Modals 1 Deemer cue nan tis Pre incu FEW) You are going to hear a conversation | between Chris and a girl called Alice. Look at the picture of Chris. What is his job? . E] Listen and check if you were right. | | | (EY Listen again and answer these questions. | 1 Why isn’t Alice at school? he's. left. shod 2. How many rich and famous people does Chris meet? 3. Why isn’t Chris at work today? 4. How is this job different from Chris's last job? 5 What does Chris offer to do? . | EF] Listen again and match the beginnings and endings of these phrases. | Stop the recording when you need to. i 1 ..youneed .& a think sbout the hotel kitchen today. [EB Look at your answers to Exercise 4. Which verbs aren't followed by to? 2 Chefs have b to work every day except Monday. | 3 Ineedn't ¢ to spend their time in the kitchen, | 4 You don’t have wu. d come to the hotel one day. | 5 Ineed ... € to talk tome... 6 Ihave £ to work longer hours. 7 Thad § to work alll day... | 8 Tl have h go now. i] 9 Imus ... i to get up early. l] 10 You must . j_ to stay until all the food is cooked and served ... | | ET4 Use of modals ‘The modal verbs can, could, may, might, must, ought o, shall, should, will and would: ¢ are always used before another verb: He can swim. + never change ~ they do not add -s or-ed or ~ing. ¢ are followed by a verb in its infinitive form without ro: You should ger up earlier. (not You-shoutd-to-get-up-eariier) but notice that we say: You oughe to get up earlier. +4 are immediately followed by not in the negative: You should not (or shouldn't) be late for college. but notice that we say: You ought not to be late for college. + go immediately before the subject in a question: Could you wake me up? Need can be a modal verb as well as a main verb (+See Grammar, part 3). 2 Obligation Must and have to rusts verb | We must leave no hhaveta /hasio sve | Hehas ro leave noi must...t verb? Must we leave now? do / does... + have to+ verb? Do we have to leave now? For obligation, we can often use must or have to: T must go now or Il miss the bus. or I have to go now or Fil miss the bus. ‘We use must to give orders or strong advice, including to ourselves: You must tell me everything. (=| feel strongly about this) She muse be home by midnight. (= these are my instructions) You must come to the hotel one day. (=I strongly advise you to) T must go now. (= I have decided to do this) When there is a rule or where the obligation does not come from the speaker, must is possible but have to is more usual: You have to pay ro park your car here. (= this is a rule) Thave to stay until the food is cooked, (= this is part of my job) We usually use have to for habits: Thave to get up early to cook breakfast He has to practise the piano for twenty minutes a day. ‘to1‘We only use must in the present tense. In all other tenses, we use have to: Thad tp work every day. (past simple) I'll (will) have to work longer hours. (future) Lavoided having to speak to him by crossing the street, (verb + -ing) If I got the job, Pd (would) have to buy a car. (conditional) Mustn’t and don’t have to muse noc* verb We musen's be fare do/ does not have to + verb We don't have tobe early Although must and have to both express obligation, mustn't and don’t have to sve different meanings. Mustn’t means ‘don’t do it’ and don't have to means ’s not necessary to do it’ T mustn't wear jeans at work. (= it is wrong to do this, it isn’t allowed) You don't have to stay at school until you'e 18. (= you are not obliged to but you can if you want) Should When we are talking about the right thing to do, we use should: He should take more care when he’s eycling. (= it’s a good idea but he doesn't) I shouldn't spend so much time watching TY. (= it's a bad idea but I still do) To talk about the past, we use should have + past participl Tshould have told the truth. (= it was a good idea but T didn’t) We shouldn't have lent her that money. (= it was a bad idea but we still did) (See also Unit 13, Grammar, part 5) 3 Necessity We can use need like a normal main verb in all the tenses, but it can also be a modal verb in questions and in the negative: Need I come with you? (= Do I need to come with you?) I needn't come, (if I don’t want to) (=I don't need to come, / I don't have to come.) In positive statements, we say: Tneed to come. (not Enced-come.) To talk about the past, we s He needed to uy some food. (=it was necessary because he didn't have any) He didn't need to buy any food. (= he didn't buy any food as it wasn't necessary) A Needn't have has a different meaning: He needn't have bought any food. (= he bought food but it wasn't necessary)(Oma [EU Frill in the gaps with the correct form of have to or must. 1. Most students in Britain... /@ve.t0, pay at least part of their university fees. 2 Joe... snow Set Up early on Fridays as he has no lectures in the morning, 3 You... talk during the film because other people will get annoyed. 4 These library books are overdue $0 1 com pay a fine when I return them. . drive to work because the bus gets there too late. rractise much when 5 Jeremy... 6 Because she could already play the piano, she she learnt to play the organ. 7 You borrow this video - you'll enjoy watching it. _-- (You) work every Saturday in your new job? -~ §0 into the deep end of the pool. 9 Non-swimmers .. 10 You. ‘come to the rehearsal tomorrow if you want to be in the play. 11 When I was @ child, Teron _.. change schools seven times because my parents moved house a lot. 12 Every morning the children. .» feed their rabbit before school. 1B Wesco .. Stop eating so much chocolate or none of my clothes will fit. 14. They've promised to lend me a tennis racket $0 1 snnnennnnnnons take mine, [By Match the beginnings and endings of these sentences. 1 [shouldn't .2. ‘a wear a helmet when he’s cycling on a busy road. 2 Neel... b to take any money or is it free? 3 Wedon'tneed..... ¢ toask his boss before he leaves the office. 4 They needn't ~ d take sandwiches with them because Jenny's cooking lunch, 5 He should .... € to send them our new address because they already have it. 6 Should you .. £ fill in my application form now? I'm busy at the moment. 7 He needs & spend so much time playing computer games. 8 Dothey need... ‘hh carry that suitcase with your bad back?Read this article about a pop star. The diary column Popstar Lee Divine travelled from London to New York yesterday by plane. Lee had visited his hairdresser before he went to the airport and wore his latest designer clothes, as he likes to look his best in photos. Press photographers usually follow him wherever he goes but the weather was very bad yesterday and, to Lee’s obvious disappointment, there were no photographers at the airport. Because he is famous, he didn't stand in the queue and his bodyguard carried his lugeage for him. Although ‘most people have to walk from the car park, Lee has a driver who drove him right to the door. Even this did not seem to make him happy. Lee got angry ‘with his driver on the way because he said she wasn't driving fast enough. OF course, they arrived at the airport in plenty of time. Write six sentences about Lee Divine. He needn't have visited. his. hardness. He needn't have He didn't need to ... He didn’t need to He didn’t need to He needn't have ..[Ei Rewrite these sentences using the correct form of must, need, should or have to. 1 Its her fault that she’s lost her watch because she didn’t look after it. She shay, acked, ater her wash 2 I don’t expect you to phone me before you come. You z : 3 Ibis essential for students to buy a good dictionary. Students ... aaa 4. It was wrong of you to take money from my purse without asking. 5 Iwas geting ready to drive to the station to pick up my sister when che arrived in a taxi. te ss 6 Ie’s not fair that I do the washing-up on my own, You ona 7 Students aren’t allowed to smoke in the canteen. Students 8 She turned the music down to avoid disturbing her neighbours hut heya gone out, She .. a 9 Tehink skiers wrung to mks promises which she doesutt keep. i 10 You can give the tour guide a tip but it is not necessary. You