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Quantitative Analysis
for Decision Makers
Seventh edition
Mik Wisniewski & Farhad Shafti
Contents vii
Uncertainty 471
Project costs and crashing 474
Worked example 475
Summary 478
Exercises 479
14 Simulation 484
Learning objectives 484
The principles of simulation 484
Business example 488
Developing the simulation model 490
A simulation flowchart 491
Using the model 492
Worked example 500
Summary 507
Exercises 511
Appendix: Simulation with excel 515
Appendices 559
A Binomial Distribution 559
B Areas in the Tail of the Normal Distribution 564
C Areas in the Tail of the t Distribution 565
D Areas in the Tail of the x2 Distribution 566
E Areas in the Tail of the F Distribution, 0.05 Level 567
F Solutions to Chapter Progress Check Questions 569
Index 582
You’ve got direct mail: the Marks & Spencer ‘& More’ credit card 13
British Telecom 17
Google and logarithms 33
Capgemini – an optimisation model 43
Cowie Health Centre, Scotland 91
The National Lottery 149
Microsoft Research 152
Capgemini – risk management modelling 191
Gulf Oil 199
Capgemini – sampling for perfect modelling 209
Capgemini – estimating energy consumption through sampling 217
Capgemini – control charts for a call centre 265
OBGYN and application of six sigma, Pareto and Ishikawa analysis 276
Capgemini – improving forecasting accuracy 296
Capgemini – forecasting retail sales 306
Retail supermarket, UK 323
Capgemini – controlling staff costs through regression analysis 363
RAC 386
Capgemini – optimising the supply chain 419
Blue Bell Inc. 423
Capgemini – improving stock management 434
Capgemini – contingency planning in project management 470
Capgemini – simulating airport management 500
Planning theatre time to achieve 18-week elective targets 508
Capgemini – cost–benefit analysis 525
Tomco Oil Inc. 536
Preface
Welcome to the 7th edition of Quantitative Analysis for Decision Makers (previously titled
Quantitative Methods for Decision Makers).
It’s 30 years since this book was first published and much has changed in the world of
business and management since then. The internet was only just becoming available to
businesses, with the world wide web starting to develop at the same time. Smartphones
didn’t exist. Apple and IBM were about to introduce their first business laptops. Micro-
soft was still working on its first version of Windows.
One thing that hasn’t changed – and if anything it’s got worse – is the pressure that
managers are under at every level to make fast, effective decisions that turn out to be the
right decisions.
The contribution that quantitative analytical techniques can make to such d ecision
making is well researched. There is extensive empirical evidence that the relevant
application of such techniques has resulted in significant improvements in efficiency –
particularly at the microeconomic level – and has led to improvements in decision
making in both profit and not-for-profit organisations. Numerous professional journals
regularly provide details of successful applications of such techniques to specific busi-
ness problems.
This is, arguably, one of the major reasons why in recent years there has been a con-
siderable expansion of the coverage of such topics throughout business studies pro-
grammes in the higher education sector, in the UK and across much of the world. Not
only postgraduate courses (such as MBAs) and professional courses (in finance, banking
and related fields) but most, if not all, business undergraduate courses nowadays expose
the student to basic quantitative analytical techniques. It is no longer simply the sta-
tistical or mathematical specialist who is introduced to these topics but, in numerical
terms far more importantly, a large number of students who go on to a career in general
management.
Coupled with this development has been the revolution that has occurred in making
available powerful and cost-effective computing power on the manager’s desktop, lap-
top or smartphone. Not only has this meant that the manager now has instant direct
access to available business information but also that techniques which used to be the
prerogative of the specialist can be applied directly by the manager through the use of
appropriate – and relatively cheap and user-friendly – computer software such as Excel.
Because of these developments it is increasingly important for managers to develop
a general awareness and understanding of the more commonly used techniques and
it is because of this that this textbook was originally written and has continued to be
updated.
xii Preface
The text aims to provide the reader with a detailed understanding of both the role
and purpose of quantitative techniques in effective management and in the process of
managerial decision making. This text focuses not only on the development of appro-
priate skills but also on the development of an understanding as to how such techniques
fit into the wider management process. Above all, such techniques are meant to be of
direct, practical benefit to the managers and decision makers of all organisations. By the
end of the text the reader should be able to use the techniques introduced, should have
an awareness of common areas of business application and should have developed suf-
ficient confidence and understanding to commission appropriate applications of more
complex techniques and contribute to the evaluation of the results of such analysis.
●● a fully worked example, usually with real data, applying each technique in a business
context and evaluating the implications of the analysis for management decision
making;
●● short articles from the Financial Times illustrating the use of techniques in a variety of
business settings;
●● Quantitative analysis in action (QADM in action) case studies illustrating how the
techniques are used in practice.
There is also a comprehensive, fully worked Instructor’s Manual available for lecturers
who adopt the text as the main teaching text for their class. The Manual is around 300
pages long, all end-of-chapter exercises have a full, worked solution together with sup-
porting, explanatory text and there are suggestions for other related exercises that can
be given to students. Diagrams and tables forming part of the solution are available in
A4 size so they can be incorporated into PowerPoint presentations, or photocopied for
students.
●● Dr Farhad Shafti joins as co-author. Farhad has considerable expertise in the areas of
operations management, quality management and performance measurement.
●● In line with the expanding use of business analytics, the text has been retitled and has
an increased focus on the analytical aspect of quantitative methods and models.
●● Additional use has been made of Excel.
●● The linkages between the various quality management techniques in Chapter 8 has
been strengthened.
●● Chapter 12 on stock control now includes mention of the periodic review system.
●● Chapter 13 on project management now focuses on the ‘activity on node’ method in
line with industry practice.
●● Chapter 14 on simulation illustrates the use of simulation software.
●● Financial Times cases and ‘QADM in action’ case studies have been updated.
●● A Postscript section highlighting recent developments in the quantitative analysis
field
Publisher’s acknowledgements
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index, 17 January © The Financial Times Limited. All Rights Reserved 107 The
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Index tracking: Information – a double-edged sword, 10 July © The Financial Times
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Limited 128 Crown copyright: Office for National Statistics 129 Crown copyright:
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House of Lords takes aim at Statistics Authority’s failure to fix UK prices index, 17 January
© The Financial Times Limited. All Rights Reserved 132 The Financial Times Ltd:
Giles, C. (2014) A shopping trip with the inflation experts from the ONS, 13 March
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spam with statistics, Significance, vol 1 (2), pp 69–72.Copyright © 2004 John Wiley and
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Capgemini case study, with thanks to Capgemini for permission to use their material.
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decisions, 23 May, © The Financial Times Limited. All Rights Reserved 194 The
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criminal behaviour, 6 February © The Financial Times Limited. All Rights Reserved 199
Publisher’s acknowledgements xv
The Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences: Based
on ‘Development and Use of a Modeling System to Aid a Major Oil Company in
Allocating Bidding Capital’, DL Keeper, F Beckley Smith Jr and HB Back, Operations
Research, vol. 39 (1), 1991, pp. 28–41. We are grateful to the Operations Research Society
of America for permission to reproduce the figures shown in this section. 206 The
Financial Times Ltd: Bond, S. (2019) ‘SAP acquires Qualtrics for $8bn’ Financial
Times, November 12, 2018 © The Financial Times Limited. All Rights Reserved. 208
Thomson Reuters: Adapted from Kemp, J. (2012) Don’t shoot the statisticians, Reuters.
com, 26 April, © 2012 reuters.com. All rights reserved, www.reuters.com. Used by
permission and protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States. The printing,
copying, redistribution, or retransmission of this Content without express written
permission is prohibited. 209 Capgemini: Based on a Capgemini case study, with
thanks to Capgemini for permission to use their material. 215 The Financial Times
Ltd: Warrell, H., Smith, A. and Fray, K. (2016) Doubt grows over official migration data as
cabinet splits over direction of policy, 30 November © The Financial Times Limited. All
Rights Reserved 217 Capgemini: Based on a Capgemini case study, with thanks to
Capgemini for permission to use their material. 218 The Financial Times Ltd:
Mundy, S(2014) Hyundai hit with lawsuit over fuel efficiency © The Financial Times
Limited. All Rights Reserved 221 The Financial Times Ltd: Jackson, F. (2014) Scottish
polls: margin call, 13 September © The Financial Times Limited. All Rights Reserved. 239
The Financial Times Ltd: Sarah O’Connor(2017) Employment Correspondent
‘Britain’s gig economy ‘is a man’s world, 27 April © The Financial Times Limited. All
Rights Reserved 241 The Financial Times Ltd: Martin Sandbu (2016) ‘Free Lunch:
Year-round fool’s day’ 1 April © The Financial Times Limited. All Rights Reserved 249
Crown copyright: Office for National Statistics 257 The Financial Times Ltd:
(2019) IHI Corporation: cratering credentials, 6 March © The Financial Times Limited.
All Rights Reserved 259 The Financial Times Ltd: Palmer, M. (2014) Social media and
big data come into play, 24 June © The Financial Times Limited. All Rights Reserved 265
Capgemini: Based on a Capgemini case study, with thanks to Capgemini for permission
to use their material. 275 The Financial Times Ltd: (2005) Adventures in six sigma:
how the problem-solving technique helped Xerox, 23 September. © The Financial Times
Limited. All Rights Reserved 276 Emerald Publishing Limited: Adapted from Yazan
Al-Zain, Lawrence Alfandi, Mazen Arafeh, Samar Salim, Shouq Al-Quraini, Aisha Al-
Yaseen, Demah Abu Taleb, (2019). “Implementing lean six sigma in a Kuwaiti private
hospital”, International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 32:7. © Emerald Group
Publishing Limited. All rights reserved. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHCQA-04-2018-0099
283 The Financial Times Ltd: Chris Giles (2018), Forecasters get their 2018 UK
economy predictions right, 28 December © The Financial Times Limited. All Rights
Reserved 287 The Financial Times Ltd: Gillian Tett(2019),Davos climate obsessions
contain clues for policymaking, 17 January © The Financial Times Limited. All Rights
Reserved 291 The Financial Times Ltd: Myles McCormick and David Sheppard
(2018), Oil tumbles after fears of tighter supply recede © The Financial Times Limited. All
Rights Reserved 292 The Financial Times Ltd: Cadman, E. (2013) UK sees steep
increase in winter deaths, 26 November. © The Financial Times Limited. All Rights
Reserved 296 Capgemini: Based on a Capgemini case study, with thanks to Capgemini
for permission to use their material. 301 The Financial Times Ltd: Heaney, V. (2003),
Technical analysis: How to identify your friend the trend, 24 January. © The Financial
Times Limited. All Rights Reserved. 303 Crown copyright: Office for National
Statistics 305 The Financial Times Ltd: Jackson, G. (2018) Some like it hot—but UK
heatwave proves a mixed blessing, 28 July © The Financial Times Limited. All Rights
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xvi Publisher’s acknowledgements
for permission to use their material. 314 The Financial Times Ltd: Vincent,Matthew
(2018) EasyJet proves some airlines are more equal than others © The Financial Times
Limited. All Rights Reserved 317 The Financial Times Ltd: Gavin, Jackson (2018),
Black Friday throws spanner in UK official retail statistics, 19 January, © The Financial
Times Limited. All Rights Reserved 320 Crown copyright: Office for National Statistics
325 Crown copyright: Data file 9X-14 326 TrendForce Corp: Energy Trends 329
Crown copyright: Office for National Statistics 331 Crown copyright: Office for
National Statistics 334 Crown copyright: Data file 9X-19 337 The Financial Times
Ltd: Dizard, John (2017), Art market ripe for disruption by algorithms, 29 May © The
Financial Times Limited. All Rights Reserved 345 The Financial Times Ltd: John
Burn-Murdoch and Gavin Jackson (2015 ), Running is key for triathletes to win medals,
29 March © The Financial Times Limited. All Rights Reserved 350 The Financial
Times Ltd: Robert Matthews (2017), Book review: A better burger thanks to data
crunching, 5 September © The Financial Times Limited. All Rights Reserved 362
Macmillan Publishers Limited: Lang, P. (1988) Energy forecasting made simple,
Operational Research Insight, vol. 1 (3), pp. 5–7. © 1988 Macmillan Publishers Limited.
Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Limited, www.palgrave-journals.
com. 363 Capgemini: Based on a Capgemini case study, with thanks to Capgemini for
permission to use their material. 381 Crown copyright: Office for National Statistics
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on Clarke, S., Hopper, A., Tobias, A. and Tomlin, D. (1996) Corporate Modelling at RAC
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Capgemini for permission to use their material. 420 The Financial Times Ltd:
Crooks, Ed (2018), Drillers turn to big data in the hunt for more cheaper oil, 12 February
© The Financial Times Limited. All Rights Reserved 423 The Institute for Operations
Research and the Management Sciences: Based on ‘Blue Bell Trims its Inventory’,
JR Edwards, HM Wagner and WP Wood, Interfaces, 15(1), 1985, pp. 34–52. Copyright is
held by the Operations Research Society of America and the Institute of Management
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the premier league of retail, 14 April © The Financial Times Limited. All Rights Reserved
434 The Financial Times Ltd: Vincent,Matthew (2018), Debenhams’ costly problems
are bricks, not clicks, 5 January © The Financial Times Limited. All Rights Reserved 434
Capgemini: Based on a Capgemini case study, with thanks to Capgemini for permission
to use their material. 446 The Financial Times Ltd: Michael Dempsey (2014),
Analytic programs can learn to make accurate predictions, 21 October © The Financial
Times Limited. All Rights Reserved 453 The Financial Times Ltd: Gill Plimmer and
Jim Pickard (2018), Crossrail to demand ‘hundreds of millions’ in fresh bailout in
London, 3 December © The Financial Times Limited. All Rights Reserved 454 The
Financial Times Ltd: Anjli Raval (2017), Saudi Aramco gets ready for ‘no ordinary
IPO’, in London, 8 January, © The Financial Times Limited. All Rights Reserved 455 The
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wrong at Britain’s prison of the future?, 7 February © The Financial Times Limited. All
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Capgemini for permission to use their material. 478 The Financial Times Ltd:
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Neville, S. (2014) UK Whitehall projects worth £500bn at risk of failure, 23 May, © The
Financial Times Limited. All Rights Reserved. 487 The Financial Times Ltd: Balls, Ed
(2015), Lesson I learnt tackling financial crisis that never was, 4 August © The Financial
Times Limited. All Rights Reserved 500 Capgemini: Based on a Capgemini case study,
with thanks to Capgemini for permission to use their material. 506 The Financial
Times Ltd: Garrahan, M. (2006) Hedge funds eye glamour of movie land, FT.com, 9
October. © The Financial Times Limited. All Rights Reserved 508 Mike Allen: Planning
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529 The Financial Times Ltd: Pfeifer, S., Rigby, E. and Pickard, J. (2013) Deal offers
distant benefits for consumers and security for EDF, 21 October. © The Financial Times
Limited. All Rights Reserved 536 The Institute for Operations Research and the
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Between Two Wildcat Adventures’, J Hosseini, Interfaces, 16 (2), 1986, pp 75–85. Copyright
is held by the Operations Research Society of America and the Institute of Management
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clubs make better signings, 1 November © The Financial Times Limited. All Rights
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Financial Times Limited. All Rights Reserved 548 The Financial Times Ltd: Gray.
Alistair (2019), McDonald’s to buy AI company Dynamic Yield, 26 March © The Financial
Times Limited. All Rights Reserved. 551 The Financial Times Ltd: Murphy. Hannah
(2019), How Facebook could target ads in age of encryption, 27 March © The Financial
Times Limited. All Rights Reserved. 554 Emerald Publishing Limited: Nelson
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1 Introduction
There’s no getting away from it. Quantitative data and information is everywhere in
business. In the private sector the focus is on share prices, costs, income and reve-
nue levels, profit levels, cash flow figures, productivity figures, customer satisfaction
ratings, market share figures, cost and revenue information. The list goes on and on. If
you’re in a public sector or not-for-profit organisation comparable information is also
being generated, such as service response times, patient waiting times, cost bench-
marks and productivity figures. The trend seems to be: let’s measure and quantify
everything we can.
The problem this causes for managers is how to make sense of this mass of quan-
titative information. How do we use it to help make decisions and to help the organ-
isation deal with the issues and pressures that it increasingly faces? Such decisions
may be routine, day-to-day operational issues: deciding how much laser printer paper
to order for the office or how many checkouts to open at lunchtime in the store today.
They may be longer-term strategic decisions which will have a critical impact on
the success of the organisation: which goods/services do we expand? How do we
increase market share? How do we balance the pressures on our income with the
demand for services?
And – no great surprise here – this is why this textbook has been written: to help
managers make sense of quantitative business information and understand how to
analyse and use that quantitative information constructively to help make business
decisions. However, we’re not looking to turn you into mathematical and statistical
experts. We want to give you a reasonable understanding of how a variety of quantita-
tive analytical techniques can be used to help decision making in any organisation. We
also want to convince you that these techniques are of real, practical benefit. That’s
why throughout the text we focus on the business application of the techniques rather
than the theory behind them. We also illustrate how real organisations have used these
techniques to improve their business performance.
We hope you find this textbook useful.
2 1 Introduction
By Ross Tieman
Data will surge through business like the earlier tsunamis of personal computers, the internet
and smartphones, predicts Alwin Magimay. The partner and head of digital and analytics at
KPMG says: “We are entering the fourth wave of digital value creation. I think data scientists
are going to be to the present time what computer programmers were in the 1990s.”
If Magimay is right, then a generation of school-leavers and university graduates must
think very hard about how they learn the skills for an era when digital platforms and data are
at the heart of every economic and administrative activity. . . .
As data-gathering snowballs worldwide, understanding fully the story behind the numbers
is vital in every field.
Source: Tieman, R. (2016) MBA programmes are being recast to keep up with developments in data,
FT.com, 24 January.
© The Financial Times Limited. All Rights Reserved.
The ability to collect, analyse and act upon data is critical for every manager at every level.
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plissée, pareille à une orange taillée dans un morceau de bois. La vieille
Bihan est bien différente: elle a les grandes coiffes de Fouesnant; un long et
doux visage pâle, une chair délicate qui se marbre de rose par endroits; ses
cheveux ont dû être très blonds, et blanchis, ils brillent encore; elle est
grande, large, molle et vaste. Elle semble plus paisible, même quand elle se
plaint; et la vieille Koadër plus énergique: celle-ci paraît avoir de la malice,
et comprendre ce que celle-là se contente de déplorer et de subir. Toutes les
deux tirent de leur poche, chacune à son tour, une tabatière qu’elle ouvre,
offrant une prise à l’autre... Elles parlent, du même accent guttural, plus
rauque chez la vieille Koadër, plus gras chez la paysanne...
La lune brille au travers des pins, dont les pieds entrelacés se croisent
dans la clarté. Entre les longs couples, au port si svelte et si fin, le ciel
d’argent bleuâtre coule; et le clair de la lune est comme un lac suspendu
sous les branches. Les ombres de velours et les rayons de blonde opale
glissent plus doucement que l’aile du cygne, lorsqu’il plane. Les arbres
mariés font un temple au clair de lune.
La pluie d’or des étoiles tombe plus pâle sur les pins.
J’entends vos pas, et votre lente danse, ô fées. Les lucioles, au bord des
haies, ce sont vos yeux, quand l’une de vous se couche sur l’herbe, ou se
baisse pour détacher sa robe de lune prise aux épines, et que les autres,
penchées sur elle, l’entourent. Ou bien, quand deux de vous se cachent sous
les feuilles, pour se caresser.
Les génies du feuillage, attentifs, et les petits dieux des charmes mouillés
vous regardent. Le flot paisible retient son haleine, et rit mystérieusement
sur les galets.. Et, par cette nuit si douce, sous les pins de Kermor, je vous
vois toutes, ô fées.
XXXV
GLAZIK
A L., en Briec. Septembre.
Il avait grand air; et quoique très vieux, tous ses gestes étaient d’une
harmonie charmante. Ce grand vieillard de soixante et dix ans avait la
retenue et la finesse courtoise que l’on suppose le propre des grands
seigneurs, dans l’ancien temps. Ses longs cheveux blancs brillaient encore
autour d’un front large et haut, blanc comme l’ivoire. Tout son visage était
décoloré: et l’éclat doux de ses yeux verts n’en paraissait que plus ardent.
Un sourire d’une dignité exquise écartait les coins un peu bas de sa bouche
très longue. Il respirait une bienveillance discrète et noble, et cette politesse
de nature que rien ne supplée.
Il ne parlait pas le français, quoiqu’il l’entendît. Mais comme il ne le
savait pas assez bien, il ne s’en servait pas, pour ne point balbutier. Il
s’avança vers moi, et m’offrit la bienvenue dans la ferme, d’un air qu’on eût
pu lui envier dans un palais. Et voyant, sous la porte de pierre, ce grand
vieillard, droit et maigre, aux longs traits blancs, marqués comme les
méplats d’une figure de marbre, je crus me retrouver chez le roi Cymbeline,
dans la forêt.
Le nom de Glazik est celui qu’on donne aux Bretons vêtus de bleu, qui
habitent l’intérieur des terres en Cornouailles, entre Kemper et la montagne.
Ce sont presque tous des paysans, et leurs terres comptent parmi les mieux
cultivées. Ils sont aussi fermiers et éleveurs de chevaux. Le costume des
hommes est sans doute le plus beau de Bretagne, depuis que se perdent les
modes luxueuses d’autrefois. Le vieillard, qui me fit un accueil si affable,
portait un vêtement de ce style, et du goût le plus raffiné, quoiqu’il n’eût
déjà plus les larges braies, ni la culotte, et que l’étoffe de ses habits ne fût
pas des meilleures. La beauté de ce costume tenait à un choix exquis des
couleurs.
Sur un gilet de drap noir roidi par une armure de toile, une première
veste carrée de drap blanc, ornée de larges bandes en velours noir,
débordait, serrée seulement à la taille, où elle était lacée étroitement,—sur
une seconde veste à manches, en drap bleu, moins étoffée, d’où la première
émergeait en gorgerin. La veste bleue était parée, elle aussi, de large velours
noir et de fils en soie jaune, à la place des boutons. Rien n’eût mieux fait
valoir le port élancé d’un homme, ses vastes épaules, et sa figure rase à
cheveux clairs, que cet accord harmonieux de bleu, de blanc et de noir,
piqué de quelques points orangés. Voilà pourtant le costume d’un paysan,
qui ne le portait pas pour qu’on le vît, mais par habitude et par tradition.
Qu’on y compare le misérable habit des villes, et du plus riche bourgeois
comme de l’ouvrier.
Je m’étonne que les Bretons aient montré si peu d’aptitude à la peinture,
avec un si grand goût dans le choix des couleurs, pour le vêtement. Peut-
être ont-ils prodigué tout ce qu’ils en avaient, dans l’invention qu’ils ont
mise à se vêtir.
XXXVI
L’âne, arrêté sur la route blanche qui brûle, les flancs piqués par les
mouches que rien n’écarte, ni les oreilles dressées, ni les coups de nez
brusques, l’âne tourne la tête et regarde fixement, de ses grands yeux
veloutés, les vaches dans la lande verte. Elles paissent indolemment, évitant
l’ortie qui pique, mais le front toujours baissé, en quête d’une herbe fraîche
et tendre, douce à mâcher, et douce à ruminer encore.
Et l’âne brait. Et les deux vaches beuglent, enviant de braire. Meuglant
de la sorte, et tenant la note, elles ne sont pas si loin du braiment. Dans leurs
larges yeux, à tous trois, comme en de rondes mares suspendues, se reflète
tout le pays, la lande verte et les haies, la butte gazonnée et le mur hérissé
de pierres.
Il y a un préjugé contre les ânes, qui ont les plus beaux yeux du monde,
du même velours que les Andalouses, et qui ont fait la réputation d’un
grand professeur de philosophie. Mais ce n’est point un préjugé de les haïr,
en musique: leur cri irrite; et puis il fait rire. Ce sont de jeunes poètes sans
modestie.
Comme il brait, ce petit âne! D’où tire-t-il tant de bruit?—La tête en
avant, il lance sa mâchoire et découvre ses dents: il ressemble à Charles-
Quint, la bouche ouverte, dans un fameux portrait. Mais l’empereur
d’Allemagne n’a pas l’air si content que lui. Le petit âne gris ne craint pas
la fatigue; et son idée étant de braire, il brait de tous ses poumons, se
fouettant doucement ses jolies jambes de la queue...
Pour les musiciens, tous les animaux sont haïssables; et l’homme n’est
guère que le roi des animaux. Il n’est rien de si rare, sur la terre, qu’une
belle voix. Le beau son n’est pas de nature; et l’art presque seul l’a fait.
Les pauvres bêtes n’ont point d’âme, quand elles parlent. Dès qu’on ne
les voit plus, on en perd la pitié. La nuit, elles se font détester. Ce ne sont
que machines à vacarme, et qui ne s’arrêtent plus, une fois montées.
L’oiseau même, à la longue, m’importune. Il n’est si bon chien qui, aboyant
à la lune, ne se fasse donner au diable. L’ami de l’homme est mon ennemi,
aussi souvent qu’il parle. L’oreille musicienne cherche trop l’harmonie:
passion qui engendre parfois la cruauté. Mais quoi?... L’âne a l’oreille qu’il
faut, à proportion de la voix. Ce n’est que dans un porte-voix que l’âne
entend ce qu’il se veut dire.
Les bêtes se font aimer des hommes, parce qu’ils y trouvent de leur
bestialité: elles se laissent faire, comme elles se laissent torturer. Les
hommes prêtent à tout des sentiments humains,—faute de mieux; et les
meilleurs consacrent aux bêtes des soins qu’ils marchandent aux autres
hommes. Ils ne voient pas la différence, et ont raison sans doute. Mais ce ne
sont pas des musiciens.
On ne doit pas faire un reproche aux amis des bêtes, s’ils semblent
sensibles jusqu’à la niaiserie: il n’est guère que les artistes qui puissent s’en
étonner; ils seront toujours blessés de la voix que prennent les pauvres bêtes
pour dire merci.
On aime les bêtes d’un amour bien légitime: elles exercent
admirablement la sensibilité. Mieux encore que les enfants, elles acceptent
tout et ne peuvent rien rendre. La plus grosse bête est un enfant qui ne
grandit jamais. Elle est plus que machine: elle est montée une fois pour
toutes. La vie d’une bête fait peur à la pensée.
Voilà l’âne qui s’interrompt dans son concert; il avise un chardon dans la
bruyère. Et voici les vaches, les cornes enfoncées comme une fourche dans
les buissons, éternellement à la recherche de ce qui se mange. Les pauvres
bêtes sont des machines à manger, toujours à la tâche, toujours courbées.
Elles n’ont pas le temps de chanter.
J’entends bien... Cependant, n’allez-vous pas vous taire, petit âne gris?
—
XXXVIII
DUNES
Au Trez. En octobre.
MATIN EN MER
Entre Loc-Tudy et Mousterlin, le 21 juillet.
Et, là-bas, les îles sont posées sur la mer,—six pierres blanches sur une
dalle bleue.
XL
SOIR D’AUTOMNE
Saint-Corentin, à Kemper. 25 septembre.
LA «DOUCE»[H]
Sur la mer déserte.
I
La brume tournoyait suspendue dans les spirales de la tempête, comme
la poussière autour du van. Et le jour avait la couleur livide d’un noyé.
Le soir, peut-être, allait descendre. La mer et l’espace, le ciel, tous ces
déserts confus ne faisaient plus qu’une écume verdâtre, crêtée de blanc. Le
brouillard fumant était convulsé comme un crépuscule qui frissonne. La
rumeur de l’Océan battait les oreilles d’un tumulte profond, au rythme
lourd: on eût dit le bruit des canons dans une bataille immense; et tantôt
l’on était sous l’haleine des batteries, tantôt la clameur des bouches à feu
roulait plus lointaine. Le vent du Sud-Est mugissait, poussant les collines
d’eau, pareil au pâtre monstrueux qui chasse un troupeau échevelé d’étalons
au galop. Les vagues se ruaient formidables et brusques, courbes formées
d’un seul bond de l’abîme: lancées, elles éclataient soudain, à la manière de
la poudre. L’effroi planait sur le tumulte. La houle et le bruit se pénétraient
l’un l’autre, au point que Herry ne distinguait plus s’il était ballotté par la
rumeur, ou assourdi par la cruelle ondulation des flots. Tout était triste,
éperdu, sans merci. Tout se brouillait dans une confusion sans limite:
l’ivresse hagarde des rêves et de la souffrance aiguë pesait sur les regards et
sur l’esprit du matelot; parfois, les paupières serrées, il ne cessait pas de
voir le même horizon, le même chaos où les yeux ouverts venaient de se
heurter. Et la masse blanchâtre de la brume s’agitait lourdement comme le
corps lugubre d’une vieille aveugle qui a perdu son chemin.
II
Les vagues se précipitaient; face glaciale de la tempête incarnée, elles
frappaient l’homme au visage, et lui couvraient le front. Herry tremblait de
la tête aux pieds, d’un seul tenant, tel un tronc d’arbre à la dérive. Il sentait
son bras raidi pendre comme une poutre à son épaule, et d’un poids écrasant
qui entraînait tout le corps. Il avait les yeux pleins de sel, piqués de mille
aiguilles; et ses lèvres cuites lui étaient amères.
Il ne souffrait pour ainsi dire pas: l’accablement émoussait sa souffrance.
Sans espérer rien, il ne désespérait que par éclairs: car il luttait; et la lutte,
comme la vie, toujours espère. Cependant, il lui semblait, peu à peu, ne plus
sentir, ne plus savoir... Où était-il? Une torpeur semblable au sommeil
l’envahissait: allait-il dormir?...—Puis, une terreur profonde le fit
frissonner, une pensée coupante et noire, qui le traversa comme un couteau
enfoncé par en bas dans le ventre; une énergie farouche, jaillie des
entrailles, le remettant à flot, il eut une sorte de joie; et, d’un coup d’épaule,
il lui sembla surgir de l’effroi où il venait de s’enfoncer...
... Et voici que le grand Herry vit s’ouvrir le brouillard; et, dans
l’éclaircie, les vagues séparées lui faisaient un chemin...
L’entrée de la rivière est là... Quoi, à son insu, si près de terre? à
quelques brasses de chez lui?... Mais oui: voici le port, le quai gris, et la
place familière, avec l’église et le clocher derrière le vieux hêtre..
Mais la voici surtout, Marie, Marionik, la petite Marie... Bien sûr,
inquiète, elle est venue à sa rencontre... O ma Douce... c’est elle!... C’est
elle, la plus aimée... Dans son inquiétude, elle n’a plus voulu attendre. Elle
a laissé la maison; elle est là, sur la roche, à l’entrée de la baie, pour
découvrir au loin si son ami arrive... Chère petite Marie, ma Douce...
Sa jupe flotte au vent, et d’une main sous le menton, elle retient sa
coiffe...; de l’autre, devant le front, elle protège ses yeux, ses doux yeux qui
cherchent...
Herry la devine à ce geste... car il ne distingue pas ses traits... Il la voyait
mieux, tout à l’heure. Le vent roule comme un fou dans la bruine, qui
tourne et s’éparpille en sens contraires, poussière de fumée...
III
Rêve-t-il? Ou voit-il? Une amère nausée secoue la poitrine de l’homme;
et il croit vomir le gouffre qui l’étouffe... «Je vis», pense-t-il joyeusement.
Certes, c’est elle! Elle est là, qui l’attend, la Douce. Elle lui fait signe:
sans doute, elle l’appelle. Et il lui sourit...
Tout à l’heure, tout à l’heure!... Rien qu’un instant encore... Elle sourit
aussi, Marionik, celle qui attend et qui demeure, celle qui donne la vie et
qui la garde, la douceur d’aimer, la fleur et le parfum de la terre natale, celle
qui renouvelle les caresses de la mère, et qui les fait naître dans le cœur de
l’homme...
Elle est là, celle qu’il a vue, après deux ans d’absence, dans les pays
étranges, sur l’autre bord du globe, où le marin passe comme un songe, sans
jamais croire qu’on puisse vraiment y vivre, ni même qu’on y soit tout à fait
des hommes. Il la rencontra, et pensa la voir pour la première fois. Elle le
regarda longuement, baissa les yeux et rougit...
...Ils vont se promener sur la lande. Le soir tombe; et la bruyère est
violette. L’ombre se penche sur les ajoncs, comme une femme qui écoute un
enfant lui parler à l’oreille... Ils marchent côte à côte, et ne se disent presque
rien; mais ils se regardent, s’arrêtant un peu de temps, et ils se sourient. Et
ils vont lentement, se tenant par le petit doigt.
Ils ont rencontré un vieil homme déchaux et crotté, qui les a bénis... La
feuille maigre des genévriers était noire sur la roche, et leurs racines tordues
s’y accrochaient comme des griffes. Et sur la haie, le fruit des aubépines
rougeoyait comme des gouttes de sang... et d’autres baies se distinguaient
entre les branches, gros yeux d’insectes qui regardaient fixement, à travers
le buisson, passer les fiancés. Il faisait doux; la lande sentait le miel; et le
ciel était vert.
Ils chantaient à demi-voix. Elle disait:
Que chante
L’oiselet sur la lande?
Et il lui répondait:
Et, un soir, elle lui murmura: «Oui, mon mignon.» Et ce soir-là, leurs
bouches se baisèrent. Les lèvres de Marionik tremblaient.
Douce, douce elle était; et douce est son nom. Douce et tendre, parmi les
hommes durs, au milieu de la vie dure; douce et blonde, claire dans la
brume de l’hiver, comme les meules sur la terre brune; jeune et souriante
dans la maison noire, aux murs de vieille pierre; la plus aimée, celle dont
les lèvres sont chaudes comme la plume et caressantes comme le velours;
celle qui, dans la salle obscure, où flotte le fumet de l’âcre saumure et du sel
marin, a l’odeur du trèfle au soleil. Le trésor et le luxe de l’homme, la
femme qui aime, la Douce enfin...
Comme elle était pâle, quand il l’a quittée une fois encore... Mais elle
l’attend. Elle sait bien qu’il est fidèle. L’heure du revoir est venue; elle l’a
devinée, sans qu’on le lui dît; elle a ses pressentiments, comme celles qui
aiment; elle a compris qu’elle devait être là, ce soir, sur la grève; elle l’a
reconnu; elle l’appelle. Voici le bienheureux moment tant attendu... Ah! ils
rentreront à la maison ensemble...
Herry tremblant se rappelle ce baiser, si différent de tous les autres
baisers. Il retrouve l’ardeur de la caresse, qu’elle lui donna, les yeux fermés,
si timide et si ardente, chaste et passionnée, ô chère Marie...
SPECTACLE
A LA SANGUINE.
Pardon de Benodet. En septembre.