Senior High School

Earth and Life

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 3
Animal Reproduction
Earth and Life Science – Senior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 3: Animal Reproduction
Second Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Compiler/Writer: Maria Rosandee F. Tabada
Content Editors/Reviewers:
Ms. Celia C. Gepitulan, Principal I, Regino Mercado Night High School
Mrs. Jocelyn C. Butanas, Master Teacher I, Talamban National High School
Mr. Bonnie James A. Saclolo, Teacher III, Cebu City National Science High School
Dr. Rey A. Kimilat, Head Teacher V, Abellana National School
Language Editor:
Mrs. Roquesa B. Sabejon, PSDS-ND7
Management Team:
Chairperson: Dr. Rhea Mar A. Angtud, Schools Division Superintendent
Dr. Bernadette A. Susvilla, Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
Mrs. Grecia F. Bataluna, CID Chief
Mrs. Vanessa L. Harayo, EPS-LRMS
Dr. Raylene S. Manawatao, EPS-Science

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Office Address: New Imus Road, Barangay Day-as, Cebu City
Telephone No.: (032) 253 2559
E-mail Address: [email protected]

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 What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
understand animal reproduction. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course.
The module is divided into two lessons, namely:
• Lesson 1 – FORMS OF REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS
• Lesson 2 – REPRODUCTION OF REPRESENTATIVE ANIMALS
Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of animal reproduction.
Performance Standard:
The learners shall be able to conduct a survey of products containing
substances that can trigger genetic disorders such as phenylketonuria.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. differentiate asexual reproduction from sexual reproduction;
2. describe the different ways of how representative animals reproduce
(S11/12LT-IIej-15); and
3. describe issues related to the use of knowledge on animal reproduction.

What I Know
DIRECTIONS: Complete each sentence and write the letter of your answer on a
separate sheet.
1. The type of reproduction when an organism is produced from one parent only is
called ________________.
A. asexual B. nonsexual C. sexual D. unisexual
2. _______________ reproduction has occurred when an organism is produced from
two parents.
A. Asexual B. Nonsexual C. Sexual D. Unisexual
3. __________________ reproduction results in offspring that are different from the
parent organisms.
A. Asexual B. Nonsexual C. Sexual D. Unisexual
4. ________________ reproduce asexually through budding.
A. Hydra B. Cats C. Mosquitoes D. Rats
5. A _____________ is an organism that is genetically identical to the parent.
A. clone B. gamete C. twin D. zygote
6. In __________________, a parent organism splits into two identical daughter cells
of the same size.
A. binary fission B. fragmentation C. halving D. splitting
7. ___________________ may occur through accidental damage, damage from
predators, or as a natural form of reproduction.
A. binary fission B. budding C. fragmentation D. parthenogenesis
8. _______________ is the growth and development of embryos without fertilization.
A. Budding B. Binary fission C. Fragmentation D. Parthenogenesis

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9. The fusion of gametes is called ____________________.
A. combination B. fertilization C. regeneration D. unionization
10. _______________ fertilization is commonly used by aquatic animals.
A. Asexual B. External C. Internal D. Sexual
11. There are three ways that offspring are produced following _____________
fertilization – oviparity, ovoviviparity, and viviparity.
A. asexual B. external C. internal D. sexual
12. _______________ refers to egg development within the female with nourishment
derived from a yolk.
A. Oviparity B. Ovoviviparity C. Ovumparity D. Viviparity
13. ________________ are organisms that have both male and female reproductive
parts.
A. Dualogous B. Hermaphrodites C. Parthenogens D. Zygotes
14. An advantage of sexual reproduction is _________________________________.
A. the capacity of every individual to reproduce
B. that it does not require another organism of the opposite sex
C. the high chance of survival in stable environments because the offspring are
genetically identical
D. a better chance of surviving in unpredictable environments because of the
genetic diversity of the offspring
15. An important characteristic of asexual reproduction is that _______________.
A. time and energy are needed to find a mate
B. species survive in an unpredictable environment
C. disease may affect all the individuals in a population
D. no offspring is produced if one of the sexes is missing

Lesson FORMS OF REPRODUCTION

1 IN ANIMALS
Reproduction is the process by which organisms give rise to offspring. It is one
of the defining characteristics of living things. Different processes ensure that the
parental generation gives genetic material, DNA, to its offspring.
The process of cell division is how multicellular organisms grow and repair
themselves. It is also how many organisms produce offspring. How an organism
reproduces determines the amount of similarity the organism will have to its parent.

What’s In
DIRECTIONS: Unscramble the letters to identify the term being described in each
item. Write the answers on a separate sheet of paper.
DESCRIPTION CLUE
1. The number of chromosomes found in human gametes. NETTYW-HEETR
2. The number of chromosomes found in human zygotes. ROTFY-XIS
3. These are structures inside the nucleus that are made
MEMROHCOOSS
up of DNA.
4. It is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions
DAN
for cells to make proteins.

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 DESCRIPTION CLUE
5. It is the early stage of growth and development of a
MOBRYE
multicellular organism.
6. The process where two gamete cells unite. NEFZAOTIILIRT
7. These are reproductive cells such as sperm, egg, and
MEEGSTA
pollen grain.
8. It is a type of cell division by which sexually reproducing
EOISSIM
organisms generate gametes.
LUMCAULERLITL
9. It is a type of organism composed of many cells.
ORGANISM
10. The product of the reproductive processes of a living
SFFOIGNPR
organism.
11. It is a group of organisms that can interbreed to
SESCIPE
produce fertile offspring under natural conditions.
12. A fertilized cell. GYOTEZ

What’s New
Why do you look similar to your parents, but not identical? It is because of
sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction produces genetically diverse individuals.
Sexual reproduction is the creation of a new organism by combining the
genetic material of two organisms. As both parents contribute half of the new
organism’s genetic material, the offspring will have traits of both parents, but will
not be exactly like either parent.
However, not all animals have two parents. Sometimes animals can be made
from just one parent. Komodo dragons, for example, can only have a mother.

KOMODO DRAGONS
Reaching up to 10 feet in length and more than 300 pounds, Komodo dragons
are the heaviest lizards on Earth. They are very rare and found in the wild only on
five islands of the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia.
When there are no males around, female Komodo dragons have other means
of reproducing. Female dragons can reproduce
asexually in a process called parthenogenesis. The
offspring are always males.
Parthenogenesis, the production of offspring
without fertilization by a male, is rare in vertebrate
species, which usually reproduce after fusion of male
and female gametes.
Image Credit: clipart-library.com <https://tinyurl.com/hz83mftv>

What Is It
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Asexual reproduction, the simplest and most primitive method of
reproduction, involves a single parent. Most of the types of asexual reproduction
produce a clone, an organism that is genetically identical to the parent. There are
several types of asexual reproduction in animals including binary fission,
fragmentation, budding, and parthenogenesis.

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Table 1. Types of Asexual Reproduction in Animals
Type Description and Organisms Involved
Binary Fission

A parent organism splits into two identical

daughter cells of the same size.

Examples: sea anemone, coral polyps

Image Credit: Allison J. Gong
<https://tinyurl.com/39tx9ret>
A parent organism breaks into fragments, or
Fragmentation pieces, and each fragment regenerates into a new
organism if the parts are big enough.
Fragmentation may occur through accidental
damage, damage from predators, or as a natural
form of reproduction.
Image Credit: Jolie Canoli And Friends
<https://tinyurl.com/7hzejuxe>
Examples: starfish, flatworms
Budding A parent organism forms a bubble-like bud. The
bud stays attached to the parent cell while it
grows and develops. When the bud is fully
developed, it breaks away from the parent cell and
forms a new organism.
Image Credit: Openstax Biology 2e
<https://tinyurl.com/4cprxen5> Examples: hydra, sponges
Parthenogenesis

Growth and development of embryos occur

without fertilization. The offspring are not always
clones.

Examples: aphids, bees, Komodo dragon

Image Credit: University of Miami
<https://tinyurl.com/umnbe2yt>

Multicellular organisms that exclusively depend on asexual reproduction are

exceedingly rare.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Sexual reproduction is the formation of a new organism by the fusion of
gametes - an egg and a sperm cell. The sperm is usually produced by the male parent
and the egg is produced by the female parent.
Gametes contain half of the genetic information of each parent (half of their
chromosomes), and their fusion during fertilization provides a complete set of
chromosomes to the offspring. These gametes are formed through meiosis, one of
the types of cell division. The fusion of gametes may occur inside the body of an
organism or in the external environment.

External Fertilization
External fertilization is fertilization of an egg by a sperm outside the body of
the female. Usually, it occurs in aquatic environments where both eggs and sperm
are released into the water. External fertilization happens during the process of
broadcast spawning where one or several females release their eggs and the male/s

6
release sperm in the same area, at the same time. Nearly all fish spawn, as do
crustaceans such as crabs and shrimp, mollusks such as oysters, squid, and
echinoderms such as sea urchins and sea cucumbers.
External fertilization in an aquatic environment protects the eggs from drying
out. Millions of eggs must be produced by individuals, and the offspring produced
through this method must mature rapidly. The survival rate of eggs produced
through broadcast spawning is low.

Internal Fertilization
Internal fertilization is fertilization of an egg by a sperm inside the body of the
female. It occurs most often in land-based animals, although some aquatic animals
also use this method. There are three ways that offspring are produced following
internal fertilization – oviparity, ovoviviparity, and viviparity.
In oviparity, fertilized eggs are laid outside the female’s body and develop
there, receiving nourishment from the yolk that is a part of the egg. This occurs in
many reptiles, most amphibians,
two mammals, and all birds.
Reptiles and insects produce
leathery eggs, while birds and
turtles produce eggs with high
concentrations of calcium
carbonate in the shell, making
them hard.
In ovoviviparity, fertilized
eggs are retained in the female,
but the embryo obtains its
nourishment from the egg’s yolk
and the young are fully developed
when they are hatched. This
occurs in fish, some sharks, some
lizards, some snakes, and some
invertebrate animals.
In viviparity the young
develop within the female,
receiving nourishment from the
mother’s body. The offspring
develops in the female and is born
alive. This occurs in most
mammals, some fish, and a few
reptiles.
Internal fertilization has
the advantage of protecting the Image Credit: Ketrina Yim
fertilized egg from dehydration on <https://tinyurl.com/ycbxwjsu>
land. The embryo is isolated within
the female, which limits predation on the young. Internal fertilization enhances the
fertilization of eggs by a specific male. Fewer offspring are produced through this
method, but their survival rate is higher than that for external fertilization.

Hermaphroditism
Hermaphroditism occurs in animals where one individual has both male and
female reproductive parts. Invertebrates such as earthworms, slugs, tapeworms, and
snails are often hermaphroditic. Hermaphrodites may self-fertilize or may mate with
another of their species. Self-fertilization is common in animals that have limited
mobility, such as barnacles and clams.

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF EACH TYPE OF REPRODUCTION
Animals produce offspring through asexual and/or sexual reproduction.
There are advantages and disadvantages to each method, but the result is always
the same: a new life begins. Both also ensure that the parental generation gives
genetic material, DNA, to its offspring.

Table 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
• It is more time and energy • Genetic diversity of the
efficient because it does not offspring gives the
require another organism of the species a better chance
opposite sex. of surviving in an
• In purely asexual species, every unpredictable
Advantages
individual is capable of environment.
reproduction, so population • A disease is less likely
quickly increases. to affect all the
• Organisms survive well under individuals in a
stable environmental conditions. population.
• The species may only be suited • Time and energy are
to one habitat. needed to find a mate.
• Species may not survive in an • It is not possible if one
Disadvantages
unpredictable environment. of the sexes is missing.
• Disease may affect all the
individuals in a population.

What’s More
A. DIRECTIONS: Compare and contrast asexual
and sexual reproduction using a Venn diagram.
On a separate sheet of paper, write at least three
differences and one similarity.

B. DIRECTIONS: On a separate sheet of paper, complete the following chart on

Forms of Reproduction in Animals.

Forms of Reproduction
in Animals

External
Fertilization

C. DIRECTIONS: Complete the table below on the three ways that offspring are
produced following internal fertilization. Write your answers on a separate sheet.
characteristic oviparity ovoviviparity viviparity
location of development of fertilized egg
embryo’s source of nourishment

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 Lesson REPRODUCTION
2 OF REPRESENTATIVE ANIMALS
Animals are an enormously diverse group of organisms exhibiting great
variation in structure and function. They include simple animals, such as sponges,
as well as highly complex animals, such as humans.
Animals are classified under Kingdom Animalia. This kingdom is
characterized by heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular.

What’s In
DIRECTIONS: Determine whether the given organism is an animal or not. On a
separate sheet of paper, write A if the organism is an animal and N if not.
1. acacia 5. carabao 9. mosquito
2. algae 6. SARS-CoV-2 virus 10. mushroom
3. amoeba 7. gumamela
4. bacteria 8. mold

What’s New
The members of the animal kingdom are subdivided into different groups
called phyla. The organisms within a phylum are more closely related to each other
than they are to organisms of other phyla.
Depending on the classification scheme, there are roughly 34 animal phyla
and nine are considered the major phyla.

Table 3. Major Phyla of Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Animals It Includes
Porifera Sponges
Cnidaria jellyfish, corals, sea anemone, hydra
Platyhelminthes flatworms, tapeworms, flukes
Nematoda Roundworms
Mollusca snails, clams, squids
Annelida earthworms, leeches, marine worms
Arthropoda insects, spiders, crustaceans, centipedes
Echinodermata sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers
Chordata tunicates, lancelets, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds,
mammals

The first eight phyla listed in Table 3 include only invertebrate animals.
Invertebrates are animals that lack a vertebral column, or backbone. The last phylum
in the table, the Chordata, also includes many invertebrate species and vertebrate
species. Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone. They include fish,
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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 What Is It
INVERTEBRATE REPRODUCTION
The vast majority of animals on earth today are invertebrates. They make up
97% of all animal species. The invertebrate phyla include a wide array of body plans
and adaptive strategies. Although invertebrates are ALL capable of sexual
reproduction, most phyla include species that are also capable of asexual
reproduction.

Table 4. Reproduction in Selected Invertebrates

Phylum & Example Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
Porifera budding • most are hermaphrodites
Example: sponges • can’t self-fertilize

Image Credit: www.dreamstime.com

<https://tinyurl.com/jemd5s68>
Cnidaria usually binary fission • some are hermaphrodites
Example: • most hermaphroditic
Sea Anemone species can’t self-fertilize
Image Source: www.gbri.org.au
<https://tinyurl.com/dcrte97s>

Platyhelminthes fragmentation • most are hermaphrodites

Example: flatworm • fertilization may involve
Image Source:
two individuals or self-
clipart-library.com fertilization may occur.
<https://tinyurl.com/4et3sppp > • oviparous
Nematoda does not reproduce asexually • need a mate to reproduce
Example: Ascaris • oviparous (females lay
lumbricoides huge numbers of eggs)
(human intestinal
roundworm)
Mollusca does not reproduce asexually • most have separate sexes
Example: squid • external fertilization
Annelida • some species can reproduce • hermaphrodites
Example: through parthenogenesis • most need a mate to
earthworm • can regenerate small reproduce
portions of their bodies, but • external fertilization
do not reproduce through
fragmentation
Arthropoda male bees are the result of • queen bee chooses which
Example: bees parthenogenesis egg to internally fertilize
before laying
• fertilized eggs become
female bee workers
Echinodermata fragmentation external fertilization
Example: starfish

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VERTEBRATE REPRODUCTION
The vertebrates are a highly diverse group of animals that consist of
approximately 50,000 different species. They reproduce sexually, and almost all of
them have separate male and female sexes. Generally, aquatic species have external
fertilization, whereas terrestrial species have internal fertilization.
Parthenogenesis, which is a type of asexual reproduction, has also been
observed in more than 80 vertebrate species, about half of which are fish or lizards.
It is rare in complex vertebrates such as sharks, snakes, and large lizards.

Table 5. Reproduction in Vertebrates

Group Reproduction
fish • Nearly all fish reproduce by sexual reproduction.
(examples: • Most species have separate female and male sexes, but there
bangus, are also many species that are hermaphrodites.
shark, • Fertilization is external in most fish species.
stingray) • In the case of shark and ray species, most are ovoviviparous.
• Amphibians usually reproduce via sexual reproduction.
amphibians
• Fertilization is most often external for frogs but internal for
(examples:
salamanders and caecilian.
frogs, toads,
• Amphibians must lay their eggs in water to protect the eggs
salamanders)
from dehydration.
• Most reptiles reproduce sexually and have internal
reptiles
fertilization.
(examples:
• Oviparous - Reptile eggs are amniotic (has a shell and a series
turtles,
of membranes that surround the developing embryo), so they
snakes,
can be laid on land instead of in water.
lizards,
• Asexual reproduction has been identified in six families of
crocodiles)
lizards and one snake family.
birds
• Birds reproduce sexually and have internal fertilization.
(examples:
• Oviparous - Birds' amniotic eggs have hard shells and are laid
eagle, maya,
in a nest. The eggs are usually incubated until they hatch.
chicken,
• Most species have a relatively long period of parental care. In
duck,
the case of penguins, the males incubate the eggs.
penguin)
mammals • Mammals reproduce by sexual reproduction and internal
(examples: fertilization.
humans, • The platypus and echidnas lay eggs, but most mammals give
monkeys, birth to live young (viviparous).
bats, dogs, • Substances are passed from the mother to the fetus through
cats, rats, the placenta like humans.
kangaroos, • Mammals can be marsupial, like kangaroos, where the embryo
whales) is born at an immature stage and develops in the pouch.

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 What’s More
DIRECTIONS: On a separate sheet of paper, copy the table and tick (✓) the
appropriate column to classify the form of reproduction used by the given organism
or most of its species. The first number is done for you.

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

Internal

Parthenogenesis
Fertilization

Fragmentation
Binary Fission

Budding

ovoviviparity
Organism External

viviparity
oviparity
Fertilization

1. platypus ✓
2. flatworm
3. human intestinal
roundworm
4. squid
5. earthworm
6. starfish
7. milkfish (bangus)
8. Philippine crocodile
9. Philippine eagle
10. humans

What I Have Learned

Reproduction is the process by which organisms give rise to offspring. It also
ensures that genetic material is passed on to the offspring.
Asexual reproduction involves one parent, and the offspring is usually
genetically identical to each other and to the parent.
Types of asexual reproduction
• In binary fission, a parent organism splits into two identical daughter cells of the
same size.
• Fragmentation occurs when a parent organism breaks into fragments, or pieces,
and each fragment regenerates into a new organism if the parts are big enough.
It may occur through accidental damage, damage from predators, or as a natural
form of reproduction.
• Budding is the formation of a bubble-like bud in a parent organism that grows
while attached. When the bud is fully developed, it breaks away from the parent
cell and forms a new organism.
• Parthenogenesis is the growth and development of embryos without fertilization.
The offspring is not always a clone of the parent.

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• The advantage of asexual reproduction is that it can increase population within
a short period, and it does not require another organism. However, the species
are only suited to one habitat and disease could affect all the individuals in a
population.
Sexual reproduction involves two parents and produces offspring that are
genetically unique.
• Meiosis is the type of cell division that produces gametes.
• Fertilization is the fusion of gametes during reproduction. It can be internal or
external.
• External fertilization is fertilization of an egg by a sperm outside the body of the
female parent. Usually, both eggs and sperm are released into the water to
protects the eggs from drying out.
• Millions of eggs must be produced, and the offspring must mature rapidly. The
survival rate of eggs is low.
• Internal fertilization is fertilization of an egg by a sperm inside the body of the
female parent. It occurs most often in land-based animals, although some
aquatic animals also use this method.
Reproductive Strategies after Internal Fertilization:
• In oviparity (egg-laying), fertilized eggs are laid outside the female’s body and
develop there, receiving nourishment from the yolk that is a part of the egg.
• In ovoviviparity (egg-carrying), fertilized eggs are retained in the female, but the
embryo obtains its nourishment from the egg’s yolk and the young are fully
developed when they are hatched.
• In viviparity (live-bearing), the young develop within the female, receiving
nourishment from the mother’s blood through a placenta. The offspring develops
in the female and is born alive.
• Internal fertilization enhances the fertilization of eggs by a specific male. Fewer
offspring are produced through this method, but their survival rate is higher than
that for external fertilization.
• Hermaphroditism occurs in animals where one individual has both male and
female reproductive parts. Invertebrates such as earthworms, slugs, tapeworms,
and snails are often hermaphroditic.
• Hermaphrodites may self-fertilize or may mate with another of their species. Self-
fertilization is common in animals that have limited mobility, such as barnacles
and clams.
• The resulting genetic diversity of the offspring from sexual reproduction gives the
species a better chance of surviving in an unpredictable environment. However,
time and energy are needed to find a mate.
• Invertebrates are all capable of sexual reproduction, but most phyla include
species that are also capable of asexual reproduction.
• Vertebrates reproduce sexually and almost all of them have separate male and
female sexes. Generally, aquatic species have external fertilization, whereas
terrestrial species have internal fertilization.
• Several species of fish, reptiles, and amphibians have been found to reproduce
asexually through parthenogenesis.

13
 What I Can Do
Directions: Read the given text and on a separate sheet of paper, answer the
questions that follow.
Animal Agriculture
and Welfare of Farm Animals in the Philippines

The Philippines is chiefly an agricultural country.

Both its plant and animal resources are major
contributors to the country’s Gross National Product.
Primary products of most farm animal species
are for food – meat, milk, and eggs. Populations of
domesticated pigs, chickens, cattle, carabaos, goats and
ducks primarily represent the animal production sector.
Fishing is also important to both the Filipino diet and
industry. Image Source: ewg.org
Knowledge about animal reproduction has been <https://tinyurl.com/6nun4b7s>
used to produce animal products as cheaply as
possible in the least amount of time and space. To achieve this goal, animals are
housed in very small spaces with little or no access to the outdoors, fed unnatural
diets and antibiotics, and are subject to serious abuse.
Several organizations have been working on promoting animal welfare. The
Philippine public still needs to be aware of issues related to farm animal welfare.
However, there are encouraging signs of general support for the humane treatment
of farm animals.

Questions:
1) Is it necessary to consider the comfort and feelings of farm animals? Yes or No?
Why?
2) What good practices in raising farm animals can you suggest? Describe at least
three.

Assessment
DIRECTIONS: Complete each sentence and write the letter of your answer on a
separate sheet.
1. The form of reproduction best in a stable environment is ____________________.
A. asexual B. budding C. parthenogenesis D. sexual
2. _________________ is a form of reproduction that can result from damage to the
original animal.
A. Budding B. Fragmentation C. Parthenogenesis D. Oviparity
3. ______________ is a useful form of reproduction for an animal that reproduces
sexually but has little mobility.
A. budding B. fission C. hermaphroditism D. parthenogenesis
4. Genetically unique individuals are produced through ___________________.
A. binary fission B. fragmentation C. parthenogenesis D. sexual reproduction
5. External fertilization usually occurs in a/an _____________ environment.
A. aquatic B. forested C. grassland D. mountainous

14
6. The offspring of ________________ organisms develop inside the female and receive
nourishment from the mother’s body.
A. oviparous B. ovoviviparous C. placentaparous D. viviparous
7. Egg development outside the female’s body with nourishment derived from the
yolk is called ___________________.
A. oviparity B. ovoviviparity C. viviparity D. yolkparity
8. Parthenogenesis is a normal event with _______________.
A. bees B. chickens C. rabbits D. starfishes
9. One advantage of internal fertilization is that ___________________________.
A. fewer embryos are produced
B. the offspring develop and mature quickly
C. the offspring are in a controlled environment and protected from predators
D. large numbers of offspring are produced without specialized delivery or
reproductive support organs
10. Frogs live in a moist environment because _______________ in dry environments.
A. no food is available C. they cannot control their body temperature
B. their predators are found D. their eggs lack a shell and dehydrate quickly
11. Fisheries workers kill starfish by cutting them in half and throwing them back
into the ocean. Unfortunately, the two parts _____________________, resulting in
twice as many starfish to prey upon the oysters and clams.
A. regenerate a new half C. undergo parthenogenesis
B. recombine underwater D. sexually reproduce an offspring
12. One disadvantage of external fertilization is that ____________________________.
A. fewer embryos are produced
B. it requires more steps for it to occur
C. embryos are susceptible to changes in the environment
D. parents must have specialized organs to complete this task
13. In a group of animals composed of a cat, dog, bird, and rat, the __________ is
different from the others because it is the only ___________________.
A. rat; parthenogen C. bird; oviparous organism
B. dog; hermaphrodite D. cat; ovoviviparous organism
14. A freshwater lake is slowly being acidified by the runoff from a chemical plant. A
certain hydra species reproduce asexually only while jellyfish can reproduce
sexually. _______________ is/are predicted to be better able to cope with this
changing environment.
A. The hydra C. Both the hydra and the jellyfish
B. The jellyfish D. Neither the hydra nor the jellyfish
15. Majority of animal species were wiped out during massive extinction events since
the Cambrian period. Despite these events, most of the present animal phyla
today evolved from this period because _______________________________.
A. offspring were produced right before the parent animals died
B. gametes were left behind after each extinction event and formed offspring
C. a small number of animal species survived each extinction event, allowing the
phylum to continue to evolve
D. some scientists secretly cloned the remains of many animal species and these
evolved into today’s animals

15
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 18
Lesson 1 – What’s More
A.
True to Asexual
True to both True to Sexual Reproduction only
Reproduction only
• one parent • produce • two parents
• can produce clones offspring • offspring are genetically unique
• types: binary fission, • ensure that • involves fertilization/union of gametes
budding, fragmentation, the parental • types of fertilization: internal and
parthenogenesis generation external
• population can increase in gives genetic • modes of reproduction: oviparity,
a short period material, ovoviviparity, viviparity
• suited to one habitat only DNA, to its • higher chance of survival in
• disease may affect the offspring unpredictable environments
whole population • time and energy are needed to find a
mate
B.
C.
characteristic oviparity ovoviviparity viviparity
location of development of fertilized outside
inside female’s
egg female’s inside female’s body
body
body
embryo’s source of nourishment mother/female’s
egg yolk egg yolk
body
Lesson 2 – What’s More
Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
Internal
Fertilization
Organism External
Fertilization

Budding
oviparity
viviparity

Binary Fission
Fragmentation
Parthenogenesis
ovoviviparity

2. flatworm ✓ ✓
3. human intestinal ✓
roundworm
4. squid ✓
5. earthworm ✓ ✓
6. starfish ✓ ✓
7. milkfish (bangus) ✓
8. Philippine crocodile ✓
9. Philippine eagle ✓
10.humans ✓
Answer Key
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