NAME: JATIN KUMAR

CLASS: 11TH (SCIENCE)

ROLL NO.: 11
SUBJECT: PHYSICS
 FOR AISSCE 2023-24 EXAMINATION
[As a part of the Physics course (042)]

SUBMITTED BY: UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF :

JATIN KUMAR HARDIK THAKKAR
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my sincere thanks to the
Principal NEHA SHAH ma’am for her
support and all the facilities
provided for the preparation of this
project.
I extend my sincere thanks to my
instructor Mr. HARDIK THAKKAR who
guided me to the successful completion
of this project.
I take this opportunity to express my
deep sense of gratitude for their
invaluable guidance, constant
encouragement and immense motivation
which has sustained my efforts at all
stages of this project work.

Name: Jatin Kumar

Roll Number: 11

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that JATIN KUMAR of
CLASS XI (SCIENCE) studying in AAVISHKAR
SCHOOL has successfully completed his/her
project entitled
“DETERMINATION OF REFRACTIVE INDICES OF
VARIOUS LIQUIDS USING A HOLLOW PRISM”

Under the guidance of Mr. HARDIK THAKKAR

in the academic session 2023-24.

______________ ______________
Mr. HARDIK THAKKAR External’s Signature

__________________
PRINCIPAL

DATE:

PLACE:

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS [ T O C]

S.NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

01 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 01

02 CERTIFICATE 02

03 INTRODUCTION 04-05

04 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 06

05 THEORY 06-08

06 PROCEDURE 09-11

07 OBSERVATIONS 11

08 BIBLIOGRAPHY 14

03
In optics, a prism is a transparent optical
element with flat, polished surfaces that
refracts light. The
exact angles between the
surfaces depend on the
application. The
traditional geometrical
shape is that of a
triangular prism with a
triangular base and
rectangular sides, and
in colloquial use “prism” usually refers to this
type. Some types of optical prism are not in fact
in the shape of geometric prisms. Prisms can be
made from any material that is transparent to the
wavelengths for which they are designed. Typical
materials include glass, plastic and fluorite.
Prism can be used to break light up into its
constituent spectral colours (the colours of the
rainbow). Prisms can also be used to reflect
light, or to split light into components with
different polarizations.

Before Isaac Newton, it was believed that white

light was colourless, and that the prism itself
produced the colour. Newton’s experiments
demonstrated that all the colours already existed
in the light in a heterogeneous fashion, and that
“corpuscles” (particles) of light were fanned
out.

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Because particles with different colours
travelled with different speeds through the
prism. It was only later that Young and Fresnel
combined Newton’s particle theory with Huygens’
wave theory to
show that
colour is the
visible
manifestation
of light’s
wavelength.
Newton arrived
at his
conclusion by
passing the red
colour from one prism through second prism and
found the colour unchanged. From this, he
concluded that the colours must already be
present in the incoming light and white light
consists of a collection of colours. As the
white light passes through the triangular
prism, the light separates into the collection
of colours: red, orange, yellow, green, blue,
indigo and violet. This collection of colours
formed by the prism is called the spectrum. The
separation of white light into its spectrum is
known as dispersion.

Dispersion occurs because each colour travels

through the prism at different speeds. Violet
travels the slowest through the prism; hence we
can see it refracting the most. On the other
hand, red passes through at a much fast rate
which makes its angle of refraction less, hence
red is too scarce to be seen.

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AIM:

To investigate the dependence, of the angle of

deviation on the angle of incidence, using a
hallow prism filled, one by one, with different
transparent fluids.

APPARATUS:

Drawing board, white sheets of paper, hollow

prism, different liquids (water, kerosene oil,
etc), drawing pins, pencil, half meter scale,
and thump pins, graph papers and a protractor.

THEORY:

Refraction of Light through a Prism –

Diagram shows section ABC of a prism taken by a
vertical plane, perpendicular to the edge. BC is
the base of the prism and AB and AC are its two
refracting surfaces.

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Angle of Minimum Deviation -
➢Definition: The minimum value of angle of
deviation is called angle of minimum
deviation. It is represented by the symbol Dm.
➢Explanation: For same angle of deviation (D)
There are two values of angle of incidence.
One value equal ‘i’ and other value equals
‘e’. As angle ‘i’ is increased from a small
value, ‘e’ decreases from large value and
angle of deviation decreases. When angle of
deviation is minimum (Dm), then, ‘i’ and ‘e’
becomes equal.

sin 𝑖 sin 𝑒
Since i = e, we have r1 = r2. (𝑛 = = )
sin 𝑟1 sin 𝑟2

Hence, at minimum deviation, when r1 = r2 = r

(say).
We have,
𝐴 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = 𝑟 + 𝑟 = 2𝑟
𝐴
⟹ 𝑟=
2
Also, at minimum deviation, D = Dm and i =e
from relation, 𝐴+𝐷 =𝑖+𝑒
We have , 𝐴 + 𝐷𝑚 = 𝑖 + 𝑖 = 2𝑖
𝐴+𝐷𝑚
⟹ 𝑖=
2

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From Snell’s law,

𝐴+𝐷𝑚
𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
𝑛= 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛
2

This relation is useful for determination of n

for Prism material.

DIAGRAM:

08
PROCEDURE:
1.A white sheet of paper was fixed on the
drawing board with the help of drawing pins.
2.A straight line XX’ parallel to the length
of the Paper was drawn nearly in the middle of
the paper.
3.Points Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 were marked on the
straight line XX’ at suitable distances of
about 6cm.
4. Normal’s N1Q1, N2Q2, N3Q3 and N4Q4 were drawn
on points Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4.
5. Straight lines R1Q1, R2Q2, R3Q3 and R4Q4 were
drawn making angles of 400 ,450 ,500 and 550
respectively with the normal.
6.One corner of the prism was marked as A, and
it was taken as the edge of the prism for all
the observations.
7.Prism with its refracting face AB was put in
the Line XX’ and point Q1 was put in the
middle of AB.
8. The boundary of the prism was marked.
9.Two pins P1 and P2 were fixed vertically on
the line R1Q1 and the distance between the pins
were about 2cm.
10. The images of points P1 and P2 were looked

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Through face AC.
11. Left eye was closed, and right eye was
opened and was brought in line with the two
images.
12. Two pins P3 and P4 were fixed vertically at
About 2cm apart such that the open right eye
sees pins P4 and P3 as images of P2 and P1 in
one straight line.
13. Pins P1, P2, P3 and P4 were removed and
their Pricks on the paper were encircled.
14. Steps 7 to 13 were again repeated with
points Q2, Q3 and Q4 for i=450 ,500 and
550.Straight lines through points P4 and P3
were drawn to obtain emergent rays S1T1, S2T2,
S3T3 and S4T4.
15. T1S1, T2S2, T3S3 and T4S4 were produced
inward in the boundary of the prism to meet
produced incident rays R1Q1, R2Q2, R3Q3 and R4Q4
at points F1, F2, F3 and F4.
16. Angles K1F1S1, K2F2S2, K3F3S3 and K4F4S4 were
Measured. These angles give angle of deviation
D1, D2, D3 and D4.
17. Values of these angles were written on the
paper.
18. Angle BAC was measured in the boundary of

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 the prism. This gives angle A.
19. Observations were recorded.

OBSERVATIONS:

Angle of hollow prism A = 600

S.No. ANGLE OF ANGLE OF ANGLE OF ANGLE OF

INCIDENCE DEVIATION DEVIATION DEVIATION
FOR WATER FOR FOR
KEROSENE TURPENTINE
OIL OIL

01. 400 230 360 320

02. 450 240 330 330

03. 500 250 340 340

04. 550 260 350 350

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RESULTS:
➢The angle of minimum deviation for –
Water Dm = 23⁰C
Kerosene oil Dm = 33⁰C
Turpentine oil Dm = 32⁰C
➢The refractive indices of the –
Water n = 1.32
Kerosene oil n = 1.46
Turpentine oil n = 1.44
➢Speed of light in –
Water v = 2.3x108 m/s
Kerosene oil v = 2.05x108 m/s
Turpentine oil v = 2.08x108 m/s

PRECAUTIONS:
• The angle of incidence should lie between
35⁰ – 60⁰.
• The pins should be fixed vertical.
• The distance between the two pins should not
be less than 10mm.
• Arrow heads should be marked to represent the
incident and emergent rays.
• The same angle of prism should be used for
all the observations.

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SOURCES OF ERRORS:
• Pin pricks may be thick.
• Measurement of angles may be wrong.

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1. PHYSICS TEXTBOOK CLASS XII-
NCERT
2. COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL
PHYSICS CLASS XII
3. www.scribd.com

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