULL
);

-- Insert suitable data

INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (1, 'John', 'Manager', 6000, '2010-05-10', '1985-03-25', 10);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (2, 'Ash', 'Developer', 8000, '2015-07-20', '1992-06-15', 20);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (3, 'Rajesh', 'Clerk', 3000, '2020-01-15', '1995-12-10', 10);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (4, 'Anush', 'Manager', 12000, '2012-03-12', '1988-02-25', 10);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (5, 'Ramesh', 'Analyst', 10000, '2018-11-05', '1990-10-22', 20);

i) To display the annual salary of all employees

SELECT ename, salary * 12 AS Annual_Salary
FROM EMP;

ii) To display details for all employees whose salary is not in the range of Rs. 5000 and Rs.
10000
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 5000 AND 10000;

iii) Change salary to 50000 for employees whose job is 'Manager' and dept_no is 10
UPDATE EMP
SET salary = 50000
WHERE job = 'Manager' AND deptno = 10;

-- Check updated salaries

SELECT * FROM EMP;

iv) Display employee details whose name ends with ‘sh’ and name contains a maximum of
6 characters
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE ename LIKE '%sh' AND LENGTH(ename) <= 6;

v) Display details of employees whose salary is greater than the minimum salary of each
department
SELECT *
FROM EMP e
WHERE salary > (SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM EMP
WHERE deptno = e.deptno);

Q2: SQL Commands

i) Create user ‘Jack’ having password as ‘Jack123’
CREATE USER Jack IDENTIFIED BY Jack123;

ii) Assign CREATE, SELECT, and UPDATE privileges to user ‘Jack’ on the EMP table
GRANT CREATE, SELECT, UPDATE ON EMP TO Jack;

iii) Remove UPDATE privileges from ‘Jack’

REVOKE UPDATE ON EMP FROM Jack;

Q3: PL/SQL Program to Handle Odd Number Exception

DECLARE
num NUMBER;
invalid_number EXCEPTION;
BEGIN
-- Accept number from user
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Enter a number:');
num := &num;

-- Check if the number is odd

IF MOD(num, 2) = 1 THEN
RAISE invalid_number;
ELSE
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('You entered an even number: ' || num);
END IF;

EXCEPTION
WHEN invalid_number THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Error: Invalid number, you entered an odd number.');
END;
/

Q1: EMP Table and Queries

Create Table and Insert Data
CREATE TABLE EMP (
empno INT PRIMARY KEY,
ename VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
job VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
salary DECIMAL(10, 2) CHECK (salary > 0),
joiningdate DATE NOT NULL,
DOB DATE CHECK (DOB < SYSDATE),
deptno INT NOT NULL,
city VARCHAR(50)
);

-- Insert suitable data

INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (1, 'John', 'Manager', 60000, '2010-05-10', '1985-03-25', 10,
'Mumbai');
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (2, 'Alice', 'Developer', 45000, '2019-03-15', '1990-07-10', 20,
'Pune');
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (3, 'Rajesh', 'Analyst', 32000, '2018-11-20', '1988-12-15', 20,
'Mumbai');
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (4, 'Sophia', 'Clerk', 30000, '2021-06-10', '1995-05-25', 30, 'Delhi');
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (5, 'Ramesh', 'Manager', 50000, '2017-05-12', '1984-09-19', 20,
'Pune');

i) Display the names of employees in capital letters

SELECT UPPER(ename) AS Employee_Name
FROM EMP;

ii) Display the details of employees who live in the cities Pune and Mumbai
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE city IN ('Pune', 'Mumbai');
iii) Display the details of employees whose joining date is after ’01-Apr-2017’
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE joiningdate > TO_DATE('01-APR-2017', 'DD-MON-YYYY');

iv) Display the total number of employees whose deptno is ‘20’

SELECT COUNT(*) AS Total_Employees
FROM EMP
WHERE deptno = 20;

v) Display department numbers having maximum salary greater than 30,000

SELECT deptno
FROM EMP
GROUP BY deptno
HAVING MAX(salary) > 30000;

Q2: EMP and Department Tables with Queries

Create Tables
CREATE TABLE Department (
deptno INT PRIMARY KEY,
dname VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
location VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL
);

CREATE TABLE EMP (

empno INT PRIMARY KEY,
ename VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
job VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
salary DECIMAL(10, 2) CHECK (salary > 0),
 joiningdate DATE NOT NULL,
DOB DATE CHECK (DOB < SYSDATE),
deptno INT NOT NULL,
FOREIGN KEY (deptno) REFERENCES Department(deptno)
);

-- Insert data into Department

INSERT INTO Department VALUES (10, 'HR', 'Mumbai');
INSERT INTO Department VALUES (20, 'IT', 'Pune');
INSERT INTO Department VALUES (30, 'Sales', 'Delhi');

-- Insert data into EMP

INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (1, 'John', 'Manager', 60000, '2010-05-10', '1985-03-25', 10);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (2, 'Alice', 'Developer', 45000, '2019-03-15', '1990-07-10', 20);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (3, 'Rajesh', 'Analyst', 32000, '2018-11-20', '1988-12-15', 20);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (4, 'Sophia', 'Clerk', 30000, '2021-06-10', '1995-05-25', 30);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (5, 'Ramesh', 'Manager', 50000, '2017-05-12', '1984-09-19', 20);

i) Create view emp_vu20 that contains details of employees in deptno 20

CREATE VIEW emp_vu20 AS
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE deptno = 20;

ii) Display employee details from emp_vu20 whose salary is greater than 50,000
SELECT *
FROM emp_vu20
WHERE salary > 50000;
iii) Delete view named as emp_vu20
DROP VIEW emp_vu20;

iv) Create view emp_dept containing employee name, job, salary, and department name
for employees whose job is 'Manager'
CREATE VIEW emp_dept AS
SELECT e.ename, e.job, e.salary, d.dname
FROM EMP e
JOIN Department d ON e.deptno = d.deptno
WHERE e.job = 'Manager';

Q3: PL/SQL Function to Calculate Factorial

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION calculate_factorial(num IN NUMBER) RETURN NUMBER IS
fact NUMBER := 1;
BEGIN
IF num < 0 THEN
RETURN NULL; -- Factorial not defined for negative numbers
END IF;

FOR i IN 1..num LOOP

fact := fact * i;
END LOOP;

RETURN fact;
END;
/

-- Execute Function
DECLARE
input_num NUMBER := 5; -- Replace with desired input
 result NUMBER;
BEGIN
result := calculate_factorial(input_num);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The factorial of ' || input_num || ' is: ' || result);
END;
/

Q1: EMP Table with Savepoints

Create Table and Insert Data
CREATE TABLE EMP (
empno INT PRIMARY KEY,
ename VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
job VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
salary DECIMAL(10, 2) CHECK (salary > 0),
joiningdate DATE NOT NULL,
DOB DATE CHECK (DOB < SYSDATE),
deptno INT NOT NULL
);

-- Initial Insert
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (1, 'John', 'Manager', 60000, '2010-05-10', '1985-03-25', 10);
COMMIT; -- Save the data

i) Insert one row into the table

INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (2, 'Alice', 'Developer', 45000, '2019-03-15', '1990-07-10', 20);

ii) Save the data

COMMIT;

iii) Insert second row into the table

INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (3, 'Rajesh', 'Analyst', 32000, '2018-11-20', '1988-12-15', 20);

iv) Undo the insertion of the second row

ROLLBACK;

v) Insert two rows into the table

INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (4, 'Sophia', 'Clerk', 30000, '2021-06-10', '1995-05-25', 30);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (5, 'Ramesh', 'Manager', 50000, '2017-05-12', '1984-09-19', 20);
vi) Create Savepoint s1
SAVEPOINT s1;

vii) Insert one row into the table

INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (6, 'Nina', 'Tester', 40000, '2023-01-15', '1997-08-10', 30);

viii) Undo up to savepoint s1

ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT s1;

Q2: Sequence Operations

i) Create a sequence DB_SEQ
CREATE SEQUENCE DB_SEQ
START WITH 1
MAXVALUE 10
INCREMENT BY 2;

ii) Insert records into EMP table using sequence DB_SEQ

INSERT INTO EMP (empno, ename, job, salary, joiningdate, DOB, deptno)
VALUES (DB_SEQ.NEXTVAL, 'Mark', 'Designer', 35000, '2020-04-05', '1992-11-22', 10);

INSERT INTO EMP (empno, ename, job, salary, joiningdate, DOB, deptno)
VALUES (DB_SEQ.NEXTVAL, 'Leo', 'Developer', 48000, '2019-02-12', '1990-06-15', 20);

iii) Modify the sequence DB_SEQ

ALTER SEQUENCE DB_SEQ
INCREMENT BY 3
MAXVALUE 20;

iv) Remove the sequence DB_SEQ

DROP SEQUENCE DB_SEQ;
Q3: Trigger to Display Salary Difference
Create Trigger trg1
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trg1
AFTER UPDATE OF salary ON EMP
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
salary_difference NUMBER;
BEGIN
salary_difference := :NEW.salary - :OLD.salary;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary Difference: ' || salary_difference);
END;
/

Testing the Trigger

UPDATE EMP
SET salary = 70000
WHERE empno = 1;
 When the above query is executed, the trigger will print the salary difference.

Q1: Student Table and Queries

Create Table and Insert Data
CREATE TABLE Student (
Roll_no INT PRIMARY KEY,
 name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
marks INT CHECK (marks >= 0 AND marks <= 100),
dept VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
age INT CHECK (age > 0),
place VARCHAR(50),
phone VARCHAR(15),
birthdate DATE
);

-- Insert suitable data

INSERT INTO Student VALUES (1, 'Rachana', 85, 'Computer', 20, 'Pune', '9876543210', '2003-
05-14');
INSERT INTO Student VALUES (2, 'Rahul', 81, 'IT', 21, 'Jalgaon', '9876543211', '2002-08-23');
INSERT INTO Student VALUES (3, 'Sneha', 72, 'Computer', 19, 'Mumbai', '9876543212', '2004-
12-10');
INSERT INTO Student VALUES (4, 'Amit', 35, 'Mechanical', 22, 'Nashik', '9876543213', '2001-
03-18');
INSERT INTO Student VALUES (5, 'Kiran', 90, 'Computer', 20, 'Pune', '9876543214', '2003-09-
25');

i) List students having place as ‘Pune’ or ‘Jalgaon’

SELECT *
FROM Student
WHERE place IN ('Pune', 'Jalgaon');

ii) List students having the same department as that of ‘Rachana’

SELECT *
FROM Student
WHERE dept = (SELECT dept FROM Student WHERE name = 'Rachana');

iii) Change marks of ‘Rahul’ from 81 to 96

UPDATE Student
SET marks = 96
WHERE name = 'Rahul';

iv) List student names and marks from the ‘Computer’ department
SELECT name, marks
FROM Student
WHERE dept = 'Computer';

v) List student names who have marks less than 40

SELECT name
FROM Student
WHERE marks < 40;

vi) List students who are not from ‘Mumbai’

SELECT *
FROM Student
WHERE place <> 'Mumbai';

Q2: View Operations

i) Create a view to fetch Roll_no, name, and marks, and name it as S_View
CREATE VIEW S_View AS
SELECT Roll_no, name, marks
FROM Student;

ii) Display records from S_View where marks are greater than 60
SELECT *
FROM S_View
WHERE marks > 60;
iii) Delete view named as S_View
DROP VIEW S_View;

Q3: Procedure to Update Salary of Employees by 25%

Procedure Definition
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE update_salary AS
BEGIN
UPDATE EMP
SET salary = salary * 1.25;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salaries updated by 25% for all employees.');

END;
/

Executing the Procedure

EXEC update_salary;

Q1: EMP Table and Queries

Create Table and Insert Data
CREATE TABLE EMP (
empno INT PRIMARY KEY,
ename VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
 job VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
salary DECIMAL(10, 2) CHECK (salary > 0),
joiningdate DATE NOT NULL,
DOB DATE CHECK (DOB < SYSDATE),
deptno INT NOT NULL
);

-- Insert suitable data

INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (1, 'John', 'Manager', 75000, '2010-05-10', '1985-03-25', 10);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (2, 'Alice', 'Developer', 60000, '2013-07-15', '1990-08-05', 20);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (3, 'Rahul', 'Analyst', 55000, '2018-11-20', '1992-12-10', 30);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (4, 'Sophia', 'Clerk', 40000, '2021-06-10', '1997-05-25', 10);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (5, 'Ramesh', 'Manager', 90000, '2008-04-12', '1980-09-19', 20);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (6, 'Nina', 'Tester', 45000, '2019-03-15', '1995-08-10', 30);

i) Display names of employees whose experience is more than 10 years

SELECT ename
FROM EMP
WHERE SYSDATE - joiningdate > 3650;

ii) Display age of employees

SELECT ename, FLOOR(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE, DOB) / 12) AS age
FROM EMP;

iii) Display average salary of all employees

SELECT AVG(salary) AS avg_salary
FROM EMP;

iv) Display name of the employee who earned the highest salary
SELECT ename
FROM EMP
WHERE salary = (SELECT MAX(salary) FROM EMP);

v) Display details of those employees who work in Mumbai or Chennai

Assume there is a location column in the EMP table.
ALTER TABLE EMP ADD location VARCHAR(50);

UPDATE EMP
SET location = CASE
WHEN empno IN (1, 4) THEN 'Mumbai'
WHEN empno IN (2, 5) THEN 'Chennai'
ELSE 'Pune'
END;

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE location IN ('Mumbai', 'Chennai');

Q2: SQL Statements for Synonym and Index

i) Create a synonym for the EMP table
CREATE SYNONYM Emp FOR EMP;

ii) Create an index on the EMP table using empno

CREATE INDEX empno_idx ON EMP (empno);

Q3: PL/SQL Program Using Cursor

Cursor to Display Details of Employees Whose Job is Manager
DECLARE
 CURSOR manager_cursor IS
SELECT empno, ename, salary, deptno
FROM EMP
WHERE job = 'Manager';

emp_record manager_cursor%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN manager_cursor;

LOOP
FETCH manager_cursor INTO emp_record;
EXIT WHEN manager_cursor%NOTFOUND;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Emp No: ' || emp_record.empno);

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Name: ' || emp_record.ename);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Salary: ' || emp_record.salary);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Dept No: ' || emp_record.deptno);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('-------------------------');
END LOOP;

CLOSE manager_cursor;
END;
/

Q1: EMP Table and Queries

Create Table and Insert Data
CREATE TABLE EMP (
empno INT PRIMARY KEY,
 ename VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
job VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
salary DECIMAL(10, 2) CHECK (salary > 0),
joiningdate DATE NOT NULL,
DOB DATE CHECK (DOB < SYSDATE),
deptno INT NOT NULL
);

-- Insert suitable data

INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (1, 'John', 'Manager', 75000, '2010-05-10', '1985-03-25', 1);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (2, 'Alice', 'Quality Analyst', 60000, '2013-07-15', '1990-08-05', 2);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (3, 'Rahul', 'Developer', 55000, '2018-11-20', '1992-12-10', 3);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (4, 'Sophia', 'Tester', 40000, '2021-06-10', '1997-05-25', 4);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (5, 'Ramesh', 'Manager', 90000, '2008-04-12', '1980-09-19', 2);

i) Find the summation of salary for all employees

SELECT SUM(salary) AS total_salary
FROM EMP;

ii) Display Minimum and Maximum Salary

SELECT MIN(salary) AS min_salary, MAX(salary) AS max_salary
FROM EMP;

iii) Display all records in descending order of employee name

SELECT *
FROM EMP
ORDER BY ename DESC;

iv) Display employee names working in the department “Quality”

SELECT ename
FROM EMP
WHERE job LIKE '%Quality%';

v) Display the name of the employee who earned the highest salary
SELECT ename
FROM EMP
WHERE salary = (SELECT MAX(salary) FROM EMP);

Q2: SQL Commands

i) Create user Rajan having password as ‘Rajan1234’
CREATE USER Rajan IDENTIFIED BY 'Rajan1234';

ii) Assign the SELECT, DELETE privilege on Emp table to Rajan

GRANT SELECT, DELETE ON EMP TO Rajan;

iii) Revoke the SELECT privileges on Emp table from Rajan

REVOKE SELECT ON EMP FROM Rajan;

Q3: Trigger to Store Backup Entry

Create Backup Table
CREATE TABLE backup_emp (
empno INT,
ename VARCHAR(50),
job VARCHAR(50),
salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
joiningdate DATE,
DOB DATE,
deptno INT
);

Create Trigger
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trg_backup_emp
AFTER DELETE ON EMP
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
INSERT INTO backup_emp (empno, ename, job, salary, joiningdate, DOB, deptno)
VALUES
(:OLD.empno, :OLD.ename, :OLD.job, :OLD.salary, :OLD.joiningdate, :OLD.DOB, :OLD.deptno)
;
END;
/

Q1: EMP Table and Queries

Create Table and Insert Data
CREATE TABLE EMP (
empno INT PRIMARY KEY,
 ename VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
job VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
salary DECIMAL(10, 2) CHECK (salary > 0),
joiningdate DATE NOT NULL,
DOB DATE CHECK (DOB < SYSDATE),
deptno INT NOT NULL
);

-- Insert suitable data

INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (1, 'John', 'Manager', 75000, '2010-05-10', '1985-03-25', 10);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (2, 'Alice', 'Developer', 60000, '2013-07-15', '1990-08-05', 20);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (3, 'Rahul', 'Analyst', 55000, '2018-11-20', '1992-12-10', 20);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (4, 'Sophia', 'Clerk', 40000, '2021-06-10', '1997-05-25', 30);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (5, 'Ramesh', 'Manager', 90000, '2008-04-12', '1980-09-19', 30);

i) Display employee name & employee number whose job is Manager

SELECT empno, ename
FROM EMP
WHERE job = 'Manager';

ii) Display age of employees with ename

SELECT ename, FLOOR(MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE, DOB) / 12) AS age
FROM EMP;

iii) Display total salary of all employees

SELECT SUM(salary) AS total_salary
FROM EMP;

iv) Display name of employee who earned the lowest salary

SELECT ename
FROM EMP
WHERE salary = (SELECT MIN(salary) FROM EMP);

v) Delete records of employees having deptno as 20

DELETE FROM EMP
WHERE deptno = 20;

Q2: SQL Commands

i) Create user ‘Rahul’
CREATE USER Rahul IDENTIFIED BY 'Rahul123';

ii) Grant create, select, insert, update, delete, drop privileges to ‘Rahul’
GRANT CREATE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, DROP TO Rahul;

iii) Remove the select privilege from user ‘Rahul’

REVOKE SELECT ON EMP FROM Rahul;

Q3: PL/SQL Program to Handle no_data_found Exception

Program
DECLARE
v_empno EMP.empno%TYPE := 100; -- Example non-existent empno
v_ename EMP.ename%TYPE;
BEGIN
BEGIN
SELECT ename
INTO v_ename
FROM EMP
WHERE empno = v_empno;
 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Name: ' || v_ename);
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No employee found with empno: ' || v_empno);
END;
END;
/

Q1: EMP Table and SQL Queries

Create Table and Insert Data
CREATE TABLE EMP (
empno INT PRIMARY KEY,
ename VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
 job VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
salary DECIMAL(10, 2) CHECK (salary > 0),
joiningdate DATE NOT NULL,
DOB DATE CHECK (DOB < SYSDATE),
deptno INT NOT NULL
);

-- Insert suitable data

INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (1, 'John', 'Manager', 75000, '2010-05-10', '1985-03-25', 10);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (2, 'Alice', 'Developer', 60000, '2013-07-15', '1990-08-05', 20);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (3, 'Rahul', 'Analyst', 40000, '2018-11-20', '1992-12-10', 20);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (4, 'Sophia', 'Clerk', 25000, '2021-06-10', '1997-05-25', 30);
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (5, 'Ramesh', 'Manager', 90000, '2008-04-12', '1980-09-19', 30);

i) Display details of employees whose salary is less than 30000

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE salary < 30000;

ii) Display details of employees whose salary is between 30000 to 60000

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE salary BETWEEN 30000 AND 60000;

iii) Display total number of employees whose job is ‘Manager’

SELECT COUNT(*) AS total_managers
FROM EMP
WHERE job = 'Manager';
iv) Display details of employees whose name starts with 'S'
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE ename LIKE 'S%';

v) Display details of employees whose salary is greater than 50000 and whose name
contains the pattern 'e'
SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE salary > 50000
AND ename LIKE '%e%';

Q2: SQL Commands for Sequence

i) Create a sequence with the following specifications
CREATE SEQUENCE DB_SEQ
START WITH 1
INCREMENT BY 2
MAXVALUE 10;

ii) Insert records into the Candidate table using sequence DB_SEQ
-- Assuming the Candidate table has columns (candidate_id, name)
-- Example insert using sequence DB_SEQ
INSERT INTO Candidate (candidate_id, name)
VALUES (DB_SEQ.NEXTVAL, 'John Doe');

iii) Modify the sequence DB_SEQ with the following specifications

ALTER SEQUENCE DB_SEQ
INCREMENT BY 3
MAXVALUE 20;
iv) Remove the sequence DB_SEQ from the database
DROP SEQUENCE DB_SEQ;

Q3: PL/SQL Program to Print Details of First Five Highest Salary Earning Employees
DECLARE
CURSOR emp_cursor IS
SELECT empno, ename, salary
FROM EMP
ORDER BY salary DESC;

v_empno EMP.empno%TYPE;
v_ename EMP.ename%TYPE;
v_salary EMP.salary%TYPE;
v_count INT := 0;
BEGIN
OPEN emp_cursor;

LOOP
FETCH emp_cursor INTO v_empno, v_ename, v_salary;
EXIT WHEN emp_cursor%NOTFOUND;

v_count := v_count + 1;

IF v_count <= 5 THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('EmpNo: ' || v_empno || ', Name: ' || v_ename || ',
Salary: ' || v_salary);
END IF;
END LOOP;

CLOSE emp_cursor;
END;
/

Q1: EMP Table and SQL Queries

Create Table and Insert Data
CREATE TABLE EMP (
empno INT PRIMARY KEY,
ename VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
 job VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
salary DECIMAL(10, 2) CHECK (salary > 0),
joiningdate DATE NOT NULL,
DOB DATE CHECK (DOB < SYSDATE),
deptno INT NOT NULL,
city VARCHAR(50) -- Assuming city field is added for query i
);

-- Insert suitable data

INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (1, 'John', 'Manager', 75000, '2010-05-10', '1985-03-25', 10,
'Pune');
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (2, 'Aayush', 'Developer', 60000, '2015-07-15', '1990-08-05', 20,
'Nagpur');
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (3, 'Rahul', 'Analyst', 55000, '2018-11-20', '1992-12-10', 20,
'Mumbai');
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (4, 'Sophia', 'Clerk', 25000, '2021-06-10', '1997-05-25', 30, 'Pune');
INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (5, 'Ramesh', 'Manager', 90000, '2008-04-12', '1980-09-19', 50,
'Nagpur');

i) Display the empno of employee who live in city ‘Pune’ or ‘Nagpur’

SELECT empno
FROM EMP
WHERE city IN ('Pune', 'Nagpur');

ii) Change employee name, ‘Aayush’ to ‘Aayan’

UPDATE EMP
SET ename = 'Aayan'
WHERE ename = 'Aayush';

iii) Display the total number of employees whose deptno is 50

SELECT COUNT(*) AS total_employees
FROM EMP
WHERE deptno = 50;

iv) Display the name of the employee who earned the highest salary
SELECT ename
FROM EMP
WHERE salary = (SELECT MAX(salary) FROM EMP);

v) Display the average salary of all employees

SELECT AVG(salary) AS average_salary
FROM EMP;

Q2: Customer Table and SQL Commands

i) Create a view on Customer (Cust_id, Cust_name) where Cust_city is ‘Pune’
CREATE VIEW Pune_Customers AS
SELECT Cust_id, Cust_name
FROM Customer
WHERE Cust_city = 'Pune';

ii) Create a sequence S1 for Cust_id

CREATE SEQUENCE S1
START WITH 1
INCREMENT BY 1
MAXVALUE 1000;

Q3: PL/SQL Program to Print the Greatest Number Between Three Numbers Using the
CASE Statement
DECLARE
num1 INT := 10;
num2 INT := 25;
 num3 INT := 15;
greatest_num INT;
BEGIN
greatest_num := CASE
WHEN num1 >= num2 AND num1 >= num3 THEN num1
WHEN num2 >= num1 AND num2 >= num3 THEN num2
ELSE num3
END;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The greatest number is: ' || greatest_num);

END;
/