LUCKNOW PUBLIC SCHOOL (CP SINGH FOUNDATION) DEPARTMENT OF HEALTHCARE CERTIFICATE THIS I5 TO CERTIFY THAT PREETI SIMeH A STUDENT OF CLASS AIT HAS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED THE RESEARCH ON THE PROJECT OPERATION THEATRE UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF MS. DEEPT TIWARI DURING THE YEAR 2024-2025 IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF HEALTHCARE PRACTICAL EXAMINATION CONDUCTED BY AISSCE, NEW BELHI. NAME OF EXAMINER SIGN. OF HEALTH CARE TEACHER. SAGN OF EMAMINER:ACKNOWLEDGEMENT | am grateful to all those who have guided me by all means in Preparation of this project. | am highly thankful to my respected teacher, Ms. Deepti Tiwari for her invaluable guidance, help and constent encouragement in the completion of this project. | wish to acknowledge my thanks to my Principal, Mr. Shekhar Kumar Sharma, who contributed in the preparation of this project indirectly by his valuable morat support. Last but not least | am also thankful te all those whose names are not mentioned above but helped, encouraged and inspired me knowing or unknowing in doing this work.‘able of Contents 5.No Topic Page number 1 Certificate 1 2 Acknowledgement 2 3 Table of Contents = 4 Introduction 45 5 Design and Layout of an Operation 6-9 Theatre é Equipments and Instrumentation 40-43 ie Sterilisation and Infection Control 14-16 8 Operation Theatre Staff and their 17-19 Roles 9 Patient Safety in Operation 20-24 Theatre 10 Types of Operation Theatres and 22-24 Specialised Operation Theatres i Pre-operative Care 25-26 12 Post-operative Care 27-28 13 Bibliography 234. Introduction 4.4 Definition of an Operation Theatre AN Operation Theatra (OT), also snown as an operating room (OF, i a spe elie a hospilal ar madical canite whara susgioal pineauras are partormed. contrates arviraemart designed to nrowiea 2 safe and sterke space for sury intarversons, angunng ine Dost posse nufcomas tor nationts. 1.2 Historical Evolution of Surgical Spaces Procediro: nas ewelead significantly aver lime: dadiccied spaces tar surgi Anolent Times: Surgorias ware attan partarmiaa In public space Middis Ager: Barber-aurpeans coniutted procedures in inair shops or is" homes. ‘Weth Gondury: The introduction o° anagsshesia anc anticaptic techniques ted ia tha cavalnpmant.of spactic curgica poms 3 hospitals, ‘20th Century: Modem operator Imeates amarzed with acwanced equipment d sarict stanity proiacois 2tet Gontury: Intagraton ot cufing- ote tacheciogy. rabolis, and imaging tyslame om2. Design and Layout of an Operation Theatre 2.4 Physical Structure and Zoning Tha cesign at an Oparalien Thoalre (077) i eis! for mainiaiing a staria anvanmant and ersurcg efficient worktime, The pnysical struciure typicaly includes several zanes, aach serving 2 spacifc aurpese: 1. Protective Zone: @ The cutenost area of tha OT comptes @ Ircludas reception, wailing area. and changing rooms 2 Clean zene: ‘© intarmeciata ara batweoe probclive and assotie 2nnes. + Houses gre-cpamtive holding area and recovery toms 3. Acsptio Zone: © The com arog where surperies ara pertormas 4@ Maintains the highest lowel af storilty 4. Disposal Zone sires for propar disposi of Biological wasla and used ratoriats2.2 Essential Areas within the OT Complex Ap Operatice Theatre complex consists of several essectial areas, 1 iain Operating Room: * Hoanot me OT compiox © Typically 37-60 re in size ® Houses cperating tabla.anagstnosi equpment.surg 3: Serub Areaavhere surgical loam performs hand hygione and cane slecie gowns and ga40 instrument Preperation Room:Far organising and prnpaning surgical instruments & Reoovery Room-ro:t-oparanve cate dra tr jnahent montonng & 7. tity Roome: ‘© Gea ility mom Tor storing ciaan sunpties ‘4 Bifty ulity team for tamporary storage of usad jiems and waste ok = ——3. Equipment and Instrumentation 3.4 Major Surgical Equipment ‘Operation Theatres are equipped with 3 variety of specialised equipment essential for surgical procedures: 1 Operating Table: © Adjustable tor various positions * Rindioizcant tor X-ray compatbiity © Eloctric or nydrauile contrats 2 Surgieal Lights: * Pr * Aciustable inberelty and tacos + Ofer equipped wih cameras for racanding 2. Ebetrocurgieal UniEUSes nign-rraguancy etectncae currents tor cumng and écogulatan.4° funtion Apparstue-Removes bi ‘nd Smokie from the surgical sila ‘\ F rricroaurgert 5. durgloal Mtorosoope: @ imaging fyctame: © C-nem lor intreeperative Xr2.2 Anesthesia Equipment Anaesthesia equinment is cracial for patient safety and comfart during surgery. 1. Anaecinetia Meonine: © Dulvorg pracise misturos of gates ang vapcurs: © Monitors patent's respiratory parameters 2 Vaninator:supeorts or coniross patient praiturs Conng ganers anacsmesia 2 Montioring Devioss: OG tor noart acuvny Pulso oximeter for binod oxygan levee Cannograahy tor COZ Invade Blood protaure maniior see 4. RnfUbion PUMpE:For precise cetvery of fy Muics anc mecications 3.2 Monitoring Devices: Patient meniinrng is essential thieegnout tha surpicn! pearodure: 1. Patient Monitor: ‘© Displays vie! signs (haart cata, blood pressure, axygen satucalicin} Gftan integrated with anaesthesia machice 2 Depth of Ancsthasia Moniter-Assasses lava! ef canatiousnens suring ganats snoasinesia3. Meuromucoular Trancmiceion Monitor:Mansures affectvencs: of muscla rasaxantn 4. Temperature Probes-Manior patient's besty lamerature © Arierial Biood Gas Anslyger-For real-time blood anaiysss during complax surpanes 3.4 Common Surgical instruments Surgical preceaurne miqulne 2 wie away of specialized insirumants: |. Cutting Imehumante:Sesipels scissors, bona saws 2 Gmeping and Holding inctrumente: Forcops, camps. rotractors 3. Hemostatio Inctrumende: Homastat, clips, tor controling bieesing 4 dufuring and Hapling Davieac: Neccio holders. surgeal neodios. ataple guns apeoiaiigad instrumente: + Laparoscapas tor minimaly invasion surgery + Orinonaedic crits and sows © Vascular clamps for cardiovasciiar surgery Eu Fi | m8 \ IN) ‘Tha prager sclecton, maintorance, and use ot hese oquicmant and Insruments ara crucial Sor guccesst.' surgical outcomes and patient safety. Ragular calirabon, steriization, and Updates entire mat me Operation Theatre tomes al tng tomfront ot medina! teennoiogy.4. Sterilisation and Infection Control 41 Principles of Sterilisation Bier fon in the Operation Theatre {OT} is tum iid intactionss The key principlos Include: ‘Complete Elimination: Storisation aims to eliminata all torms of microbial Ute. including backer and spores. 2. Volidsted Proonsces: All sterlisation methods must ba validated to eesure consistency and reiiabeity. 2. Proper Prokaging: insiremants must ba proceriy packaged tn mainizin cterlity afar ine sterfiseton process, 4. Regular Monitoring: Siadiation proteases shauld be regularly monitcrad and COCumEented 1s ensure emectrennss. 5. Steff Training: 41 OT stat must be trainac in praperglaniitalion techniquas and pentscats, 4.2 Methods of Sterilisation Various matheds are employed tor starilsing surgical instruments and oguipmant ; Afsam 2erillesbon (Autoolavinge © Most common mathod Uso high-pressure saturated steam © Stactive sor neat anc mefsnere-fesistant Rams 2 Ethylene Ontde (EtD) ateritication: * For neatsanstiva meme © Uses EO gas, * Roquims loeg aerator tima4. Hydrogen Feroside Fleema aiorilicabion: * Low-temparsiute mathed © Sulabla lor heal and molsturti-sersitve llama + Leaves no tewie residues = 4. Gry Heat Herilicationy » Foritems thatcan withaland high iamperatures # Takes ionger than staan slaniation © Ghamiog! stermration: + Uses fq chamioale Tha glutaraldehyde + Forneghsonstva aquiamont mat conte auiocawie 4.3 Aseptic Techniques Aeoptic techniques ane crutial tar maintaining a storie fold during surgery: 4. Aungieal Hend forub:+ Thorougn washing-at hands and tomar batoen-wuroary . of antimnicroblal soiap ar alcsnot-based nand mus 4. Proper Gowning and Gloving:§ —Sterie surgica! gaens and gloves + Specific tachniquas tor denring without contamsnation | Aprile Fists Creation. * (Use ot stieta cranes to croate a barrier aroun te urge # Strictnists for movemant within tho stereo tata instrument Handling: © Orly Start fama introduced leva thi #) Fropar techniques Environmental Gonbrot: # Limiting tame in and out of tha OT © Froour air Station and pobitise omabere systems te lo aot passing Rsiumants 4.4 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) FFE is casential tor protecting both ina stngical Iaamend tra patient: 4. Aurgios! ase: Prevent droplat transmission © Changed Cobwanh sungoriag ti i well 2 Eye Protection: © Gogakes artaee shies © Frotonl againat splashes ard anrosois 3 Aurgical Gowne: cover lors aee gem 4 durgical Glowee: + Storia, cisposabie + Double goving after ‘commanded: 5. @hoe Covers: + Pravant imeling of contamsmants © Changed wren leaning tha OT & Malr-Covere: Contain hair and prevent shedding inis the surgies! fei 2 = Genuine > ry Putt Pace betes pred Pash wrtT ose pI