WiMax stands for Worldwide Inter-operability for Microwave Access.

This technology is
based on IEEE 802.16. It is used to provide higher data rates with increased coverage. It is
based on MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) technology. Its range is upto 50 Km. It may
provide speed upto 70 Mbps and it can operate in Non-Line-of-Sight. This technology is fast,
convenient and cost effective.

Advantages of Wi-MAX

1. Coverage: The single station of WiMAX can operate and provide coverage for hundreds

of users at a time and manage sending and receiving of data at very high speed with full

of network security.

2. High Speed: The High speed of connectivity over long distance and high-speed voice

makes it more demanded in hardly populated areas plus compacted areas.

3. Multi-functionality: WiMAX Technology perform a variety of task at a time such as

offering high speed internet, providing telephone service, transformation of data, video

streaming, voice application etc.

4. Infrastructure: WiMAX infrastructure is very easy and flexible therefore it provides

maximum reliability of network and consent to actual access to end-users.

5. Low-cost network: WiMAX provides a low-cost network substitute to Internet services

offered via ADSL, modem or local area network.

6. Rich Features: WiMAX Technology is offering rich features, which make it useful.

WiMAX offers separate voice and data channel for fun, the semantic connection makes

your network more secure than before, fast connectively, license spectrum, liberty of

movement

Because of these advantages of Wi-MAX , Wi-MAX is used compared to WLAN For covering

large area.
Application of MANET: It is used in following applications
1. Defense applications
2. Crisis management applications
3. Telemedicine
4. Tele-geoprocessing application
5. Virtual Navigation
6. Education via the internet
7. Vehicular area network

Describe MANET and write applications of MANET.

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are envisioned to become key components in the
4G architecture, and ad hoc networking capabilities are expected to become an
important part of overall next-generation wireless network functionalities.
Mobile ad hoc networks are formed dynamically by an autonomous system of mobile
nodes that are connected via wireless links without using an existing network
infrastructure or centralized administration.
The nodes are free to move randomly and organize themselves arbitrarily; thus, the
network’s wireless topology may change rapidly and unpredictably.
Such a network may operate in a standalone fashion, or may be connected to the larger
Internet.
Mobile ad hoc networks are infrastructure less networks since they do not require any
fixed infrastructure such as a base station for their operation.
Routes between nodes in an ad hoc network may include multiple hops and, hence, it is
appropriate to call such networks ―multihop wireless ad hoc networks.”

Today, it may seem like Internet access is ubiquitous, but a new wireless broadband system
called WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) promises to revolutionize the
utility and accessibility of the Internet. WiMAX technology has a longer range, higher spectral
efficiency, and ability to connect multiple users at the same time. It also has a built-in adaptive
algorithm that can shift between higher performance and longer effective range. The range of
services it can offer include voice, video, and data, as well as mobility. Because it requires a
system of towers and receivers instead of a physical fiber-optic cable network, using WiMAX
to provide Internet access to remote or inaccessible locations can be a cost effective
alternative. With further development and adoption, WiMAX will offer consumers a complete
wireless Internet package.

What is WiMAX?

Imagine having the ability to connect to the Internet while sitting on a train or car travelling at
more than 65 miles per hour. On your next road trip, you can check your email, watch your
favorite TV shows online, search for good restaurants – the possibilities are endless. With
WiMAX technology, this is possible. WiMAX, also known as Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access, is a wireless telecommunications system that enables users to take
advantage of high-speed wireless data transfer, like Wi-Fi. WiMAX has a wide range of
coverage and is renowned for its ability to provide mobility to its video, voice, and data
services. With wider implementation and further development, WiMAX may well become the
next generation of wireless technology.

How It Works

The WiMAX network consists of two parts: a WiMAX tower and a WiMAX receiver. The
WiMAX tower is directly connected to the Internet via physical wire connections and provides
wireless coverage by sending out a signal at a particular frequency that is picked up by a
WiMAX receiver embedded in a device, like a laptop or cellular phone. Although WiMAX
towers can broadcast to a wide area, obstacles can weaken or stop the signal from traveling
past it. To compensate for this and further expand their coverage, WiMAX towers use the
process of backhauling. In WiMAX backhauling, a tower sends wireless signal to a second
tower in its line of sight, enabling the second tower to operate as a base station without having
to physically connect to the Internet.

The WiMAX network has a much longer range than other wireless Internet technologies, with
a point-to-point range of 30 miles. Even at these distances, it can maintain a performance of
72 Mbps, which is multiple times faster than a regular residential Internet speed. WiMAX also
has a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) range of up to 4 miles when there is an obstacle between the
provider and the receiver, as shown in Fig. 1. It is able to maintain this kind of coverage
because it uses advanced modulation algorithms that can overcome interfering objects [1].
WiMAX also operates on a licensed spectrum, whose use is protected by government
authorities. This licensed spectrum eliminates the possibility of interference from other service
providers [2].

Another thing that sets WiMAX technology apart from other systems is that it uses a “dynamic
adaptive modulation¨ that allows a particular base station to be able to exchange performance
for range if needed [3]. If the base station needs to link to a distant subscriber, it would reduce
its performance and consequently increase its effective range. With this dynamic property,
WiMAX is a truly smart wireless technology, automatically adjusting its operations to maximize
its efficiency.
WiMAX is Standard-Based

Some wireless broadband technology, such as Wi-Fi, has been standardized by the Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) to promote greater interoperability. In April
2002, the IEEE standardized the WiMAX technology as IEEE 802.16 [1]. Because WiMAX is
standardized, each developer has to meet the specifications so that the performance is
consistent across devices. The specifications may also include the types of equipment used.
Without these standards, equipment manufacturers would need to provide all the hardware
and software by themselves, which may include chip sets, subscriber station gear, and
WiMAX base stations. “With the 802.16 standard in place, suppliers can amortize their
research and development costs over a much higher product volume¨ [3]. Having a standard
not only sets a minimum requirement for builders to meet but also ensures that technology
from various suppliers can be compatible.

WiMAX vs. Wi-Fi

In the article thus far, it may not be clear how WiMAX is different from Wi-Fi. Although it is true
that they have the same first two letters, they are certainly not the same technology. WiMAX is
often nicknamed as “Wi-Fi on steroids¨, because it amplifies the abilities of Wi-Fi considerably
[4].

If WiMAX provides services analogous to a cell phone, Wi-Fi is analogous to a cordless

phone. Wi-Fi is a short-range system, typically covering just a few hundred meters, unlike the
30-mile maximum coverage radius of one WiMAX tower. Wi-Fi also cannot overcome
interfering objects the same way that WiMAX can and it does not operate on a licensed
spectrum.

WiMAX also has a significant advantage over Wi-Fi in its high spectral efficiency. Spectral
efficiency is defined as the rate of information that can be transmitted over a given set of
frequencies, or bandwidth. In other words, the higher the spectral efficiency, the faster the
Internet connectivity. Because WiMAX’s level of spectral efficiency is high, it can distribute
nearly any bandwidth to almost any number of subscribers. Wi-Fi is normally only used to
grant access to a personal network, but WiMAX covers a large area and can therefore be
shared by multiple clients.

Even though almost all mobile devices such as laptops and cellular phones are currently Wi-Fi
embedded, this does not necessarily mean that Wi-Fi is the better technology. A large part of
the reason why Wi-Fi is currently more popular is that it has been out for a longer period of
time, whereas WiMAX is still in development.
WiMAX Applications

The WiMAX technology has a broad range of applications (see Fig. 2). First, it provides a
wireless alternative to cable and DSL for broadband access for the areas in the United States
and throughout the world that still do not have access to broadband connectivity. Using cable
or DSL to provide broadband connections to these areas can be very time-consuming and
expensive. With WiMAX, broadband service could be installed in just a few days with a
significantly lower cost. Because 80% of cell base stations today are connected using
expensive fiber optic cables, service providers may consider using WiMAX as a more cost-
effective alternative [3]. Service providers can just use WiMAX to “beam¨ the data flow to the
area or building, rather than digging trenches to run expensive fiber optics or other high-
bandwidth cable services.

Since WiMAX base stations have a wide of coverage and can be installed quickly, WiMAX is
also often used to connect Wi-Fi hotspots to the Internet for large temporary events such as
trade shows. Because a WiMAX base station is small, cheap, and covers a large area,
WiMAX can be used as a “broadband on demand¨ [5].

WiMAX also has the ability to provide wireless Internet connectivity on the move, providing an
opportunity for true mobile connectivity of devices without cell network access. Mobile
connectivity can lead to countless other applications, such as being able to use the Internet or
watch television in a moving vehicle. As users become more and more dependent on Internet
availability, having a wireless Internet network that rivals cellular phone coverage would be
very advantageous.