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Diesel Power Plant Lecture

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Diesel Power Plant Lecture

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cedrixxx6
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture notes in Powerplant Engineering

DIESEL POWER PLANT


Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) is a heat engine that is used to convert the chemical
energy of the fuel into mechanical energy as useful work by burning the fuel inside the
engine itself.

Engine Classifications

According to the Application


 Automobile, truck, locomotive, light aircraft, marine, portable power system,
power generation.

Diesel power plant

Diesel Plant is an assembly of equipment and machinery that produces mechanical


power and delivers electrical energy.

Basic Elements in Diesel Plant Design

1. Stationary Diesel Engine


a. Structural parts: Bed plate, frame, liners, heads
b. Major moving parts: Piston, connecting rods, crankshaft, and their
bearings
c. Arrangements for getting air in and exhaust out: Valves, valve
mechanisms, manifolds, scavenging and supercharging systems
d. Fuel injection system: pumps, nozzles, control devices.
2. Fuel System
 Fuel storage tank, fuel filter, fuel pump, transfer pump, day tank.
3. Lubrication System
 Lubricant oil tank, lubricant oil pump, oil filter, oil cooler, lubricators
4. Cooling System
 Cooling water pump, heat exchanger (usually cooling tower), surge tank
5. Intake and exhaust systems
 Air filter, supercharger, intake pipe, exhaust pipe, exhaust silencer (to minimize
exhaust noise)
6. Starting System
 Air compressor, air storage tank
7. Governing System
DIESEL ENGINE
Diesel engine is an excellent prime mover for electric power generation in capacities of
101 Hp to 5070 Hp that makes it widely used in hotels, utility companies, and private
industries.
ADVANTAGES OF DIESEL ENGINE
1. Cheaper fuel cost
2. Needs no long warming up
3. No standby losses
4. Uniformly high efficiency of all sizes
5. Single plant lay out
6. Needs no large water supply.

Prepared by: Engr. Joseph Kimuel D. Caguete, ME


Lecture notes in Powerplant Engineering

TYPICAL FULL-LOAD ENGINE HEAT BALANCE, % BASED ON 100% HEAT INPUT OF FUEL
Diesel Cycle Otto Cycle
1. Useful or Output 34% 25%
2. Cooling loss 30% 30%
3. Exhaust loss 26% 37%
4. Friction, radiation, and unaccounted-for-losses 10% 8%

PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL POWER PLANT


1. Heat supplied by fuel, Qs

Qs = mf (Qh)

Where; mf = mass flow rate of fuel


Qh = higher heating value / heating value of fuel
Qs = heat supplied by the fuel

2. Air-fuel Ratio;

Where; mf = mass of fuel


ma = mass of air

3. Piston Displacement; VD
Piston displacement is the volume displaced by the piston as it moves from top
dead center to bottom dead center.

Where;

L – Length of stroke
A – Bore area of the cylinder
c – number of cylinders
a – number of acting/actuating cylinder or piston action
n – engine angular speed
s – number of stroke

4. Piston speed; v
Piston speed is the total distance a piston travels in a given time for one
complete revolution.

Where; 2L – distance travelled for one complete revolution


n – angular speed

5. Indicated Power; (Pind or Pi)


Indicated power is the power developed by the action of a piston within a
cylinder, so named because it is measured by the use of an indicator.

( )

Where; Pmi = indicated mean effective pressure.

Prepared by: Engr. Joseph Kimuel D. Caguete, ME


Lecture notes in Powerplant Engineering

Planimeter – measures the area of actual P-V diagram traced by engine indicator.

 Calculating the mean effective pressure using data provided by the planimeter.

Where; Ac = area of indicator card diagram


Sc = spring scale
Lc = length of indicator card diagram

6. Brake power; (Pb)


Brake power is the power delivered to the shaft. Brake power is always less than the
indicated power for a given engine, because some of work developed by the
cylinders is used to overcome the friction of running the engine.

( )

T=Fxr
Where;
Pmb – brake mean effective pressure
VD – piston displacement
T – brake torque
N – engine angular speed
F – brake force or brake load
r – brake arm or torque arm

7. Friction power; Pf
Friction power is the power dissipated in an engine through friction.

Friction power = (Indicated power – Brake power)

8. Mechanical efficiency; em

Where; Pmb – brake mean effective pressure


Pmi – indicated mean effective pressure
Pb – brake power
Pi – indicated power

9. Generator efficiency; eg
Generator or electrical efficiency is the ratio of generated power to the brake power.

Where; Pg – generator power


Pb – brake power

Prepared by: Engr. Joseph Kimuel D. Caguete, ME


Lecture notes in Powerplant Engineering

10. Thermal efficiencie; et


Thermal efficiency is the ratio of the work done by a heat engine to the heat supplied
by the fuel.
a. Indicated thermal efficiency, eti

b. Brake thermal efficiency, etb

c. Combined or Over-all thermal efficiency, etc

11. Engine efficiencies; et


a. Indicated engine efficiency, eei

b. Brake engine efficiency, eeb

c. Combined or over-all engine efficiency, eec

Where; eti – indicated thermal efficiency


etb – brake thermal efficiency
etc – combined or over-all thermal efficiency
e – ideal efficiency or cycle efficiency

12. Volumetric efficiency; ev


Volumetric efficiency is the ratio of the volume of air drawn into a cylinder to the
piston displacement.

Where; VA – volume of air

VD – piston displacement

13. Specific fuel consumption, m


Specific fuel consumption is the mass flow rate of the fuel consumed per unit power
developed. It is also known as specific propellant consumption.
a. Indicated specific fuel consumption, mi
( )

b. Brake specific fuel consumption, mb


( )

Prepared by: Engr. Joseph Kimuel D. Caguete, ME


Lecture notes in Powerplant Engineering

c. Combined specific fuel consumption, mc


( )

14. Heat rate; HR


Heat rate is the rate of energy charge per unit of power. To calculate the heat rate is
to multiply the specific fuel consumption by the heating value of the fuel.
a. Indicated Heat Rate; HRi
( )

b. Brake Heat Rate; HRb


( )

c. Combined Heat Rate; HRc


( )

15. Generator speed; N

Where; N – angular speed in rpm


f – frequency (Standard: 60 Hertz)
P – no. of poles (even)

16. Engine operated at high altitudes

( √ )( )

( √ ) (SI Units)
Where; Ps – standard power at sea level
Pact – new pressure or actual barometric pressure in in-Hg
T – new temperature or actual absolute temperature in oR

a. The decrease in pressure is approximately 1 in-Hg per 1000 ft elevation.

in-Hg

b. The decrease in temperature is approximately 3.6oR per 1000 ft elevation.

( )

Prepared by: Engr. Joseph Kimuel D. Caguete, ME

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