DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work entitled

"……………………….." presented in this project is an original piece of work
carried out under the guidance of internal guide …………………. and
external guide …………………. in the name of external
institute………………………………. which is being submitted to the
Department of Forensic Science, Govt. (Auto.) Holkar Science
College, Indore for partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of Degree of Bachelor in Science. This is further certified that
this project work has not been submitted in part or full for any other
degree or diploma of this or any other institute.

Sign
Date- Name of Student
Place- Class
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my workplace guide Mr.

Anil Patidar sir for leading and supporting me throughout my project with
their gentle behavior and patience and knowledge. I record my special thanks
to Mr. Avnesh K Budholiya for allowing me to work in his department and
supporting me throughout my work. I extend my sincere gratitude to Dr.
Geeta Sarasan Head of the Department, Department of Forensic Science,
Govt. (Auto.) Holkar Science College, Indore for invigorating me. I record
my humble thanks to my internal guide Ms. Harshita Sonkar and Isha Sahu
mam for encouraging me during my entire study. I would like to record many
thanks in the name of all the members of my group for helping, supporting,
and providing me with resources and knowledge throughout my work, I
would like to express my heartful thanks to my beloved parents for their
blessings and my group members for being with me and supported me for the
successful completion of this project

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Table of Content's
No Name of Topic Page No.

1 Introduction 1

2 History 2

IMPORTANCEOF FINGERPRINTS AND ITS SCIENTIFIC

3 3
REASONS

4 NATURE OF FINGERPRINTS 4

5 Classification System 5-6

6 Fingerprinting process 7-8

7 Types of Fingerprints 9

8 How fingerprint's are collected 10

9 Cyanoacrylate: 11-12

10 Inkless pad 13

11 The Fingerprint Analysis Process 14

12 NAFIS System: 15-16

13 Conclusion 16

14 References 17
 Introduction :-
A fingerprint is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger. The recovery of partial
fingerprints from a crime scene is an important method of forensic science. Moisture and grease on
a finger result in fingerprints on surfaces such as glass or metal. Deliberate impressions of entire
fingerprints can be obtained by ink or other substances transferred from the peaks of friction ridges
on the skin to a smooth surface such as paper. Fingerprint records normally contain impressions
from the pad on the last joint of fingers and thumbs, though fingerprint cards also typically record
portions of lower joint areas of the fingers.
Human fingerprints are detailed, nearly unique, difficult to alter, and durable over the life of an
individual, making them suitable as long-term markers of human identity. They may be employed
by police or other authorities to identify individuals who wish to conceal their identity, or to
identify people who are incapacitated or deceased and thus unable to identify themselves, as in the
aftermath of a natural disaster.
Their use as evidence has been challenged by academics, judges and the media. There are no
uniform standards for point-counting methods, and academics have argued that the error rate in
matching fingerprints has not been adequately studied and that fingerprint evidence has no secure
statistical foundation.[1] Research has been conducted into whether experts can objectively focus
on feature information in fingerprints without being misled by extraneous information, such as
context

Fingerprints are impressions left on surfaces by the friction ridges on the finger of a human.[3] The
matching of two fingerprints is among the most widely used and most reliable biometric techniques.
Fingerprint matching considers only the obvious features of a fingerprint.[4]
A friction ridge is a raised portion of the epidermis on the digits (fingers and toes), the palm of the
hand or the sole of the foot, consisting of one or more connected ridge units of friction ridge skin.
[citation needed] These are sometimes known as "epidermal ridges" which are caused by the
underlying interface between the dermal papillae of the dermis and the interpapillary (rete) pegs of
the epidermis. These epidermal ridges serve to amplify vibrations triggered, for example, when
fingertips brush across an uneven surface, better transmitting the signals to sensory nerves involved
in fine texture perception.[5] These ridges may also assist in gripping rough surfaces and may
improve surface contact in wet conditions.[6]

Page 1
History

Antiquity and the medieval period

Fingerprints have been found on ancient clay tablets, seals, and pottery. They have also been found
on the walls of Egyptian tombs and on Minoan, Greek, and Chinese pottery. In ancient China
officials authenticated government documents with their fingerprints. In about 200 BC fingerprints
were used to sign written contracts in Babylon. Fingerprints from 3D-scans of cuneiform tablets are
extracted using the GigaMesh Software Framework.
With the advent of silk and paper in China, parties to a legal contract impressed their handprints on
the document. Sometime before 851 CE, an Arab merchant in China, Abu Zayd Hasan, witnessed
Chinese merchants using fingerprints to authenticate loans.
Although ancient peoples probably did not realize that fingerprints could uniquely identify
individuals, references from the age of the Babylonian king Hammurabi (reigned 1792–1750 BCE)
indicate that law officials would take the fingerprints of people who had been arrested. During
China's Qin Dynasty, records have shown that officials took hand prints and foot prints as well as
fingerprints as evidence from a crime scene. In 650 the Chinese historian Kia Kung-Yen remarked
that fingerprints could be used as a means of authentication. In his Jami al-Tawarikh (Universal
History), the Iranian physician Rashid-al-Din Hamadani (1247–1318) refers to the Chinese practice
of identifying people via their fingerprints, commenting: "Experience shows that no two individuals
have fingers exactly alike."

Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries

From the late 16th century onwards, European academics attempted to include fingerprints in
scientific studies. But plausible conclusions could be established only from the mid-17th century
onwards. In 1686 the professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna Marcello Malpighi
identified ridges, spirals and loops in fingerprints left on surfaces. In 1788 a German anatomist
Johann Christoph Andreas Mayer was the first European to conclude that fingerprints were unique
to each individual.[55] In 1880 Henry Faulds suggested, based on his studies, that fingerprints are
unique to a human.[56]

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IMPORTANCEOF FINGERPRINTS AND ITS SCIENTIFIC REASONS

Detecting invisible Fingerprints is one of the important forensic tests taken for various purpose of
security documentation. The branch of science helps to grab the investigation be it criminal or
others, by analysis the evidence from the crime scene. The unique feature of the finger test is that
each individual on this planet earth does not have similar fingerprints. Each and every one is
unique in this respect. Therefore it is much a reliable way to identify as suspect and keep the
documentation secured.

Uses of the Fingerprints

The major uses of the fingerprints are listed below:

Providing of the biometric for security,
To control the access to secure areas in the system,
To identify the amnesia victims and unknown deceased,
To conduct the background checking- this includes application of government employment,
defence security clearance, and concealed weapon permits.

The purpose of the fingerprint recognition

The fingerprint recognition simply allows any commoner to get verified or identified through the
analysis. It is even compared with the finger dermal ridges. The fingerprint recognition is one of
the first techniques which are used to automatically identify people. The representation of the
dermal ridges on the finger is collected on s genetic and environmental factors. The genetic code in
DNA gives in general information and instruction on the way skin should form in a developing
fetus. This specific way forms a result in an exact position of the fetus in the womb of the mother.
This is the reason why twin too does not have identical fingerprints. This is a great way to keep
your unique creation on the planet secured.

What are the three principles of fingerprints?

Fingerprints may look complicated but the fact has general ridge type pattern. It makes it simply
possible to systematically classify them into diversity. The three major principles of the fingerprint
have three basic ridge patterns. it is ‘arch’, ’look’, and ‘whorl’.
The reliability of the fingerprinting and the Fingerprinting Services Ireland is a valuable and
reliable police tool which is more than a century of use. It has never been scientifically validated.
The significance is because of the criteria governing the admission of the scientific evidenced in
the courts. Often it happens that fingerprints are to be taken professionally and quickly. Be it for
the police clearance certificate, or regulatory and immigration purposes or the identification of the
documents.

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 NATURE OF FINGERPRINTS

FINGERPRINT – composite of the ridge outlines which appear on the skin surface on the bulbs
on theinside of the end of joints of the fingers and thumbs.
RIDGE – a long narrow chain of hills or mountains.
DUCTS -little pockets underneath the skin where oils or sweats are carried.
CREASES – little white lines that are found on a fingerprint
INDIVIDUALITY – (VARIATION) there are no two fingerprints that are exactly alike unless
taken from thesame finger.
PERMANENCY – (CONSTANSY,PERENNIAL, OR IMMUTABLE) – configuration and
details of individualridges remain constant and unchanging till after the final decomposition of
the body.
INFALLABILITY – reliable means of identification and all courts accept and adopt fingerprint
as a means ofpersonal identification

Features of Fingerprint
It is highly accurate
It is unique and can never be same for twopersons.
It is the most economical technique.
It is easy to use
Use of small storage space

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Classification System
The primary classification takes into consideration all ten fingers and this system is used by the
Federal Bureau of Investigation to lessen down the possible number of suspects. The occurrence of
arches is 5-10% and that of loops and whorls are 60-65% and 30-35% respectively. Also, the
frequency of plain and tented arches and composite patterns is relatively low in comparison to the
frequency of loops and whorls. Thus, for the purpose of primary classification system plain and
tented arches have been grouped under the loops types along with radial and ulnar loops. And the
composite patterns have been grouped under the whorl types.

The ten fingers of two hands are grouped into five pairs in the following manner: Pair I- Right
Thumb and Right Index (RT & RI) Pair II- Right Middle and Right Ring (RM & RR) Pair III- Right
Little and Left Thumb (RL & LT) Pair IV- Left Index and Left Middle (LI & LM) Pair V- Left Ring
and Left Little (LR & LL)

A fingerprint classification algorithm is presented in this paper. Fingerprints are classified into five
categories: arch, tented arch, left loop, right loop and whorl. The algorithm extracts singular points
(cores and deltas) in a fingerprint image and performs classification based on the number and
locations of the detected singular points. The classifier is invariant to rotation, translation and small
amounts of scale changes. The classifier is rule-based, where the rules are generated independent
of a given data set. The classifier was tested on 4000 images in the NIST-4 database and on 5400
images in the NIST-9 database. For he NIST-4 database, classification accuracies of 85.4% for the
five-class problem and 91.1% for the four-class problem (with arch and tented arch placed in the
same category) were achieved. Using a reject option, the four-class classification error can be
reduced to less than 6% with 10% fingerprint images rejected. Similar classification performance
was obtained on the NIST-9 database.

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PLANE ARCH:
It begins from the one side of the finger and flows to the other side. Entering the pattern on the left
following smoothly towards the right with a small rise in the center resembling a hump.

TENTED ARCH:
Similar to the plane arch. It begins on one side of the finger and glides out in a similar manner to the
other side. The ridges which connect each other in the center, meet and thrust upward, giving the
imprint the shape of a tent.

LOOP:
This is most common type of patterns. A loop is type of pattern in which one or more ridges enter
from one side, recurve, and tent to exit from the same side as the ridge entry. Loop has to
categories: 1) Right loop, 2)Left loop

WHORLS:
A type of pattern that consists of one or more friction ridges making a complete circuit and two
deltas, an imaginary line drawn between the two deltas touches or crosses at least one recurring
ridges within the inner pattern area.

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Fingerprinting process

1.Set up the fingerprint card.

You can print fingerprint cards from free online images. Try this one used by the FBI and other US
agencies. Position the card on a special stand, or just weigh it down with a heavy object to stop it
sliding.
If you are taking fingerprints for an official purpose, you may need to find a fingerprint card
you are authorized to use. Even if your agency is authorized to use the card linked above, it
should order it using these instructions on the FBI website.

2 Decide on a fingerprint method

Ink pad: Find a special "porelon pad" for fingerprinting. Use as a normal ink pad, no
preparation needed.
Glass plate: Dab printer's ink or fingerprint ink onto a glass or metal plate, fixed in place. Roll
ink out with a rubber ink roller until thin and even.[1]
Inkless pad: Special pads are available that will not stain fingers. Check the instructions in case
special preparation is needed.
Fingerprint scanner: An electronic device. The process is not covered here; check product
instructions, and confirm that the device is approved by your agency.

3.Clean hands.

Have the subject wash and dry his hands to remove dirt that may obscure the fingerprints.
Check the hands for lint from the towel, and ask him to brush it off if present.[2] If soap and
water are not available, rubbing alcohol is the second best option.[3]Have the subject sign the
card before washing his hands. Use blue or black ink.

4.Grasp the subject's hand.

The subject does not fill out his own fingerprint card. You, the person tasked with taking the
fingerprint, will do it for him. Hold the base of the subjects thumb, tucking unused fingers
under your hand. With your other hand, hold the subject's finger just below the nail tip, and at
the third joint.
Keep the wrist level with the hand. If possible, move the fingerprint station to a height level
with the subject's arm.
Ask the subject to look away if they seem to be "helping;" the fingerprint will be more clear if
only you are controlling the hand

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5 Roll the right thumb over the ink.

Your goal is to ink the thumb from the top of the pad to ¼ inch (6mm) below the first joint.
Place the side of the thumb nearest the forefinger onto the ink, right against the nail. Roll the
thumb past the thumbprint, and continue until it touches the opposite nail.[5]You can remember
the direction as "awkward to comfortable" — try it out and you'll see what this means.

6 .Roll the thumb over the fingerprint card

Find the area of the card labeled for the right thumb. Roll the inked thumb over the card, in the
same direction as you did before. Roll at a steady pace, and with light pressure only. Changing
speed or pressure can cause smudges. Roll one time only, not back and forth.Lift the thumb up
directly when finished, to avoid smudging.

7.Repeat with remaining fingers

Put your hands together with the backs facing you, then turn them palm up. This is the direction
your fingers should rotate — which still follows the "awkward to comfortable" rule.[6] Apart
from this change, the process is the same as the thumb. Record the fingerprints of the right
hand, then the left thumb, then the fingers on the left hand.
If using an inking plate, you need to roll out the ink again before each finger. Otherwise, you
may end up with an image of two overlapping prints.
Make sure you have each fingerprint in the correct box of the card, that the impression goes
from nail edge to nail edge, and down to ¼ inch (6mm) below the first joint.
Let the subject wipe off ink from the right hand before moving on to the left.

8.Take the plain impressions.

Your fingerprint card should have two additional spaces for thumbs, and two large spaces
marked "four fingers simultaneously." In the same order as above (right thumb, right hand, left
thumb, left hand), ink the fingerprint and press it flat against the paper, without rolling. For the
fingers, you'll do all four fingers at once. You'll often need to rotate the fingers slightly to fit
them all in the available space.[7]These are also called "flat" or "slap" impressions.[8]
These are used to verify that the fingerprints are in the correct boxes. Some features are also
more visible on the plain impression.[9]

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Types of Fingerprints-

There are many times in life where you need to be fingerprinted. Most often, it involves the
background check for a new job. In the state of Maryland, people wanting to legally purchase and
own a gun must be fingerprinted first. If you'd like to travel out of the country and need a passport
for the first time, you'll be fingerprinted. Of course, if you are arrested you'll be fingerprinted too.
Have you ever stopped to think about why?

Fingerprint identification is one of the most important criminal investigation tools due to two
features: their persistence and their uniqueness. A person’s fingerprints do not change over time.
The friction ridges which create fingerprints are formed while inside their mother's womb and grow
as the baby grows. The only way a fingerprint can change is through permanent scarring, which
doesn't happen very often. It isn't just that fingerprints don't change. In addition, fingerprints are
unique to an individual. Even identical twins have different fingerprints. Your fingerprints are yours
and yours alone, and they'll be that way for the rest of your life!
In general, the purpose of collecting fingerprints is to identify an individual. This person may be
applying for a job, wanting to volunteer around children, hoping to buy a gun, a criminal suspect, a
victim of a crime, or a witness to an event where your identity needs to be confirmed. There are
three types of fingerprints that can be found:

1 Latent
2 Patent
3 Plastic

Even if you don't realize it, you are leaving fingerprints everywhere! Latent fingerprints are made
of the sweat and oil on the skin’s surface. This type of fingerprint is invisible to the naked eye and
requires additional processing in order to be seen. This processing can include basic powder
techniques or the use of chemicals. Patent fingerprints, on the other hand, can be made by blood,
grease, ink, or dirt. This type of fingerprint is easily visible to the human eye. Plastic fingerprints
are three-dimensional impressions and can be made by pressing your fingers in fresh paint, wax,
soap, or tar. Just like patent fingerprints, plastic fingerprints are easily seen by the human eye and
do not require additional processing for visibility purposes.

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How fingerprint's are collected
Collecting Latent Prints
One of the most common methods for discovering and collecting latent fingerprints is by dusting a
smooth or nonporous surface with fingerprint powder (black granular, aluminum flake, black
magnetic, etc.). If any prints appear, they are photographed as mentioned above and then lifted
from the surface with clear adhesive tape. The lifting tape is then placed on a latent lift card to
preserve the print.
However, fingerprint powders can contaminate the evidence and ruin the opportunity to perform
other techniques that could turn up a hidden print or additional information. Therefore,
investigators may examine the area with an alternate light source or apply cyanoacrylate (super
glue) before using powders.

Collecting Patent Prints

Patent prints are collected using a fairly straightforward method: photography. These prints are
photographed in high resolution with a forensic measurement scale in the image for reference.
Investigators can improve the quality of the images by using low-angle or alternate light sources
and/or certain chemicals or dyes during photography, but this is usually not necessary.

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Alternate Light Source (ALS):
It is becoming more commonplace for investigators to examine any likely surfaces (doors,
doorknobs, windows, railings, etc.) with an alternate light source. These are laser or LED devices
that emit a particular wavelength, or spectrum, of light. Some devices have different filters to
provide a variety of spectra that can be photographed or further processed with powders or dye
stains. For example, investigators may use a blue light with an orange filter to find latent prints on
desks, chairs, computer equipment or other objects at the scene of a break-in.

Cyanoacrylate:
Investigators often perform cyanoacrylate (superglue) processing, or fuming, of a surface before
applying powders or dye stains. This process, typically performed on non-porous surfaces,
involves exposing the object to cyanoacrylate vapors. The vapors (fumes) will adhere to any prints
present on the object allowing them to be viewed with oblique ambient light or a white light
source.
There is little need to mention the importance of obtaining fingerprints in criminal investigations.
Fingerprints have long been considered one of the most valuable types of physical evidence that
can be found at a crime scene. The cyanoacrylate fuming method (often called the super glue
method) of developing latent fingerprints has proven to be an effective tool for professional
investigators, and the quality of its results has made it a popular one. Any agency that works with
latent fingerprints and does not already use the cyanoacrylate fuming method should seriously
consider adopting it.

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The super glue method was first employed by the Criminal Identification Division of the Japanese
National Police Agency in 1978. Shortly thereafter, it was brought to the United States by the
United States Army Criminal Investigation and Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
Laboratories. It is currently used in most state and metropolitan police forces across the country

To understand how the super glue method works, one must first know some basic information
about fingerprints themselves. There are three different types of fingerprints: visible, impression,
and latent. Investigators normally need a portable, permanent copy of the fingerprints. A
photograph can generally fulfill this need. Of the three types of fingerprints, visible fingerprints
can be photographed directly, and impression fingerprints can usually be photographed under
special lighting conditions. It is only the invisible latent fingerprints that are difficult to
photograph. They must first be made visible. There are three general groups of techniques for
making latent fingerprints visible, and virtually every known method can be categorized into one
of the three groups or a combination of the three. The three groups consist of the physical
techniques, the chemical techniques, and the instrumental techniques. Cyanoacrylate fuming is a
chemical technique.

Test procedure

1. Place the articles bearing latent fingermarks into the cabinet. ...
2. Place few drops of liquid cyanoacrylate into a small porcelain dish and place the dish into the
fuming cabinet.
3. Allow the items to be exposed to the fumes until whitish-colored fingerprint patterns appear
(Ramotowski 2012).

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Inkless pad
An inkless fingerprint is a clean, modern method of taking a fingerprint. With this type of
individual identification, the messy inkpads of the past are no longer necessary. A special inkless
fingerprint pad is used to take impressions, rather than a traditional inkpad. Sometimes, special
paper is also used to record prints.
Employers frequently opt for inkless fingerprint systems, which can assist them in performing
background checks on potential and current employees. By eliminating the mess of traditional
fingerprints, inkless systems can be more convenient and easy to use in a variety of settings.
Occasionally someone who has been fingerprinted in this way will need to rub his or her fingertips
together, or wipe them with a paper towel, to remove trace amounts of chemical residue. This can
be left on fingers due to chemicals necessary for this fingerprinting process.
Inkless fingerprinting utilizes special paper and a chemical reaction to produce a detailed print.
Towelettes or a special inkless pad are used in place of traditional ink pads. When fingers coated
with these chemicals are pressed onto reactive paper, an image forms. Other forms of inkless
fingerprinting may utilize digital technology in place of chemicals and reactive paper.

HOW TO TAKE FINGERPRINTS ?

1.Set up the record slip, position it on the stand or table.
2.Take a inkless pad place it beside the record slip.
3.Ask the suspect to clean their hands.
4.Grasp the suspect’s hand, hold the base of suspects’s thumb, tucking unused fingers under
your hand . With your other hand , hold suspect’s finger just below the nail tip.
5.Roll the right thumb over the ink. Your goal is to ink the thumb from the top of the pad.
Place the side of the thumb nearest the forefinger onto the ink right against the nail. Roll the
thumb past the thumbprint, and continue until it touches the opposite nail.
6.Roll the thumb over the record slip. Find the area of slip labeled for the right thumb. Roll
the end thumb over the slip, in the same direction as you did before roll at a steady pace, and
with light pressure only. Changing speed or pressure can smudges roll one time only, not back
and forth. 7.Repeat with the remaining fingers. Put your hands together with the backs facing
you then turn them palm up. This in the direction your finger should rotate which still follows
the awkward to comfortable rule apart from this change the process in the same as thumb
record the fingerprints of the right hand, then the left thumb then the fingers on the left hand.

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The Fingerprint Analysis Process
Fingerprint analysis generally involves comparing fingerprints found at a crime scene — called
latent fingerprints — with fingerprints from a known individual and assessing how similar they
are.

Analysis
Analysis involves assessing a print to determine if it can be used for a comparison. If the print is
not suitable for comparison because of inadequate quality or quantity of features, the examination
ends and the print is reported as not suitable. If the print is suitable, the analysis indicates the
features to be used in the comparison and their tolerances (the amount of variation that will be
accepted). The analysis may also uncover physical features such as recurves, deltas, creases and
scars that help indicate where to begin the comparison.

Comparisons
Comparisons are performed by an analyst who views the known and suspect prints side-by-side.
The analyst compares minutiae characteristics and locations to determine if they match. Known
prints are often collected from persons of interest, victims, others present at the scene or through a
search of one or more fingerprint databases such as the FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint
Identification System (IAFIS). IAFIS is the largest fingerprint database in the world and, as of June
2012, held more than 72 million print records from criminals, military personnel, government
employees and other civilian employees.

Evaluation
Evaluation is where the examiner ultimately decides if the prints are from the same source
(identification or individualization), different sources (exclusion) or is inconclusive. Inconclusive
results may be due to poor quality samples, lack of comparable areas, or insufficient number of
corresponding or dissimilar features to be certain

Verification
Verification is when another examiner independently analyses, compares and evaluates the prints
to either support or refute the conclusions of the original examiner. The examiner may also verify
the suitability of determinations made in the analysis phase.

Page 14
NAFIS System:
\Union Home Minister Amit Shah inaugurated the National Automated Fingerprint Identification
System (NAFIS) on Wednesday (August 17), at the two-day National Securities Strategies (NSS)
Conference 2022 held in New Delhi.The National Automated Fingerprint Identification System
(NAFIS) is an Australian fingerprint and palm print database and matching system[1] to assist law
enforcement agencies across Australia and the Department of Immigration and Border Protection
to establish the identity of persons and to help solve crimes[2] and for other purposes.
NAFIS was established in 1986, and an upgraded system commenced operations in April 2001 and
provides technological improvements in fingerprint matching. It has shown to be really reliable in
fingerprint matching.

NAFIS is developed by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) at the Central Fingerprint
Bureau (CFPB) in New Delhi.
The project is a country-wide searchable database of crime- and criminal-related fingerprints.
The web-based application functions as a central information repository by consolidating
fingerprint data from all states and Union Territories.
In April this year, Madhya Pradesh became the first state in the country to identify a deceased
person through NAFIS.

Utility of NAFIS
It enables law enforcement agencies to upload, trace, and retrieve data from the database in
real time on a 24×7 basis.
It would help in the quick and easy disposal of cases with the help of a centralised fingerprint
database.

Page 15
How does it work?
NAFIS assigns a unique 10-digit National Fingerprint Number (NFN) to each person arrested
for a crime.
This unique ID will be used for the person’s lifetime, and different crimes registered under
different FIRs will be linked to the same NFN.
The 2020 report states that the ID’s first two digits will be that of the state code in which the
person arrested for a crime is registered, followed by a sequence number.
By automating the collection, storage, and matching of fingerprints, along with digitizing the
records of fingerprint data, NAFIS will provide the much-needed unique identifier for every
arrested person.
It will be included in the CCTNS (Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems) database
as both are connected at the backend.

Conclusion
In conclusion, fingerprinting is a good way to find the culprit a crime. Fingerprints have been used
for a long time due to how reliable they are. Fingerprints can last for thousands of years and
nobody has the same pattern. Investigators have to be very careful with evidence, because almost
all of it has important fingerprints on it that can determine who was involved in a crime.

Page 16
References takes in this report
www.google.com
the indian express
times of india
the hindu
iorecovery.com/fingerprint-taking-procedures-and-methods/
https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/225329.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Fingerprint-Match-Vision_fig1_316685536
https://www.brainwonders.in/types-of-finger-print.php
https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-whorl-finger-print
https://legaldesire.com/
https://www.wikihow.com/Take-Fingerprints

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