ENGINEERING

DRAWING
AND GRAPHICS
 Textbooks:

1) Engineering Drawing and

ENGINEERING Graphics by N.D Bhatt.
DRAWING
2) Technical Graphics
Communication by G. R. Bertoline,
E. N. Wiebe.
What Is Engineering Drawing
• An engineering drawing is a type of technical drawing, is
used to fully and clearly define requirements for
engineered items.
• Graphical means of expression of technical details without
the barrier of a language.
• Only way of communication in industry.

Universal language for Engineers

Need of Engineering
Drawing?
• To allow our designs to develop
from a thought or concept to a
design on paper
• To enable us to communicate our
designs for review
• To provide manufacturers working
with Engineering drawing based
from our original designs
Traditional
Drawing Tools
DRAWING TOOLS
Drawing
Tools
 • Drawing sheets
• Drawing Sheet Holder
• Drawing Sheet Folder

What We •
•
T-square
Mechanical Compass
Need • Set squares
• Protractor
• French and Flexible curves
• Pencils – 4H, 2H, HB.
• Masking Tape
 DRAWING TOOLS

1. Drawing Board 2. Drawing Sheets

Drawing Sheet
A4
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4.
A3
Standard sheet size
A2
A4 210 x 297
A3 297 x 420
A1
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189

A0
(Dimensions in millimeters)

From Lec. Bhuiyan Shameem Mahmood 10

 DRAWING TOOLS

3. T-Square 4. Set Squares

 DRAWING TOOLS

2H or HB for thick line

4H for thin line

5. Adhesive Tape 6. Pencils

 DRAWING TOOLS

7. Sandpaper 8. Compass
 DRAWING TOOLS

9. Flexible Curve 10. French Curves

 DRAWING TOOLS

11. Protector 12. Tissue paper

Types of Lines
 Main Line Types

Viewing Planes Visible Lines Hidden Lines

Break Lines Center Lines

Phantom Lines Dimension Lines

Lines

Section Lines Extension Lines

Cutting Planes Leader Lines

Types of Line
Types of Lines
Visible Represents the Thick Draw the visible
object edges
(Object) Line outline
with these lines
Hidden Line Shows hidden Medium Draw hidden
edges with
details dashed
these
Construction Used during Fine Faint lines,
sometimes
Line drafting
colored
Dimension Used to indicate Fine, Dimension &
8cm extension lines
Line a dimension with arrows
go together
Extension Used with a Fine 8 cm

Line dimension line Near arrows

Center Shows center or Fine

(Axial) Line symmetry With dash in
middle
Types of Lines

Cutting Position of a Thick Used only if you

plan to draw a
plane line cross-section With arrows
cross section
Section Surface of a Fine Show where it
is solid (section
Lines cross-section
view only!!)
Long Break Shows that a line Fine Used only for
large objects
Line is shortened With zig-zag

Short break Object shortened Medium Used only for

small objects
Line or cut away With curve

Leader Points to Fine Attaches a

comment or angle
Line something With bent or dimension to
arrow an object.
 Visible/Object Lines
• Dark, heavy lines.
• Used to represent the outline or contour of the object
being drawn.
• Define features you can see in a particular view.
 Hidden Lines
• Light, narrow, short, dashed lines.
• Shows the outline of a feature that can not be seen in
a particular view.
• Used to help clarify a feature, but can be omitted if
they clutter a drawing.
Hidden Lines (Technique)
 Section Lines

• Thin line usually drawn at a 45 degree angle.

• Indicates the material that has been cut through in a
sectional view.

Section
Line
 Center Lines
• Thin line consisting of alternating long and short
dashes.
• Used to represent the center of round or cylindrical
features, or the symmetry of a feature.
 Dimension Lines
• Thin lines capped on the ends with arrowheads and
broken along their length to provide a space for the
dimension numeral.
• They indicate length.
 Extension Lines
• Thin lines used to establish the extent of a dimension.
• Can also be used to show extension of a surface to a
theoretical intersection as shown in (b).
• Begin 1.5mm from the object and extend to 3mm
beyond the last dimension.
• They should not cross dimension lines.
 Leader Lines
• Thin lines used to connect a specific note to a feature. Also
• used to direct dimensions, symbols, item number and part
numbers on a drawing.
• Commonly drawn at 45, 30 and 60 degrees.
• Has a short shoulder (3-6mm) at one end and a standard
dimension arrowhead at the other end touching the feature.

• Leader lines should not cross

each other.
• Leader lines should not be
excessively long.
• Leader lines should not be
vertical or horizontal.
• Leader lines should not be
parallel to dimension lines,
extension lines or section lines.
 Arrowheads
• Used to terminate dimension lines and leader lines and on
cutting-plane lines and viewing plane lines.
• They should be three times as long as they are wide.
• They should be the same size throughout the drawing.
• The filled arrowhead is generally preferred because of its
clarity.
 Cutting Plane Lines

• Thick broken line that is terminated with short 90

degree arrowheads.
• Shows where a part is mentally cut in half to better
see the interior detail.
Cutting Plane Lines (Example)
 Break Lines

• Used to break out sections for clarity or for shortening

a part.

• Three types of break lines with different line weights:

a) Short Breaks.
b) Long Breaks.
c) Cylindrical Breaks.
 a) Short Break Lines
• Thick wavy line.
• Used to break the edge or surface of a part for clarity
of a hidden surface.

(a) Short break line on metal shape;

(b) Short Break Line on wood shape.
 b) Long Break Lines

• Long, thin lines.

• Used to show that the middle section of an object has
been removed so it can be drawn on a smaller piece
of paper.
 c) Cylindrical Break Lines
• Thin lines.
• Used to show round parts that are broken in half to
better clarify the print or to reduce the length of the
object.

Cylindrical conventional breaks for a solid and tube;

where R = Radius
 Phantom Lines
• Thin lines made up of long dashes alternating with
pairs of short dashes.
• Three purposes in drawings
a)To show the alternate position of moving parts.
b)To show the relationship of parts that fit together.
c)To show repeated detail.
Example : Line conventions in engineering drawing
Dimensioning
Dimensioning
• When a drawing is done to scale, you should label it with its
dimensions.
• Use dimension lines to label each dimension, with extensions
where necessary
• You should label just enough edges to show all the dimensions,
but you don’t need to repeat.
• Dimensions are usually given in millimetres (mm). If you use
different units (cm, in, feet etc.) you need to write the unit.
You do not need to write mm if all of your dimensions are in
millimetres.
• Angles can be shown in degrees (°), diameter by Ø, and radius
by R.
 100 means 100mm
unless another unit is

Dimensioning specified

A Toy Truck

How to label
an angle.

Ø means diameter
(R would be radius)

How to label small

dimensions.
 Aligned System
In the aligned system the dimension is placed
perpendicular to the dimension line in such a way
that it may be read from the bottom edge or the
right-hand edge of the drawing sheet. The
dimensions should be placed near the middle and
above, but clear of the dimension lines.
 Unidirectional System
In the unidirectional system all dimensions are so placed
that they can be read from the bottom edge of the
drawing sheet. The dimension lines are broken near the
middle for inserting the dimensions. This system is
mainly used on large drawings such as of aircrafts and
automobiles etc. where it is inconvenient to read
dimensions from the right-hand side.
 1. Between any two extension lines, there must be one
and only one dimension line bearing one dimension.

2. As far as possible, all the dimensions should be placed

outside the views. Inside dimensions are preferred only if
they are clearer and more easily readable.
RULES OF
DIMENSIONING 3. All the dimensions on a drawing must be shown using
either Aligned System or Unidirectional System. No case
should use the two systems be mixed on the same
drawing.

4. The same unit of length should be used for all the

dimensions on a drawing. The unit should not be written
after each dimension, but a note mentioning the unit
should be placed below the drawing.
 5. Dimension lines should not cross each other. Dimension
lines should also not cross any other lines of the object.

6. All dimensions must be given.

RULES OF 7. Each dimension should be given only once. No

dimension should be redundant.
DIMENSIONING
8. Do not use an outline or a centreline as a dimension line.
(Cont’d) A centreline may be extended to serve as an extension line.

9. Avoid dimensioning hidden lines.

10. For dimensions in series, adopt any one of the

following ways.
 i. Chain dimensioning (Continuous dimensioning):
All the dimensions are aligned in such a way that an
arrowhead of one dimension touches tip-to-tip the
arrowhead of the adjacent dimension. The overall
dimension is placed outside the other smaller
Series dimensions.
ii. Parallel dimensioning (Progressive dimensioning):
Dimensioning All the dimensions are shown from a common reference
line. Obviously, all these dimensions share a common
Methods extension line. This method is adopted when
dimensions have to be established from a particular
datum surface.
iii. Combined dimensioning :
When both the methods, i.e. chain dimensioning and
parallel dimensioning are used on the same drawing,
the method of dimensioning is called combined
dimensioning.
Series Dimensioning
Dimensioning of Radius
Dimensioning
of Circular
Features
Dimensioning of
Radial Features
Spacing In Dimension
Lettering
 Lettering in Engineering Drawing
Lettering is used:
To communicate nongraphic information.

To provide easy to read and understand information to supplement a

drawing in the form of notes and annotations.

As a substitute for graphic information, in those instance where text

can communicate the needed information more clearly and quickly.
Thus, it must be written with
- shape
- space between letters and words
- size
- line thickness
 Types of Lettering
The two types of lettering are:
1. Vertical Lettering
2. Inclined Lettering

vertical letters inclined letters

 Conventions for Lettering
• Use all CAPITAL LETTERS.
• Use even pressure to draw precise, clean lines.
• Use one stroke per line.
• Always Skip A Space Between Rows Of Letters.
• Always Use Very Light Guide Lines.
• Fractions Are Lettered Twice The Height Of Normal
Letters.
• Fraction Bars Are Always Drawn Horizontal.
 Application of Lettering

Lettering in Engineering Drawings is used in writing

Title Blocks which play a crucial role in drawings, they
are used to record all the important information
necessary for the working drawings.

What does the Title Block contain?

• Title of the drawing.
• Drawing Number.
• Scale.
• Name of the firm.
• Symbol denoting the method of projection.
•Other
Initialsuses ofwho
of staff lettering include
designed, checkedDimensions
& approved. and Notes
on the engineering drawing.
Placement of
text on
Engineering
Drawings
 Guidelines
Extremely light horizontal lines that are necessary to regulate
the height of letters.
In addition, light vertical or inclined guidelines are used to keep
the letters uniformly vertical or inclined.

• After lettering has been completed, the guidelines are not

erased.
 Basic Strokes
Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples : Application of basic stroke

4 5
“I” letter 1 “A” letter 1 2 “B” letter 1

3 6

3
2
 Suggested
Upper-caseStrokes
letters & Sequence
Numerals

Straight line
letters

Curved line
letters

Curved line
letters &
Numerals
Suggested Strokes
Lower-case Sequence
letters
 Word Composition
Look at the same word having different spacing between letters.
A) Non-uniform spacing

JIRAPONG
B) Uniform spacing

J IR A P O N G
Which one is easier to read ?
 Word Composition

Spacing
JIRAPONG
Contour || || \ \| )( )| |(
General conclusions/
are:
Space between the letters depends on the contour of
the letters at an adjacent side.
Good spacing creates approximately equal background
area between letters.
 Spacing
.

L IN E S
LET T ERS

LINES AND LETTERINGS

 Sentence Composition
Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter “O”.

Example

ALLODIMENSIONS OAREOIN
MILLIMETERS OUNLESS
OTHERWISE OSPECIFIED.
Examples of Common Mistakes
in Lettering
Lettering style not uniform LEtTErING

Lettering height not uniform

LE TTERING
Lettering inclination not uniform LETTERING

Lettering thickness not uniform LETTERING

Lettering space not uniform LET T E R ING

Drawing Scale
 Drawing Scales
Length, size
is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element
of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear
dimension of the same element of the object.

Size in drawing Actual size

:
 Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 for scales (X > 1)
SCALE 1:X for scales (X > 1)

Dimension numbers shown in the drawing are correspond

to “true size” of the object and they are independent of
the scale used in creating that drawing.
Thank you