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Unit 1- simple
stress and
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Hareesha
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Unit 1- simple stress and strain

2. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 1 Simple Stress and
Strain: 1.1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................2 1.1.1
Types of Loads....................................................................................................................2 1.1.2 Classification
of Materials ..................................................................................................3 1.2. STRESS
....................................................................................................................................4 1.2.1 Definition of Stress
:
.............................................................................................................4 1.2.2 Units of
Stress.....................................................................................................................4 1.2.3 Types of
Stresses.................................................................................................................5 1.3.
STRAIN....................................................................................................................................6 1.4. LINEAR
ELASTICITY AND ELASTIC LIMIT ....................................................................8 1.5 Hook’s
law.................................................................................................................................8 1.6 poison’s
ratio..............................................................................................................................9 1.6. Stress – strain
relationships.....................................................................................................10 1.7. Extension / Shortening of
a bar...............................................................................................15 1.8 bars with cross sections varying in
steps .................................................................................16 1.9. bars with continuously varying cross
sections........................................................................16 1.9.1 Bars with varying Circular cross section
..........................................................................16 1.9.2. Bars with varying rectangular cross section
....................................................................18 1.10. ELONGATION OF BAR DUE TO SELF WEIGHT
..........................................................19 1.11. Principle of Superposition.
...................................................................................................20 Worked
Examples..........................................................................................................................21
3. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 2 UNIT 1: SIMPLE
STRESS AND STRAIN: Syllabus Introduction, Stress, strain, mechanical properties of materials, Linear
elasticity, Hooke’s Law and Poisson’s ratio, Stress-Strain relation - behaviour in tension for Mild steel, cast
iron and non ferrous metals. Extension / Shortening of a bar, bars with cross sections varying in steps, bars
with continuously varying cross sections (circular and rectangular), Elongation due to self weight, Principle
of super position. 1.1. INTRODUCTION When an external force acts on a body, the body tends to undergo
some deformation. Due to cohesion between the molecules, the body resists deformation. This resistance
by which material of the body opposes the deformation is known as strength of material. Within a certain
limit (i.e., in the elastic stage) the resistance o!ered by the material is proportional to the deformation
brought out on the material by the external force. Also within this limit the resistance is equal to the
external force (or applied load). But beyond the elastic stage, the resistance o!ered by the material is less
than the applied load. In such a case, the deformation continues, until failure takes place. Within elastic
stage, the resisting force equals applied load. This resisting force per unit area is called stress or intensity of
stress. 1.1.1 Types of Loads In the mechanics of the deformable bodies, the following types of loads are
commonly considered: Dead loads—static in nature, such as the self-weight of the roof. Live loads—
fluctuating in nature, do not remain constant- such as a weight of a vehicle moving on a bridge. Tensile
loads. Compressive loads. Shearing loads. Depending on the nature of the forces mentioned, the stress
can be called the tensile stress or the compressive stress. The tensile stress is induced when the applied
force has pulling e!ect on the body as shown in Table 1.1. Generally, the tensile stress is considered
positive.
4. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 3 The compressive
stress is induced when the applied load has pushing e!ect towards a point. Generally, the compressive
stress is considered negative. On the other hand, the shearing stress is induced when the applied load is
parallel or tangent to the surface. Table 1.1 Description of load and corresponding stress 1.1.2 Classification
of Materials From an engineering point of view, properties concerned with metals are: 1. Elasticity 2.
Plasticity 3. Brittleness 4. Malleability 5. Ductility Many of these properties are contrasting in nature so that
a given metal cannot exhibit simultaneously all these properties. For example, mild steel exhibits the
:
property of elasticity, copper possesses the property of ductility, wrought iron is malleable, lead is plastic
and cast iron is brittle. Elastic Material II undergoes a deformation when subjected to an external loading
such that the deformation disappears on the removal of the loading (rubber). Plastic Material It undergoes
a continuous deformation during the period of loading and the deformation is permanent. It does not
regain its original dimensions on the removal o the loading (aluminium). Rigid Material It does not undergo
any deformation when subjected to an external loading (glass and cast iron). Malleability Materials ability
to be hammered out into thin sheets, such as lead, is called malleability.
5. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 4 Brittle Materials They
exhibit relatively small extensions to fracture such as glass and cast iron. There is little or no necking at
fracture for brittle materials. 1.2. STRESS 1.2.1 Definition of Stress Stress is an internal resistance o!ered by
a unit area of the material, from which a member is made, to an externally applied load. Alternatively, the
force per unit area or intensity of the forces distributed over a given section is called the stress on that
section. The resistance of material or the internal force acting on a unit area may act in any direction. Fig.
1.1: Stress Direct or normal stress G is calculated by using the following formula: 1.2.2 Units of Stress The
unit of stress depends upon the unit of load (or force) and unit of area. In M.K.S. units, the force is
expressed in kgf and area in meter square (i.e., m2 ). Hence unit of stress becomes as kgf/m2 . If area is
expressed in centimeter square (i.e., cm2 ), the stress is expressed as kgf/cm2 . In the S.I. units, the force is
expressed in newtons (written as N) and area is expressed as m2 . Hence unit of stress becomes as N/m2 .
The area is also expressed in millimeter square then unit of force becomes as N/mm2 l N/m2 = l N/(100cm)2
= 1 N/(104 cm2 ) = 10-4 N/cm2 or 10-6 N/mm2 or 1 MPa= 1 N/mm2
6. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 5 1.2.3 Types of
Stresses The stress may be normal stress or a shear stress. Normal stress is the stress which acts in a
direction perpendicular to the area. It is represented by ζ (sigma). The normal stress is further divided into
tensile stress and compressive stress. Tensile Stress: The stress induced in a body, when subjected to two
equal and opposite pulls as shown in Fig. 1.2 as a result of which there is an increase in length, is known as
tensile stress. The ratio of increase in length to the original length is known as tensile strain. The tensile
stress acts normal to the area and it pulls on the area. Fig. 1.2: Tensile stress Fig. 1.2 (a) shows a bar
subjected to a tensile force P at its ends. Consider a section x-x, which divides the bar into two parts. The
part le" to the section x-x, will be in equilibrium if P = Resisting force (R). This is shown in Fig. 1.2 (b).
Similarly the part right to the section x-x, will be in equilibrium if P = Resisting force as shown in Fig. 1.2 (c).
This resisting force per unit area is known as stress or intensity of stress. Compressive Stress: The stress
induced in a body, when subjected to two equal and opposite pushes as shown in Fig. 1.3 (a) as a result of
which there is a decrease in length of the body, is known as compressive stress. And the ratio of decrease in
length to the original length is known as compressive strain. The compressive stress acts normal to the
area and it pushes on the area. Let an axial push P is acting on a body in cross-sectional area A. Due to
external push P, let the original length L of the body decreases by dL.
7. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 6 Then compressive
stress is given by, And compressive strain is given by, Fig. 1.3: Compressive Stress Shear Stress: The stress
induced in a body, when subjected to two equal and opposite forces which are acting tangentially across
the resisting section as shown in Fig. 1.4 as a result of which the body tends to shear o! across the section,
is known as shear stress. The corresponding strain is known as shear strain. The shear stress is the stress
which acts tangential to the area. It is represented by τ. Fig. 1.4: Shear Stress 1.3. STRAIN When a body is
subjected to some external force, there is some change of dimension of the body. The ratio of change of
:
dimension of the body to the original dimension is known as strain. Strain is dimensionless. Strain may be :
Tensile strain
8. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 7 Compressive
strain, Volumetric strain Shear strain. If there is some increase in length of a body due to external force,
then the ratio of increase of length to the original length of the body is known as tensile strain. But if there
is some decrease in length of the body, then the ratio of decrease of the length of the body to the original
length is known as compressive strain. The ratio of change of volume of the body to the original volume is
known as volumetric strain. The strain produced by shear stress is known as shear strain. Linear Strain It is
defined as Linear strain may be either tensile or compressive. If there is some increase in the length of a
body due to external force, then the strain is known as tensile strain. On the other hand, if there is some
decrease in the length of the body due to external force, then the strain is known as compressive strain.
Please note that both are linear strain only. In the case of rod having uniform cross-section A. the normal
stress ζ could be assumed to have a constant value P/A. Thus, it is appropriate to define ε as the ratio of the
total deformation δL over the total length L of the rod. Whereas in the case of a member of variable cross-
section, however, the normal stress ζ = P/A varies along the member, and it is necessary to define the strain
at a given point as Shear Strain It is a measure of the angle through which a body is deformed by the
applied force, denoted by γ. The shear strain is represented by the angle through which the other two faces
have rotated as shown in Fig.
9. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 8 Fig. 1.5: Shear strain
Volumetric Strain The ratio of change in the volume of the body to the original volume is known as
volumetric strain. 1.4. LINEAR ELASTICITY AND ELASTIC LIMIT When an external force acts on a body, the
body tends to undergo some deformation. If the external force is removed and the body comes back to its
original shape and size (which means the deformation disappears completely), the body is known as
elastic body. This property, by virtue of which certain materials return back to their original position a"er
the removal of the external force, is called elasticity. The body will regain its previous shape and size only
when the deformation caused by the external force, is within a certain limit. Thus there is a limiting value of
force up to and within which, the deformation completely disappears on the removal of the force. The
value of stress corresponding to this limiting force is known as the elastic limit of the material. If the
external force is so large that the stress exceeds the elastic limit, the material loses to some extent its
property of elasticity. If now the force is removed, the material will not return to its original shape and size
and there will be a residual deformation in the material. 1.5 HOOK’S LAW For elastic bodies, the ratio of
stress to strain is constant and is known as Young's modulus or the modulus of elasticity and is denoted by
E, i.e., Strain has no units as it is a ratio. Thus, E has the same units as stress. The materials that maintain
this ratio are said to obey Hooke s law which states that within elastic limits, strain is proportional to the
stress producing it. The elastic limit of a material is determined by plotting a tensile test diagram. Young's
modulus is the stress required to cause a unit strain.
10. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 9 Similarly, for elastic
materials, the shear strain is found to be proportional to the applied shear stress within the elastic limit.
Modulus of rigidity or shear modulus denoted by G is the ratio of shear stress to shear strain, i.e., G
The ratio between the volumetric (Identical) stress and the volumetric strain is called Bulk modulus of
elasticity and is denoted by K. 1.6 POISON’S RATIO The ratio of lateral strain to the longitudinal strain is a
constant for a given material, when the material is stressed within the elastic limit. This ratio is called
Poisson's ratio and it is generally denoted by µ or ν or 1/m. Hence mathematically, Longitudinal strain:
:
When a body is subjected to an axial tensile load, there is an increase in the length of the body. But at the
same time there is a decrease in other dimensions of the body at right angles to the line of action of the
applied load. Thus the body is having axial deformation and also deformation at right angles to the line of
action of the applied load (i.e., lateral deformation). The ratio of axial deformation to the original length of
the body is known as longitudinal (or linear) strain. The longitudinal strain is also defined as the
deformation of the body per unit length in the direction of the applied load. Let L = Length of the body, P =
Tensile force acting on the body, δL = Increase in the length of the body in the direction of P Then, L L
=strainalLongitudin Fig. 1.6: longitudinal and lateral strain
11. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 10 Lateral strain: The
strain at right angles to the direction of applied load is known as lateral strain. Let a rectangular bar of
length L, breadth b and depth d is subjected to an axial tensile load P as shown in Fig. 1.6. The length of the
bar will increase while the breadth and depth will decrease. Let δL = Increase in length, δb= Decrease in
breadth, and δd = Decrease in depth. d d or b b strainLateral Note: 1) If longitudinal strain is tensile,
the lateral strains will be compressive. 2) If longitudinal strain is compressive then lateral strains will be
tensile. 3) Hence every longitudinal strain in the direction of load is accompanied by lateral strains of
opposite kind in all directions perpendicular to the load. 1.6. STRESS – STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS For
Structural Steel Certain important properties of materials used for engineering applications can be
determined by conducting laboratory tests on small specimens of the material. One such common test is
tension test. Tension test involves application of gradually increasing axial tensile load on a standard
specimen (the test is performed using Universal Testing Machine aptly called UTM). A"er performing
tension or compression test and determining stress and strain at various magnitudes of load, we can obtain
a diagram by plotting stress along Y-axis and strain along X-axis. The stress-strain diagram is of immense
help in conveying information about mechanical properties and behaviour of the material. We shall restrict
ourselves to behaviour of structural steel only. Our interest on structural steel stems out from the fact that,
it is one of the most widely used metals, being used in buildings, bridges, towers, antennas and many more
structures. Structural steel is also called low carbon steel or mild steel. A typical stress strain diagram for
mild steel is as shown in Figure. The initial behaviour is portrayed by straight line OA. In this region the
stress is proportional to strain and thus the behaviour is linear. Beyond point A. the linear relationship no
longer exists, correspondingly, the stress at A is called proportionality limit. However, the material remains
elastic even beyond the limit of proportionality. The stress up to which the material behaves elastic is
called elastic limit.
12. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 11 Figure: Stress-
strain curve for structural steel which is shown by point B on the curve. If the load is further increased, the
material reaches a point where sudden and appreciable increase in strain occurs without appreciable
increase in stress. This behaviour is shown by point C on the curve. The stress corresponding to point C
(upper yield point)is called upper yield stress. An accurate testing of the specimen would reveal that the
curve drops at point D (lower yield point) and the corresponding stress is called lower yield stress. In the
region of upper and lower yield points, the material becomes perfectly plastic, which indicates that it can
deform without an increase in applied load. A"er undergoing the large strains in the region of upper and
lower yield points, the steel begins to strain harden. Strain hardening is a process, where material
undergoes changes in its atomic and crystalline structure. This process brings in new lease of life for the
material and it picks up increased resistance to further loading (hence resistance to deformation). Thus,
additional elongation requires an increase in tensile load, and stress-strain diagram mounts up with a
:
positive slope from D to E. Point E signifies the maximum stress the material can bear and this point is
called ultimate point and the corresponding stress is ultimate stress. Further, stretching of the bar is
actually accompanied by drastic reduction in area and in load, and fracture finally occurs as shown by
point F on the diagram. Being a ductile material, steel specimen sustains uniform strain over the entire
length up to the ultimate strength point. Figure shows that the stress decreases beyond the ultimate
strength of the material and rupture does not occur until a strain considerably in excess of the strain
corresponding to the ultimate stress has been reached. The strain that occurs during this phase tends to be
localised over a very short length of the test specimen, leading to necking phenomenon (also called waist
formation) depicted in Figure (b). This necking is typical of a metal which behave in a ductile manner.
Figure (c) shows type of failures for ductile and brittle materials.
13. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 12 A"er conducting
tension test on steel we can determine the following items • Elastic modulus • Proportional limit • Yield
stress • Ultimate stress True Stress-Strain Diagram In plotting stress-strain diagram, we make use of original
area of cross section while computing all stress values and original length while calculating corresponding
strains. In this context it is pertinent to define the following:
14. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 13 Nominal or
Conventional or Engineering Stress The ratio of load over original area of cross section of a component is
nominal stress. True Stress The ratio of load over instantaneous area of cross section is true stress. Thus,
under tensile load, instantaneous area is less than original area and under compressive load,
instantaneous area is more than original area. Nominal or Engineering Strain Strain values are calculated at
various intervals of gradually increasing load considering original gauge length of the specimen, such a
strain is nominal or engineering strain. Nominal strain is change in dimension to corresponding original
dimension. True Strain As the load keeps on increasing, the gauge length will also keep on varying (e.g.,
gauge length increases under tensile loading). If actual length is used in calculating the strain, the strain
obtained is true strain. Crisply, change in dimension to instantaneous dimension is true strain. In most of
the engineering designs, the stresses considered will be well within proportional limit and as the strain
involved up to this limit is very small, the change in area is not at all appreciable. Therefore, original area of
cross section is considered while defining the stress for all practical purposes. Coming back to true stress-
strain diagram, as mentioned above, the lateral contraction of the metal occurs when it is stretched under
tensile load, this results in decreased cross sectional area. However, this decrease is too small to show a
noticeable e!ect on calculated value of stress upto point D, but beyond point D, the reduction begins to
alter the shape of the diagram. If the actual area is used to calculate stress, the true stress-strain curve will
follow dashed line that is superposed on the diagram.
15. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 14 Stress-Strain
Diagram for Other Materials Every material has its own strength characteristics. Unlike steel, other
materials do not show clear points of yield stress. But initial linear behaviour is shown by almost all
materials. Figure presents the stress-strain behaviour of some important materials. Table presents elastic
properties of certain metals. Proof Stress Most of the metals except steel, do not show well-defined yield
point and yet undergoes large strains a"er the proportional limit is exceeded. An arbitrary yield stress
called proof stress for these metals can be found out by o!set method. On the stress-strain diagram of the
metal under consideration, a line is drawn parallel to initial linear part of the curve (Figure 2.14) this line is
drawn at a standard o!set of strain value, such as 0.002 (0.2%). The intersection of the o!set line and the
stress-strain curve (point A in the figure) defines the yield point for the metal and hence yield stress. Proof
:
stress is not an inherent property of the metal. Proof stress is also called o!set yield stress.
16. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 15 1.7. EXTENSION /
SHORTENING OF A BAR Consider a prismatic bar of length L and cross-sectional area A subjected to axial
force P. We have the relation upon substitution of ε and ζ in that equation, we get where E = Young’s
Modulus, N/mm2 L = original length , mm δL = change in length , mm A = original cross-sectional area,
mm2 and P = axial force , N The above Eq. can also be written as, Table 1.2 gives the values of Young's
modulus of some commonly used materials. Table 1.2: Young’s modulus of some materials Sl. no. Material
Young's modulus (kN/mm2 ) 1 Mild steel 200 2 Aluminium 70 3 Copper 100 4 Cast iron 90 5 Bronze 120 6
Wood 10
17. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 16 1.8 BARS WITH
CROSS SECTIONS VARYING IN STEPS Consider a bar of varying three sections of lengths L1 L2 and L3 having
respective areas of cross-sections A1, A2 and A3 subjected to an axial pull P. Let δL1, δL2, δL3 be the
changes in length of the respective three sections of the bar, then we have Now the total elongation of the
bar, Fig. 1.7: Stepped bar 1.9. BARS WITH CONTINUOUSLY VARYING CROSS SECTIONS 1.9.1 Bars with
varying Circular cross section A bar uniformly tapering from a diameter D1 at one end to a diameter D2 at
the other end is shown in Fig. 18. Let P = Axial tensile load on the bar L = Total length of the bar E = Young's
modulus. Consider a small element of length dx of the bar at a distance x from the le" end. Let the
diameter of the bar be D at a distance x from the le" end. Fig. 1.8: Taper rod of circular cross section
18. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 17 Area of cross-
section of the bar at a distance x from the le" end, Now the stress at a distance x from the le" end is given
by, The strain ex in the small element of length dx is obtained by using equation Extension of the small
elemental length dx Total extension of the bar is obtained by integrating the above equation between the
limits 0 and L. Substituting the value of k in the above equation, we get,
19. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 18 Total extension, If
the rod is of uniform diameter, then D1 - D2 = D 1.9.2. Bars with varying rectangular cross section A bar of
constant thickness and uniformly tapering in width from one end to the other end is shown in Fig. 1.9. Fig.
1.9: Bars with rectangular cross section Let P = Axial load on the bar L = Length of bar a = Width at bigger
end b = Width at smaller end E = Young's modulus t = Thickness of bar Consider any section X-X at a
distance x from the bigger end. Width of the bar at the section X-X
20. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 19 Total extension of
the bar is obtained by integrating the above equation between the limits 0 and L. Total extension, 1.10.
ELONGATION OF BAR DUE TO SELF WEIGHT Consider a prismatic or circular bar of cross-sectional area A
and length L hanging freely under its own weight as shown in Fig. 1.10. This circular bar experiences zero
load at the free end and maximum load at the top. Weight of a body is given by the product of density and
volume. Let γ be the density of the material. Consider a small section of thickness dx at a distance x from
the free end. The deformation of the element is given by
21. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 20 Where Wx = weight
of the portion below the section = γ A x Fig.1.10: Elongation due to self weight The extension of the entire
bar can be obtained by integrating above Eq. If W is the total weight of the bar, then Note: The deformation
of the bar under its own weight is equal to the half of the deformation, if the body is subjected to the direct
load equal to the weight of the body. 1.11. PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION. When a number of loads are
acting on a body, the resulting strain, according to principle of superposition, will be the algebraic sum of
:
strains caused by individual loads.
22. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 21 While using this
principle for an elastic body which is subjected to a number of direct forces (tensile or compressive) at
di!erent sections along the length of the body, first the free body diagram of individual section is drawn.
Then the deformation of the each section is obtained. The total deformation of the body will be then equal
to the algebraic sum of deformations of the individual sections. WORKED EXAMPLES 1) The following
observations were made during a tensile test on a mild steel specimen of 40 mm diameter and 200 mm
long: Elongation with 40,000 N load (within the limit of proportionality) = 0.0304 mm, Yield load = 165,000
N, Maximum load = 245,000 N, Length of the specimen at fracture = 252 mm, Determine the yield stress, the
modulus of elasticity, the ultimate stress and the percentage elongation. Solution Given: Diameter of the
specimen = 40 mm Length of the specimen = 200 mm Load = 40,000 N Elongation within the limit of
proportionality = 0.0304 mm Yield load = 165,000 N Maximum load = 245,000 N Final length of the specimen
= 252 mm To find the yield stress: Using the relation for yield stress, we have To find the modulus of
elasticity: Consider the load within the proportionality Limit. Then, stress is given by
23. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 22 To find the
ultimate stress: Using the relation for ultimate stress, we have To find the percentage elongation: Using the
relation, we have Percentage elongation 2) The bar shown in Fig. is subjected to a tensile load of 60 kN.
Find the diameter of the middle portion of the bar if the stress is limited to 120 N/mm2 . Also find the
length of the middle portion if the total elongation of the bar is 0.12 mm. Take E = 2 x 105 N/mm2 . Solution
To find the diameter at the middle portion of the bar: Stress in the middle portion of the bar is given by To
find the length of the middle portion of the bar: Let the length of the middle portion of the bar be x Stress
in the end portion is given by
24. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 23 Also, total
elongation = elongation of the end portion + elongation of the middle portion = 0.12 mm 3) A flat steel plate
is of trapezoidal form of uniform thickness of 8 mm and tapers uniformly from a width of 60 mm to 90 mm
in a length of 300 mm. Determine the elongation of the plate under the axial force of 40 kN at each end.
Assume E = 205 kN/mm2 . Solution: Thickness of the plate t = 8 mm Width at one end b = 60 mm Width at
other end a = 90 mm Length of the plate L = 300 mm Axial force P = 40 kN Modulus of elasticity E = 205
kN/mm2 Using the relation, we have 4) Figure shows the bar AB of uniform cross-sectional area is acted
upon by several forces. Find the deformation of the bar, assuming E = 2 x 105 N/mm2 . Solution: The free
body diagram (F.B.D.) of individual sections is shown in Figure.
25. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 24 5) A steel bar ABCD
of varying cross-section is subjected to the axial forces as shown in Fig. Find the value of P for equilibrium.
If the modulus of elasticity E = 2.1 x 105 N/mm2 , determine the elongation of the bar. Solution: From the
equilibrium condition: Σ Fx=0 +8000 -10,000 + P - 5000 = 0 P = 15,000 - 8000 = 7000 N To find the elongation
of the bar: Consider the free body diagram (F.B.D.) of the bar,
26. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 25 6) A vertical
prismatic bar is fastened at its upper end and supported at the lower end by an unyielding floor as shown
in Fig. Determine the reaction R exerted by the floor of the bar if external loads P1 = 1500 N and P2 = 3000 N
are applied at the intermediate points shown. Solution Let A be the cross-sectional area of the bar, and E
be the modulus of elasticity. Elongation of AD = elongation of AB + elongation of BC + elongation of the bar
CD Since there is a rigid support at D, there is a reaction R at D which causes contraction of AD, i.e. As there
is no change in the length of the bar AD, we have
:
27. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 26
28. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 27 REFERENCES: 1) A
Textbook of Strength of Materials By R. K. Bansal 2) Fundamentals Of Strength Of Materials By P. N.
Chandramouli 3) Strength of Materials By B K Sarkar 4) Strength of Materials By R. K. Rajput 5) Strength of
Materials, S. S. Rattan, Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
29. Mechanics of Materials 10ME34 Compiled by Hareesha N G, Asst Prof, DSCE Page 28 Disclaimer: The
course materials used in this document are the contents of the textbooks which are referenced above. I
don’t own the copyright of this document.

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