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Microprocessors and
Assembly Languages

CSE 231
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Referred Books
1. Microprocessors and Interfacing
Programming and Hardware
Second Edition
D.V. Hall
2. Assembly Language Programming
Ytha Yu and Charles Marut
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Introduction to the Microprocessor

and Computer
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Outlines

 HistoricalBackground
 The Electrical Age
 Microprocessor
 The Pentium Microprocessor
Historical Background
5

 Babylonians invented the abacus in 500 B.C

 Blaise Pascal invented a calculator in 1642 that was
constructed of gears and wheels. Each gear contained 10
teeth.
 Charles Babbage began to create what he called his
Analytical Engine. This machine was to generate
navigation tables for the Royal Navy.
 The engine stored 1000 20-digit decimal
numbers and variable program.
Analytical Engine 6

•Input to engine was through punched cards.

 The Electrical Age 7
 The 1800s saw the arrival of the electric motor which
conceived by Michael Farady

 In 1889,Herman Hollerith developed the punched

card for storing data and he was commissioned for
the 1890 census.

 In 1896, Hollerith formed a company called the

Tabulating Machine Company. After a number of
mergers the Tabulating Machine Company was
formed into the International business Machiness
Corporation.

 The punched cards used in computer are called

Hollerith cards. The 12-bit code used on a punched
card is called Hollerith code.
 The Electrical Age .. 8

Herman Hollerith Tabulating Machine

The Electrical Age .. 9

 The first electronic calculating machine in 1941

by Konrad Zuse. He called Z3, was used in
aircraft and missile design during World War Ⅱ
for the German was effort.
 This first electronic computing system, which
used vacuum tubes, was invented by Alan
Turing . He called his machine Colossus.
 Colossus design allowed it to break secret
German military codes generated by the
mechanical Engima machine.
 Colossus was not programmable ─ it was a
fixed-program computer system, which today is
often called a special-purpose computer.
The Electrical Age 10

Z3
 The Electrical Age 11
Colossus
The Electrical Age 12
Enigma Machine
 The Electrical Age 13
ENIAC
 The first general-purpose, programmable electronic
computer system was developed in 1946 at the
University of Pennsylvania.

 This first modern computer was called the ENIAC

(electronics Numerical Integrator and Calculator).

 The ENIAC weighed over 30 tons, yet performed only

about 100,000 operations per second.
 The Electrical Age.. 14

The Disadvantages of ENIAC

 The ENIAC was programmed by rewiring its circuits ─a
process that took many workers several days to
accomplish.
 ENIAC was the life of the vacuum tube components,
which required frequent maintenance.
The Electrical Age .. 15
ENIAC

•containing over 17,000 vacuum tubes and over

500 miles of wires.
 The Electrical Age.. 16

 The development of transistor in 1948 at Bell

Labs. In 1958 invent the integrated circuit by
Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments.
 The IC led to the development of digital
integrated circuits (RTL, or resistor-to-transistor
logic) in the 1960s and the first microprocessor
at Intel Corporation in 1971.
 Marcian E. Hoff, developed the 4004
microprocessor.
The Electrical Age .. 17
Intel 4004
Programming Advancements
18

 The first language is machine language

 Mathematician John von Neumann was the

first person do develop a system that
accepted instructions and stored them in
memory.
Programming Advancements..
19

 Assembly language was used to simplify the chore

of entering binary code into a computer as its
instructions. computer systems such as the UNIVAC.

 In 1957 Grace Hopper developed the first high-level

programming language called FLOW-MATIC.

 In the same year, IBM developed FRTRAN (FORmula

TRANslator). A year after FORTRAN, was
ALGOL(ALGOrithmic language).
UNIVAC 20
 Programming Advancements..
21

 The first truly successful programming language for business

application was COBOL(Computer Business Oriented Language).

 Another once-popular business languages is RPG (Report Program

Generator)
 Programming Advancements..
22

 Some of the languages BASIC, C/C++, PASCAL,

and ADA are more common.
 A new version of basic, VISUAL BASIC, has made
programming in the WINDOWS environment easier.
 Most video games written for the personal computer are
written almost exclusively in assembly language.
 Assembly language is also interspersed with C/C++ and
PASCAL to perform machine control functions efficiently.
 The ADA language is used heavily by the
Department of Defense.
 The Microprocessor Age23
 The world’s first microprocessor, the Intel 4004, was microprocessor─a
programmable controller on a chip. It addressed a mere
4096 4-bit wide memory locations.

 It was fabricated with the then-current state-of-

the-art P-channel MOSFET and execute
instructions at the slow rate of 50 KIP (kilo-
instructions per second).

 Other companies, particularly Texas Instrument

(TMS-100), also produced 4-bit microprocessors.
 Intel 4004 24

 The 4-bit microprocessor debuted in early video game

systems and small microprocessor-based control system.
The Main Problems with 4004
25
 Speed
 Width
 Memory size
 Intel released the 4040, an update version of
the earlier 4004.
 The 4-bit microprocessor debuted in early
video game systems and small
microprocessor-based control systems.
 Most calculators are still based on 4-bit
microprocessor.
 Intel 8008 26

 In1971, Intel corporation released the

8008, an extended 8-bit version of the
4004 microprocessor.
 The memory size are 16K bytes
 The instructions are 48
Intel 8008 27
 Other 8-bit Processors28
 RCA 1802
=> with a different architecture than other 8-bit processors.

 IBM 801
=>based on RISC design principles.

 Moto 6800
=>with 78 instructions and probably the first microprocessor with an index
register.

 MOS 6502
=>Motorola’s design team quit en masse and formed their own
company, MOS Technology.

 Fairchild F8
=>The 8-bit Fairchild F8 (also known as the 3850) microcontroller was
Fairchild's
first processor.
 8-bit Processor 29

 Intel introduced the 8080 microprocessor in

1973. The first modern 8-bit microprocessors.
 Motorola Corporation introduced its
MC6800 microprocessor .
MC6800 30
Early 8-bit 31
Microprocessor
Manufacturer Part number
Fairchild F-8
Intel 8080
MOS Technology 6502
Motorola MC6800
National semiconductor IMP-8
Rockwell International PPS-8
Zilog Z-8
 8-bit Processors 32

 Zilogremained in the background,

concentrating on microcontrollers
and embedded controllers.
 Rockwell has all but abandoned
microprocessor development in favor
of modem circuit.
 Features of 8080 33

 Executed them 10 times faster than the 8008. an addition that took
20μs on an 8008-based system required only 2.0μs on 8080-based
system

 Compatible with TTL.

 8080 address memory with 64K bytes than the 8008 with 16K bytes.
 Personal Computer (PC)34
 The first personal computer, the MITS Altair 8800, was released in 1974.

 The basic language interpreter was developed by Bill Gates.

 The assembler was written by Digital Research Corporation, which

once produce DR-DOS for the computer.
 The 8085 Microprocessor35

 In 1977, Intel corporation introduced an update version of the

8080─the 8085. the last 8-bit microprocessor developed by Intel.

 An addition that took 2.0μs on the 8080 required only 1.3 μs

on the 8085.
 Adding two instructions to enable/disable three added interrupt pins.
 8-bit Microprocessors 36

 the main advantages of the 8085 were its internal clock generator,
internal system controller, and higher clock frequency.

 Another company that sold 500 million 8-bit

microprocessors is Zilog Corporation, which
produced the Z-80 microprocessor.
 Intel 8085 37

 The most successful 8-bit, general-purpose

microprocessor is 8085.
The 8086 Microprocessor
38

 Introduced in 1978,
contained only 29,000
transistors and ran at 5
MHz.
 Containing 800,000
instructions.
The Modern Microprocessor
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 MIPS

 CISC and RISC

 In 1979, Intel released the 8088 microprocessor

16-bit microprocessor, which executed
instructions in as little as 400 ns(2.5 MIPS)

 8088 having 29,000 transistors.

 8086 and 8088 microprocessors were called CISC

because of the number and complexity of instructions

 In 1981, IBM Corporation decided to use the 8088

microprocessor in its personal computer.
The Feature of the 8086 and 8088
40
 8086 and 8088 addressed 1M bytes of memory.

 A small 4- or 6-byte instruction cache or queue that

prefetched a few instructions before they were
executed.

 20,000 variations on the 8086 and 8088

microprocessors.

 16-bit microprocessor provided more internal register

storage space than the 8-bit microprocessor.
The 80286 Microprocessor
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 The 80286 (also a 16-bit architecture) addressed a 16M byte memory

system instead of a 1M byte system.
 The clock speed of the 80286 was increased it executed some
instructions in 4.0MIPS with the original release 8.0 MHz version.
Intel 80286 42
 The 32-bit Microprocessor
43

 The 80386 was Intel’s first practical 32-bit microprocessor.

 Contained a 32-bit data bus and 32-bit memory address. addressed
up to 4G bytes of memory.
 80386 included a memory management unit.
The 32-bit Microprocessor
44 ..

 The 80386 was available in a few modified

version such as the 80386SX which addressed
16M bytes of memory through a 16-bit data and
24-bit address bus.

 The instruction set of the 80386 microprocessor

was upward-compatible with the earlier 8086,
8088,and 80286 microprocessors .
Other 32-bit Microprocessors
45

 BELLMAC-32A
=>AT&T's Computer Systems introduced the
world's first single-chip 32-bit microprocessor.
 Motorola 68010
 NS 32032
 In 1983, Acorn Computers Ltd develop its own processor called the
Acorn RISC Machine, or ARM
 The 32-bit Microprocessor
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 Applications that require higher microprocessor

speeds and large memory systems include
software systems that use a GUI.

 The least sophisticated VGA (variable graphics

array) video display has a resolution of 640
pixels per scanning line with 480 scanning lines.

 We often call a GUI a WYSIWYG (what you see

is what you get) display.
 The 80486 Microprocessor 47

 In 1989, Intel released the 80486 microprocessor,

and an 8K byte cache memory system into one
integrated package.

 The internal structure of the 80486 was modified

from the 80386 so that about half of its instructions
executed in one clock instead of two clocks.

 80486 was available in a 50 MHz version.

 80486
48

 Double-clocked version are 80486DX2 with

66MHz.
 Triple-clocked version are 80486DX2 with 100MHz
 AMD has produced a triple-clocked version that
runs with a bus speed of 40MHz and a clock
speed of 120MHz.
 Other versions of the 80486 were called Overdrive
processors
Intel and Motorola Microprocessors
49
The Pentium Microprocessor
50

 The Pentium, introduced in 1993, was similar to the

80386 and 80486 microprocessors.

 The two introductory versions of the Pentium

operated with clocking frequency of 60 MHz and
66MHz, and a speed of 110MIPS.

 Double-clocked operating at 120 MHz and 133

MHz, as were higher-speed versions (the fastest
version is the 233 MHz).
 Pentium 51

 The Pentium contained an 8K byte instruction

cache and an 8K byte data cache.
 Cache size was increased to 16K bytes
 The memory system contained up to 4G bytes,
with data bus 64 bits. The data bus transfer was
either 60 MHz or 66 MHz.
 Recent versions of the Pentium included
addition instructions, called multimedia
extensions, or MMX instructions.
80486
52

 Intel released the long-awaited Pentium OverDrive(P24T) for order

80486 systems that operate at earlier 63MHz or 83 MHz clock.
 Most ingenious feature of the Pentium
a. Dual integer processors: contains two
independent
internal integer processors call
superscalar
technology.
b. jump prediction technology: speeds the
execution
of programs that include loops.
iCOMP-rating index 53
iCOMP2 index 54

 scaledby a
factor of 10
from the
iCOMP1 index
Pentium Pro Processor 55

 contains 21 million transistors, 3 integer units, as

well as a floating-point unit to increase the
performance of most software.
 The basic clock frequency was 150MHz and 166
MHz in the initial.
 The internal 16K level-one(L1) cache and contains
a 256K level-two(L2) cache.
 Pentium Pro Processor56

 The Pentium Pro processor uses three execution engines, so it can

execute up to three instructions at a time.

 Pentium pro can address either a 4G byte memory system or a 64G

byte memory system.
 Pentium Microprocessors57
 The main reason for the change is that the L2
cache

 The L2 cache and microprocessor are on a circuit

board called the Pentium module. This on-board, L2
cache operates at a speed of 133 MHz and stores
512K bytes of information.

 In 1998, Pentium Microprocessors rated at 350MHz,

400MHz, and 450 MHz all user higher 100 MHz
memory.
Pentium Xeon Microprocessors
58

 In mid-1998 Intel announced a new version of the Pentium called

Xeon
 Designed for high-end workstation and sever applications.
 Xeon is available with a L1 cache size of 32K bytes and a L2 cache
size of either 512K, 1M, or 2M bytes.
 Pentium Microprocessors
59

 uses a faster core than the Pentium

 available in the slot 1 version mounted on a plastic cartridge and a
socket 370 version called flip-chip.
 The slot 1 version contains a 512K cache and the flip-chip version
contains a 256K cache.
 Pentium Microprocessors..
60

 Both versions use a memory bus speed of 100 MHz, while uses a
memory bus clock speed of 66 MHz.
 The speed of the front side bus, PCI controller, is now either 100 MHz
or 133 MHz.
 the Pentium is available to clock frequencies of 1 GHz.
 61
Conceptual views of the Pentium Pro
and Pentium, Pentium and Pentium 4
 Pentium 4 Microprocessors
62

 Pentium 4 is available in a 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5 GHz

speed version.
 the chipset that supports the Pentium 4 uses the
RAMBUS memory technology in place of
SDRAM technology.
 Another change we are likely to see is a shift
from aluminum to cooper interconnections.
 We may see the front side bus speed increase
from the current maximum of 133 MHz to 200
MHz or higher.
The Future of Microprocessors
63
 More likely a change to RISC.

 Parallel processing without any change to the

instruction set or program.

 Currently, the superscaler technology uses many

microprocessors, but they all shall the same register set.

 This new untried technology, to be used in the next

version of the Intel microprocessor, will contain many
microprocessors, each containing its own register set
that is linked with other microprocessors’ registers.
 Pentium Processors 64

 In 2002, Intel plans to release a new microprocessor architecture. that

is 64 bits in width and has a 128 bit data bus. This new architecture,
code-name Merced.

 These include 128 general-purpose integer registers, 128 floating-point

registers, 64 predicate registers.
Conceptual Views of the 80486 and
65

Pentium
 66

Thank you all for

enjoying the class