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Matt Zandstra

PHP 8 Objects, Patterns, and Practice

Mastering OO Enhancements, Design Patterns, and
Essential Development Tools
6th ed.
Matt Zandstra
Brighton, UK

Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the

author in this book is available to readers on GitHub via the book’s
product page, located at www.​apress.​com/​9781484267905. For more
detailed information, please visit http://​www.​apress.​com/​source-code.

ISBN 978-1-4842-6790-5 e-ISBN 978-1-4842-6791-2

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6791-2

© Matt Zandstra 2021

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the

Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned,
specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other
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To Louise. Still the whole point.
Introduction
When I first conceived of this book, object-oriented design in PHP was
an esoteric topic. The intervening years have not only seen the
inexorable rise of PHP as an object-oriented language but also the
march of the framework. Frameworks are incredibly useful, of course.
They manage the guts and the glue of many (perhaps, these days, most)
web applications. What’s more, they often exemplify precisely the
principles of design that this book explores.
There is, though, a danger for developers here, as there is in all
useful APIs. This is the fear that one might find oneself relegated to
userland, forced to wait for remote gurus to fix bugs or add features at
their whim. It’s a short step from this standpoint to a kind of exile in
which one is left regarding the innards of a framework as advanced
magic and one’s own work as not much more than a minor adornment
stuck up on top of a mighty unknowable infrastructure.
Although I’m an inveterate reinventor of wheels, the thrust of my
argument is not that we should all throw away our frameworks and
build MVC applications from scratch (at least not always). It is rather
that, as developers, we should understand the problems that
frameworks solve and the strategies they use to solve them. We should
be able to evaluate frameworks not only functionally but in terms of the
design decisions their creators have made and to judge the quality of
their implementations. And yes, when the conditions are right, we
should go ahead and build our own spare and focused applications and,
over time, compile our own libraries of reusable code.
I hope this book goes some way toward helping PHP developers
apply design-oriented insights to their platforms and libraries and
provides some of the conceptual tools needed when it’s time to go it
alone.
Acknowledgments
As always, I have benefited from the support of many people while
working on this edition. But as always, I must also look back to the
book’s origins. I tried out some of this book’s underlying concepts in a
talk in Brighton, back when we were all first marveling at the shiny
possibilities of PHP 5. Thanks to Andy Budd, who hosted the talk, and to
the vibrant Brighton developer community. Thanks also to Jessey
White-Cinis, who was at that meeting and who put me in touch with
Martin Streicher at Apress.
Once again, this time around, the Apress team has provided
enormous support, feedback, and encouragement. I am lucky to have
benefited from such professionalism.
I’m very lucky to have had my friend and colleague, Paul Tregoing,
working on this edition as Technical Reviewer. The fact that PHP itself
was under active development throughout the writing of this book
demanded extra vigilance. Code examples that were perfectly valid in
early drafts were rendered incorrect by the language’s fast evolution.
Once again, this edition has greatly benefited from Paul’s knowledge,
insight, and attention to detail—many thanks Paul!
Thanks and love to my wife, Louise. The production of this book has
coincided with three pandemic lockdowns, so thanks are also due to
our children, Holly and Jake, for many much-needed distractions—
often provided during Zoom meetings conducted in my office space
(the corner of the kitchen table).
Thanks to Steven Metsker for his kind permission to reimplement in
PHP a simplified version of the parser API he presented in his book,
Building Parsers with Java (Addison-Wesley Professional, 2001).
I write to music, and, in previous editions of this book, I
remembered the great DJ, John Peel, champion of the underground and
the eclectic. The soundtrack for this edition was largely provided by
BBC Radio 3’s contemporary music show, Late Junction, played on a
loop. Thanks to them for keeping things weird.
Table of Contents
Part I: Objects
Chapter 1:​PHP:​Design and Management
The Problem
PHP and Other Languages
About This Book
Objects
Patterns
Practice
What’s New in the Sixth Edition
Summary
Chapter 2:​PHP and Objects
The Accidental Success of PHP Objects
In the Beginning:​PHP/​FI
Syntactic Sugar:​PHP 3
PHP 4 and the Quiet Revolution
Change Embraced:​PHP 5
PHP 7:​Closing the Gap
PHP 8:​The Consolidation Continues
Advocacy and Agnosticism:​The Object Debate
Summary
Chapter 3:​Object Basics
Classes and Objects
A First Class
A First Object (or Two)
Setting Properties in a Class
 Working with Methods
Creating a Constructor Method
Constructor Property Promotion
Default Arguments and Named Arguments
Arguments and Types
Primitive Types
Some Other Type-Checking Functions
Type Declarations:​Object Types
Type Declarations:​Primitive Types
mixed Types
Union Types
Nullable Types
Return Type Declarations
Inheritance
The Inheritance Problem
Working with Inheritance
Public, Private, and Protected:​Managing Access to Your
Classes
Typed Properties
Summary
Chapter 4:​Advanced Features
Static Methods and Properties
Constant Properties
Abstract Classes
Interfaces
Traits
 A Problem for Traits to Solve
Defining and Using a Trait
Using More Than One Trait
Combining Traits and Interfaces
Managing Method Name Conflicts with insteadof
Aliasing Overridden Trait Methods
Using Static Methods in Traits
Accessing Host Class Properties
Defining Abstract Methods in Traits
Changing Access Rights to Trait Methods
Late Static Bindings:​The static Keyword
Handling Errors
Exceptions
Final Classes and Methods
The Internal Error Class
Working with Interceptors
Defining Destructor Methods
Copying Objects with _​_​clone( )
Defining String Values for Your Objects
Callbacks, Anonymous Functions, and Closures
Anonymous Classes
Summary
Chapter 5:​Object Tools
PHP and Packages
PHP Packages and Namespaces
Autoload
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 The Class and Object Functions
Looking for Classes
Learning About an Object or Class
Getting a Fully Qualified String Reference to a Class
Learning About Methods
Learning About Properties
Learning About Inheritance
Method Invocation
The Reflection API
Getting Started
Time to Roll Up Your Sleeves
Examining a Class
Examining Methods
Examining Method Arguments
Using the Reflection API
Attributes
Summary
Chapter 6:​Objects and Design
Defining Code Design
Object-Oriented and Procedural Programming
Responsibility
Cohesion
Coupling
Orthogonality
Choosing Your Classes
Polymorphism
 Encapsulation
Forget How to Do It
Four Signposts
Code Duplication
The Class Who Knew Too Much
The Jack of All Trades
Conditional Statements
The UML
Class Diagrams
Sequence Diagrams
Summary
Part II: Patterns
Chapter 7:​What Are Design Patterns?​Why Use Them?​
What Are Design Patterns?​
A Design Pattern Overview
Name
The Problem
The Solution
Consequences
The Gang of Four Format
Why Use Design Patterns?​
A Design Pattern Defines a Problem
A Design Pattern Defines a Solution
Design Patterns Are Language Independent
Patterns Define a Vocabulary
Patterns Are Tried and Tested
 Patterns Are Designed for Collaboration
Design Patterns Promote Good Design
Design Patterns Are Used by Popular Frameworks
PHP and Design Patterns
Summary
Chapter 8:​Some Pattern Principles
The Pattern Revelation
Composition and Inheritance
The Problem
Using Composition
Decoupling
The Problem
Loosening Your Coupling
Code to an Interface, Not to an Implementation
The Concept That Varies
Patternitis
The Patterns
Patterns for Generating Objects
Patterns for Organizing Objects and Classes
Task-Oriented Patterns
Enterprise Patterns
Database Patterns
Summary
Chapter 9:​Generating Objects
Problems and Solutions in Generating Objects
The Singleton Pattern
 The Problem
Implementation
Consequences
Factory Method Pattern
The Problem
Implementation
Consequences
Abstract Factory Pattern
The Problem
Implementation
Consequences
Prototype
The Problem
Implementation
Pushing to the Edge:​Service Locator
Splendid Isolation:​Dependency Injection
The Problem
Implementation
Consequences
Summary
Chapter 10:​Patterns for Flexible Object Programming
Structuring Classes to Allow Flexible Objects
The Composite Pattern
The Problem
Implementation
Consequences
 Composite in Summary
The Decorator Pattern
The Problem
Implementation
Consequences
The Facade Pattern
The Problem
Implementation
Consequences
Summary
Chapter 11:​Performing and Representing Tasks
The Interpreter Pattern
The Problem
Implementation
Interpreter Issues
The Strategy Pattern
The Problem
Implementation
The Observer Pattern
Implementation
The Visitor Pattern
The Problem
Implementation
Visitor Issues
The Command Pattern
The Problem
 Implementation
The Null Object Pattern
The Problem
Implementation
Summary
Chapter 12:​Enterprise Patterns
Architecture Overview
The Patterns
Applications and Layers
Cheating Before We Start
Registry
Implementation
The Presentation Layer
Front Controller
Application Controller
Page Controller
Template View and View Helper
The Business Logic Layer
Transaction Script
Domain Model
Summary
Chapter 13:​Database Patterns
The Data Layer
Data Mapper
The Problem
Implementation
 Consequences
Identity Map
The Problem
Implementation
Consequences
Unit of Work
The Problem
Implementation
Consequences
Lazy Load
The Problem
Implementation
Consequences
Domain Object Factory
The Problem
Implementation
Consequences
The Identity Object
The Problem
Implementation
Consequences
The Selection Factory and Update Factory Patterns
The Problem
Implementation
Consequences
What’s Left of Data Mapper Now?​
 Summary
Part III: Practice
Chapter 14:​Good (and Bad) Practice
Beyond Code
Borrowing a Wheel
Playing Nice
Giving Your Code Wings
Standards
Vagrant
Testing
Continuous Integration
Summary
Chapter 15:​PHP Standards
Why Standards?​
What Are PHP Standards Recommendations?​
Why PSR in Particular?​
Who Are PSRs for?​
Coding with Style
PSR-1 Basic Coding Standard
PSR-12 Extended Coding Style
Checking and Fixing Your Code
PSR-4 Autoloading
The Rules That Matter to Us
Summary
Chapter 16:​PHP Using and Creating Components with Composer
What Is Composer?​
 Installing Composer
Installing a (Set of) Package(s)
Installing a Package from the Command Line
Versions
require-dev
Composer and Autoload
Creating Your Own Package
Adding Package Information
Platform Packages
Distribution Through Packagist
Keeping It Private
Summary
Chapter 17:​Version Control with Git
Why Use Version Control?​
Getting Git
Using an Online Git Repository
Configuring a Git Server
Creating the Remote Repository
Beginning a Project
Cloning the Repository
Updating and Committing
Adding and Removing Files and Directories
Adding a File
Removing a File
Adding a Directory
Removing Directories
 Tagging a Release
Branching a Project
Summary
Chapter 18:​Testing with PHPUnit
Functional Tests and Unit Tests
Testing by Hand
Introducing PHPUnit
Creating a Test Case
Assertion Methods
Testing Exceptions
Running Test Suites
Constraints
Mocks and Stubs
Tests Succeed When They Fail
Writing Web Tests
Refactoring a Web Application for Testing
Simple Web Testing
Introducing Selenium
A Note of Caution
Summary
Chapter 19:​Automated Build with Phing
What Is Phing?​
Getting and Installing Phing
Composing the Build Document
Targets
Properties
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 Types
Tasks
Summary
Chapter 20:​Vagrant
The Problem
A Little Setup
Choosing and Installing a Vagrant Box
Mounting Local Directories on the Vagrant Box
Provisioning
Setting Up the Web Server
Setting Up MariaDB
Configuring a Hostname
Wrapping It Up
Summary
Chapter 21:​Continuous Integration
What Is Continuous Integration?​
Preparing a Project for CI
Installing Jenkins Plug-ins
Setting Up the Git Public Key
Installing a Project
Running the First Build
Configuring the Reports
Triggering Builds
Summary
Chapter 22:​Objects, Patterns, Practice
Objects
 Choice
Encapsulation and Delegation
Decoupling
Reusability
Aesthetics
Patterns
What Patterns Buy Us
Patterns and Principles of Design
Practice
Testing
Standards
Version Control
Automated Build
Continuous Integration
What I Missed
Summary
Appendix A:​Bibliography
Books
Articles
Sites
Appendix B:​A Simple Parser
The Scanner
The Parser
Index
About the Author
Matt Zandstra
has worked as a web programmer, consultant, and writer for over two
decades. He is the author of SAMS Teach Yourself PHP in 24 Hours (three
editions) and is a contributor to DHTML Unleashed. He has written
articles for Linux Magazine, Zend, IBM DeveloperWorks, and
php|architect magazine, among others. Matt was a senior
developer/tech lead at Yahoo! and API tech lead at LoveCrafts. Matt
works as a consultant advising companies on their architectures and
system management and also develops systems primarily with PHP and
Java. Matt also writes fiction.
About the Technical Reviewer
Paul Tregoing
has worked in ops and development in a
variety of environments for nearly 20
years. He worked at Yahoo! for 5 years as
a senior developer on the frontpage
team; there he generated his first PHP
using Perl. Other employers include
Bloomberg, Schlumberger, and the
British Antarctic Survey, where he
became intimate with thousands of
penguins.
He now works as a freelance
engineer for various clients, small and
large, building multitiered web apps
using PHP, JavaScript, and many other
technologies. Paul is a voracious
consumer of science fiction and fantasy
and harbors not-so-secret ambitions to try his hand at writing in the
near future. He lives in Cambridge, United Kingdom, with his wife and
children.
Part I
Objects
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Notes and
Queries, Number 198, August 13, 1853
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
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laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: Notes and Queries, Number 198, August 13, 1853

Author: Various

Editor: George Bell

Release date: August 30, 2021 [eBook #66182]

Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND

QUERIES, NUMBER 198, AUGUST 13, 1853 ***
NOTES AND QUERIES:
 A MEDIUM OF INTER-
COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY
MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,
GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

"When found, make a note of."—Captain Cuttle.

[Price
Fourpence.
No. 198.] Saturday, August 13. 1853.
Stamped
Edition, 5d.
 CONTENTS.
Notes:— Page
Bacon's Essays, by Markby 141
The Isthmus of Panama 144
Folk Lore:—Legends of the County Clare—Moon
Superstitions—Warwickshire Folk Lore—Northamptonshire
Folk Lore—Slow-worm Superstition—A Devonshire Charm
for the Thrush 145
Old Jokes 146
An Interpolation of the Players: Tobacco, by W. Robson 147
Minor Notes:—Curious Epitaph—Enigmatical Epitaph— Books
worthy to be reprinted—Napoleon's Thunderstorm—
Istamboul: Constantinople 147
Queries:—
Strut-stowers, and Yeathers or Yadders, by C. H. Cooper 148
Minor Queries:—Archbishop Parker's Correspondence—Amor
Nummi—The Number Nine—Position of Font—Aix
Ruochim or Romans Ioner—"Lessons for Lent," &c.—"La
Branche des réaus Lignages"—Marriage Service—"Czar"
or "Tsar"—Little Silver—On Æsop's (?) Fable of washing
the Blackamoor—Wedding Proverb—German Phrase—
German Heraldry—Leman Family—A Cob-wall—Inscription
near Chalcedon—Domesday Book—Dotinchem—"Mirrour
to all," &c.—Title wanted—Portrait of Charles I.: Countess
Du Barry 149
Minor Queries with Answers:—"Preparation for Martyrdom"—
Reference wanted—Speaker of the House of Commons in
1697 152
Replies:—
Inscriptions in Books 153
 The Drummer's Letter, by Henry H. Breen 153
Old Fogies 154
Descendants of John of Gaunt, by William Hardy 155
Photographic Correspondence:—Lining of Cameras—Cyanuret
of Potassium—Minuteness of Detail on Paper—
Stereoscopic Angles—Sisson's developing Solution—
Multiplying Photographs—Is it dangerous to use the
Ammonio-nitrate of Silver? 157
Replies to Minor Queries:—Burke's Marriage—Stars and
Flowers—Odour from the Rainbow—Judges styled
Reverend—Jacob Bobart—"Putting your foot into it"—
Simile of the Soul and the Magnetic Needle—The Tragedy
of Polidus—Robert Fairlie—"Mater ait natæ," &c.—Sir John
Vanbrugh—Fête des Chaudrons—Murder of Monaldeschi
—Land of Green Ginger—Unneath—Snail Gardens—
Parvise—Humbug—Table-moving—Scotch Newspapers—
Door-head Inscriptions—Honorary Degrees—"Never
ending, still beginning" 158
Miscellaneous:—
Books and Odd Volumes wanted 162
Notices to Correspondents 162
Advertisements 163
 Notes.
BACON'S ESSAYS, BY MARKBY.
Mr. Markby has recently published his promised edition of Bacon's
Essays; and he has in this, as in his edition of the Advancement of
Learning, successfully traced most of the passages alluded to by
Lord Bacon. The following notes relate to a few points which still
deserve attention:

Essay I. On Truth:—"The poet that beautified the sect that was

otherwise inferior to the rest."] By "beautified" is here meant "set off
to advantage," "embellished."

Essay II. On Death.—

Many of the thoughts in the Essays recur in the "Exempla

Antithetorum," in the 6th book De Augmentis Scientiarum. With
respect to this Essay, compare the article "Vita," No. 12., in vol. viii.
p. 360. ed. Montagu.

"You shall read in some of the friars' books of mortification, that a

man should think with himself what the pain is, if he have but his
finger's end pressed or tortured, and thereby imagine what the pains
of death are when the whole body is corrupted and dissolved."]
Query, What books are here alluded to?

"Pompa mortis magis terret, quam mors ipsa."] Mr. Markby thinks
these words are an allusion to Sen. Ep. xxiv. § 13. Something similar
also occurs in Ep. xiv. § 3. Compare Ovid, Heroid. x. 82.: "Morsque
minus pœnæ quam mora mortis habet."
"Galba, with a sentence, 'Feri si ex re sit populi Romani.'"] In
addition to the passage of Tacitus, quoted by Mr. Markby, see
Sueton. Galb. c. 20.

"Septimus Severus in despatch, 'Adeste si quid mihi restat

agendum.'"] No such dying words are attributed to Severus, either in
Dio Cassius, lxxvi. 15., the passage cited by Mr. Markby, or in
Spartian. Sever. c. 23.

In the passage of Juvenal, the words are, "qui spatium vitæ," and
not "qui finem vitæ," as quoted by Lord Bacon. Length of life is
meant.

Essay III. Of Unity in Religion.—

"Certain Laodiceans and lukewarm persons."] The allusion is to Rev.

iii. 14-16.

"It is noted by one of the Fathers, Christ's coat indeed had no seam,
but the Church's vesture was of divers colours; whereupon he saith,
'in veste varietas sit, scissura non sit.'"] Query, Who is the Father
alluded to?

"The massacre in France."] I. e. the massacre of St. Bartholomew.

Essay IV. Of Revenge.—See Antitheta, No. 39. vol. viii. p. 374.

The saying of Cosmo, Duke of Florence, as to not forgiving friends,

recurs in the Apophthegms, vol. i. p. 394. ed. Montagu.

Essay V. Of Adversity.—

On the fable of Hercules sailing over the ocean in an earthen pot,

see Sap. Vet., vol. x. p. 335. And concerning the Greek fable, see
Schneidewin, Del. Poes. Gr., p. 329.
Essay VI. Of Simulation and Dissimulation.—See Antitheta, No. 32.
vol. viii. p. 370.

"Arts of state and arts of life, as Tacitus well calleth them."] Mr.
Markby does not trace this allusion, which is not obvious.

Essay VII. Of Parents and Children.—See Antitheta, No. 5. vol. viii. p.

356.

"The Italians make little difference between children and nephews,

or near kinsfolk."] Query, What ground is there for this assertion?

"Generally the precept is good: 'Optimum elige, suave et facile illud

faciet consuetudo.'"] Query, Who is the author of this precept?

Essay VIII. Of Marriage and Single Life.—See Antitheta, No. 5. vol.

viii. p. 356.

The answer of Thales concerning marriage is also given in Plut.

Symp. iii. 3.

Essay IX. Of Envy.—See Antitheta, No. 16. vol. viii. p. 362.

"The Scripture calleth envy an evil eye."] Lord Bacon appears to

allude to James iv. 5.: "Do ye think that the Scripture saith in vain,
the Spirit that dwelleth in us lusteth to envy?"

"Non est curiosus, quin idem sit malevolus."] From Plautus, Stich. 1.
3. v. 55. "Nam curiosus nemo est, quin sit malevolus."

"Therefore it was well said, 'Invidia festos dies non agit.'"] Whence is
this saying taken? It occurs likewise in the Antitheta.

Essay X. Of Love.—See Antitheta, No. 36. vol. viii. p. 373.

"It hath been well said, that the arch-flatterer, with whom all the
petty flatterers have intelligence, is a man's self."] Query, From
whom is this saying quoted?

"It was well said, that it is impossible to love and to be wise."] Mr.
Markby cites a verse of Publius Syrus, "Amare et sapere vix Deo
conceditur." Compare Menander, Andria, Fragm. 1., and Ovid, Met. ii.
846.: "Non bene conveniunt, nec in unâ sede morantur, Majestas et
amor."

"I know not how, but martial men are given to love."] Aristotle (Pol.
ii. 9.) has the same remark, adding that there was good reason for
the fable which made Venus the spouse of Mars.

Essay XI. Of Great Place.—See Antitheta, No. 7. vol. viii. p. 357.

"Cum non sis qui fueris, non esse cur velis vivere."] Whatever may
be the source of this quotation, the sense seems to require est for
esse.

"It is most true that was anciently spoken: 'A place showeth the
man.'"] The allusion is to the celebrated Greek proverb "ἀρχὴ ἄνδρα
δείκνυσι," attributed to Bias, Solon, Pittacus, and others. See
Diogenianus, Prov. ii. 94., with the note of Leutsch and Schneidewin.

Essay XII. Of Boldness.—See Antitheta, No. 33. vol. viii. p. 371.

"Question was asked of Demosthenes," &c.] See Cic. de Orat. iii.

56.; Brut. 38.; Plut. Vit. X. Orat. c. 8. By the Greek word ὑπόκρισις,
and the Latin word actio, in this anecdote, is meant all that belongs
to the acting or delivery of a speech. Bacon appears, by his following
remarks, not to include elocution in actio; which was certainly not
Cicero's understanding of the word.

"If the hill will not come to Mahomet, Mahomet will go to the hill."]
Query, What is the authority for this well-known story?

Essay XIII. Of Goodness.—

"The Turks, a cruel people, nevertheless are kind to beasts, and give
alms to dogs and birds; insomuch, as Busbechius reporteth, a
Christian boy in Constantinople had like to have been stoned for
gagging in a waggishness a long-billed fowl."] A. G. Busbequius,
Legationis Turcicæ Epistolæ quattuor, in Epist. iii. p. 107. of his
works, Lond. 1660, tells a story of a Venetian goldsmith at
Constantinople, who was fond of fowling, and had caught a bird of
the size of the cuckoo, and of the same colour; with a beak not very
large, but with jaws so wide that, when opened, they would admit a
man's fist. This bird he fastened over his door, with extended wings,
and a stick in his beak, so as to extend the jaws to a great width, as
a joke. The Turks, who were passing by, took compassion on the
bird; seized the goldsmith by the neck, and led him before the
criminal judge. He was with difficulty saved from an infliction of the
bastinado by the interference of the Venetian Bailo. The man told
the story to Busbequius, and showed him the bird; who supposed it
to be the Caprimulgus, or goat-sucker. A full account of the
Caprimulgus Europæus (the bird here alluded to) may be seen in the
Penny Cyclopædia, art. Nightjars. It will be observed that Bacon
quotes the story from memory, and does not represent the
particulars of it with accuracy. It is not a Christian boy, nor is he
threatened with stoning, nor is the bird a long-billed fowl.

"Neither give thou Æsop's cock a gem," &c.] Compare Apophthegms,

No. 203. p. 393.

"Such men in other men's calamities are, as it were, in season, and

are ever on the loading part."] By "the loading part," seems to be
meant the part which is most heavily laden; the part which supports
the chief burthen.

"Misanthropi, that make it their practice to bring men to the bough,

and yet have never a tree for the purpose in their gardens as Timon
had."] Query, What is the allusion in this passage? Nothing of the
sort occurs in Lucian's dialogue of Timon.
Essay XIV. Of Nobility.—See Antitheta, No. 1. vol. viii. p. 354.

Essay XV. Of Seditions and Troubles.—

"As Machiavel noteth well, when princes, that ought to be common

parents, make themselves as a party," &c.] Perhaps Lord Bacon
alludes to Disc. iii. 27.

"As Tacitus expresseth it well, 'Liberius quam ut imperantium

meminissent.'"] Mr. Markby is at a loss to trace this quotation. I am
unable to assist him.

The verses of Lucan are quoted from memory. The original has,
"Avidumque in tempora," and "Et concussa fides."

"Dolendi modus, timendi non item."] Query, Whence are these

words taken?

"Solvam cingula regum."] Mr. Markby refers to Job xii. 18.; but the
passage alluded to seems to be Isaiah xlv. 1.

The story of Epimetheus is differently applied in Sap. Vet., vol. x. p.

342.

The saying of Cæsar on Sylla is inserted in the Apophthegms, No.

135. p. 379. That of Galba is likewise to be found in Suet. Galb. 16.

Essay XVI. Of Atheism.—See Antitheta, No. 13. vol. viii. p. 360.

"Who to him is instead of a god, or melior natura."] From Ovid, Met.

1. 21. "Hanc deus et melior litem natura diremit."

Essay XVII. Of Superstition.—See Antitheta, No. 13. vol. viii. p. 360.

Essay XIX. Of Empire.—See Antitheta, No. 8. vol. viii. p. 358.

"And the like was done by that league, which Guicciardini saith was
the security of Italy," &c.] The league alluded to, is that of 1485. See
Guicciardini, lib. i. c. 1.

"Neither is the opinion of some of the school-men to be received,

that a war cannot justly be made but upon a precedent injury or
provocation."] Grotius lays down the same doctrine as Bacon, De J.
B. et P., ii. 1. §§ 2, 3. Query, What school-men are here referred to?

Essay XX. Of Counsel.—See Antitheta, No. 44. vol. viii. p. 377.

Jupiter and Metis.] See Sap. Vet., vol. xi. p. 354.

"For which inconveniences, the doctrine of Italy, and practice of

France, in some kings' times, hath introduced cabinet councils: a
remedy worse than the disease." By "cabinet councils" are here
meant private meetings of selected advisers in the king's own
apartment.

"Principis est virtus maxima nosse suos."] From Martial, viii. 15.

"It was truly said, 'Optimi consiliarii mortui.'"] Compare

Apophthegms, No. 105.: "Alonzo of Arragon was wont to say of
himself, that he was a great necromancer; for that he used to ask
counsel of the dead, meaning books."

Essay XXI. Of Delays.—See Antitheta, No. 41. vol. viii. p. 376.

"Occasion (as it is in the common verse) turneth a bald noddle," &c.]

See "N. & Q.," Vol. iii., pp. 8. 43., where this saying is illustrated.

Essay XXII. Of Cunning.—

"The old rule, to know a fool from a wise man: 'Mitte ambos nudos
ad ignotos, et videbis.'"] Attributed to "one of the philosophers" in
Apophthegms, No. 255. p. 404.
"I knew a counsellor and secretary that never came to Queen
Elizabeth of England with bills to sign, but he would always first put
her into some discourse of estate, that she might the less mind the
bills."] King's or queen's bills is a technical expression for a class of
documents requiring the royal signature, which is still, or was
recently, in use. See Murray's Official Handbook, by Mr. Redgrave, p.
257. Query, To which of Queen Elizabeth's Secretaries of State does
Bacon allude? And again, who are meant by the "two who were
competitors for the Secretary's place in Queen Elizabeth's time,"
mentioned lower down?

Essay XXIII. Of Wisdom for a Man's Self.—

"It is the wisdom of rats, that will be sure to leave a house

somewhat before it fall."] Query, How and when did this popular
notion (now engrafted upon our political language) originate?

"It is the wisdom of crocodiles, that shed tears when they would
devour."] This saying seems to be derived from the belief, that the
crocodile imitates the cry of children in order to attract their
mothers, and then to devour them. See Salgues, Des Erreurs et des
Préjugés, tom. ii. p. 406.

Essay XXIV. Of Innovations.—See Antitheta, No. 40. vol. viii. p. 375.

Essay XXV. Of Despatch.—See Antitheta, No. 27. vol. viii. p. 368.

"I knew a wise man, that had it for a by-word, when he saw men
hasten to a conclusion, 'Stay a little, that we may make an end the
sooner.'"] Mr. Markby says that Sir Amias Paulet is the person alluded
to. The saying in Apophthegms, No. 14. p. 414.

"The Spartans and Spaniards have been noted to be of small

despatch: 'Mi venga la muerte de Spagna,—Let my death come from
Spain, for then it will be sure to be long in coming.'"] The slow and
dilatory character of the Lacedæmonians is noted in Thucyd. i. 70.:
"Καὶ μὴν καὶ ἄοκνοι πρὸς ὑμᾶς μελλητάς." And again, i. 84.: "Καὶ τὸ
βραδὺ καὶ μέλλον, ὃ μέμφονται μάλιστα ἡμῶν." Livy represents the
Rhodians making a similar remark to the Roman senate in 167 B.C.:
"Atheniensium populum fama est celerem et supra vires audacem
esse ad conandum: Lacedæmoniorum cunctatorem, et vix in ea,
quibus fidit, ingredientem," xlv. 23. Bayle, in his Pensées sur les
Comètes, § 243., has a passage which illustrates the slowness of the
Spaniards:—"D'un côté on prévoyoit, que l'empereur et le roi
d'Espagne se serviroient de très grandes forces, pour opprimer la
chrétienté: mais on prévoyoit aussi de l'autre, qu'ils ne seroient
jamais en état de l'accabler, parceque la lenteur et les longues
délibérations qui ont toujours fait leur partage, font perdre trop de
bonnes occasions. Vous savez la pensée de Malherbe sur ce sujet:
S'il est vrai, dit-il dans quelqu'une de ses lettres, que l'Espagne
aspire à la monarchie universelle, je lui conseille de demander à
Dieu une surséance de la fin du monde."

Essay XXVI. Of seeming wise.—

"Magno conatu nugas."] From Terence, Heaut. iii. 5. 8.: "Ne ista,
hercle, magno jam conatu magnas nugas dixerit."

Essay XXVII. Of Friendship.—

"Epimenides the Candian."] Bacon calls the ancient Cretan priest

Epimenides a "Candian," as Machiavel speaks of the capture of
Rome by the "Francesi" under Brennus. Mr. Pashley, in his Travels in
Crete, vol. i. p. 189., shows that Candia is a name unknown in the
island; and that among the natives its ancient denomination is still in
use. The name Candia has been propagated over Europe from the
Italian usage.

"The Latin adage meeteth with it a little: 'Magna civitas, magna

solitudo.'"] See Erasm. Adag., p. 1293. It is taken from a verse of a
Greek comic poet, which referred to the city of Megalopolis in
Arcadia: "Ἐρημία μεγάλη 'στὶν ἡ Μεγάλη πόλις."—Strab. viii. 8. § 1.
"The Roman name attaineth the true use and cause thereof, naming
them 'participes curarum.'"] To what examples of this expression
does Bacon refer?

"The parable of Pythagoras is dark, but true: 'Cor ne edito.'"]

Concerning this Pythagorean precept, see Diog., Laert. viii. 17, 18.,
cum not.

The saying of Themistocles is repeated in Apophthegms, No. 199. p.

392.

The saying of Heraclitus is repeated, Apophthegms, No. 268.; De

Sap. Vet., vol. xi. p. 346. It is alluded to in Nov. Org., ii. 32.:
"Quicquid enim abducit intellectum a consuetis, æquat et complanat
aream ejus, ad recipiendum lumen siccum et purum notionum
verarum."

"It was a sparing speech of the ancients, to say that a friend is

another himself."] See Aristot., Mag. Mor. ii. 11.: "Μία φανὲν ψυχὴ ἡ
ἐμὴ καὶ ἡ τούτου;" and again, c. 15.: "Τοιοῦτος οἷος ἕτερος εἶναι
ἐγὼ, ἀν γε καὶ σφόδρα φίλον τοιήσῃς, ὥσπερ τὸ λεγόμενον 'ἄλλος
οὗτος Ἡρακλῆς,' 'ἄλλος φίλος ἐγώ.'" Eth. Eud. vii. 12.: "Ὁ γὰρ φίλος
βούλεται εἶναι, ὥσπερ ἡ παροιμία φησὶν, ἄλλος Ἠρακλῆς, ἄλλος
οὗτος."
L.

(To be continued.)

THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA.

The interest which the execution of the railroad across the Isthmus
of Panama excites, induces me to transmit you the following extract
from Gage's New Survey of the West Indies, 8vo., London, 1699.
A few lines relative to the author, of whom but little is known, may
be also of use. He was the son of John Gage, of Haling; and his
brother was Sir Henry Gage, governor of Oxford, killed at the battle
at Culham Bridge, Jan. 11, 1644. His family were of the Roman
Catholic faith; and he was sent by his father in 1612 into Spain, to
study under the Jesuits, in the hope he would join that society; but
his aversion to them led him to enter the Dominican Order at
Valladolid, in 1612. His motives were suspected; his father was
irritated—threatened to disinherit him and to arouse against him the
power of the Jesuits of England if he returned home. He now
determined to pass over to the Spanish possessions in South
America; but as an order had been issued by the king, forbidding
this to any Englishman, it was only by inclosing him in an empty sea-
biscuit case, he was able to sail from Cadiz, July 2, 1625. He arrived
at Mexico on October 8; and after residing there for some time to
recruit himself from the voyage, resolved to abandon a missionary
scheme to the Philippine islands he had planned, and accordingly, on
the day fixed for their departure to Acapulco, escaped with three
other Dominicans for Chispat. He was here well received, and went
subsequently to the head establishment at Guatimala. He was soon
appointed curate of Amatitlan; and during his residence at this and
another district contrived to amass a sum of 9000 piastres, with the
aid of which he sought to accomplish his long-cherished desire of
returning to England. Many difficulties were in his way; but on the
7th January, 1637, he quitted Amatitlan, traversed the province of
Nicaragua, and embarked from the coast of Costa Rica. The ship was
soon after boarded by a Dutch corsair, and Gage was robbed of 8000
piastres. He succeeded in reaching Panama, traversed the Isthmus,
and sailed from Porto Bello in the Spanish fleet, which reached San
Sucar, Nov. 28, 1637. He returned to England after an absence of
twenty-four years. His father was dead: he found himself
disinherited, and although hardly recognised by his family at first, he
met ultimately with kindly treatment. During his residence in S.
America, doubts had arisen in his mind as to the truth and validity of
the creed and ritual to which he was attached. Whether this was the
consequence of reflection from his theological studies, or animated
love of change which his conduct at times betrayed, cannot be
decided. He resolved to proceed to Italy, and renew his studies
there. Upon his return, after a short residence, he renounced
Catholicism in a sermon he preached at St. Paul's. About 1642 he
attached himself to the Parliament cause, and it is said he obtained
the living of Deal in Kent; as the parish registers contain an entry of
the burial of Mary daughter, and Mary wife, of Thomas Gage, parson
of Deal, March 21, 1652; but when he was married, and whom he
married, does not appear. Gage's work has been rather too much
decried. It contains matter of interest relative to the state of the
Spanish possessions; and his credulity and superstition must be
considered in relation to his opportunities and his age. Perhaps some
of your readers may contribute farther information concerning him,
as the general accounts I have been able to meet with are
contradictory and insufficient. The Biographie Universelle states, that
it was his Survey of the West Indies that led to the English
expeditions to the Spanish Main, which secured Jamaica to the
English in 1654, and adds he died there in 1655. The registers at
Deal could probably prove this fact; but I confess to doubt as to
whether Gage really were the parson alluded to as resident there in
1652. He was evidently of a roving unsteady nature, fond of
adventure, and the first to open to English enterprise a knowledge of
the state of the Spanish possessions, to prevent which the council of
the Indies had passed so many stringent laws. Colbert caused this
work to be translated, and it has been often reprinted on the
Continent, but much mutilated, as his statements relative to the
Roman Catholic priesthood gave offence. A good memoir of Gage is
still to be desired. The following is the extract relative to the Isthmus
of Panama, West Indies, p. 151.:—

"The Peruvian part containeth all the southern tract, and is tyed
to the Mexican by the Isthmus or Strait of Darien, being no
more than 17, or, as others say, in the narrowest place, but 12
miles broad, from the north to the south sea. Many have
mentioned to the Council of Spain the cutting of a navigable
channel through this small Isthmus, so to shorten the voyage to
 China and the Moluccoes. But the kings of Spain have not yet
attempted to do it; some say lest in the work he should lose
those few Indians which are left (would to God it were so, that
they were or had been so careful and tender of the poor
Indians' lives, more populous would that vast and spacious
country be at this day), but others say he hath not attempted it
lest the passage by the Cape Bona Esperanza (Good Hope)
being left off, those seas might become a receptacle for pirates.
However, this hath not been attempted by the Spaniards; they
give not for reason any extraordinary great charge, for that
would soon be recompensed with the speedie and easie
conveying that way the commodities from S. to N. seas."

This bears reference to projects before 1625, or during his residence

in S. America, between 1625-1637; but Gage could hardly have
understood the nature of the Spanish character, and the genius of
the government, to speculate upon the cause of their neglect of
every useful enterprise for the promotion of commerce and public
good.
S. H.

FOLK LORE.
Legends of the County Clare.—On the west coast of Ireland, near
the Cliffs of Moher, at some distance out in the bay, the waves
appear continually breaking in white foam even on the calmest day.
The tradition among the country people is, that a great city was
swallowed up there for some great crime, and that it becomes visible
once every seven years. And if the person who sees it could keep his
eyes fixed on it till he reached it, it would then be restored, and he
would obtain great wealth. The man who related the legend stated
farther, that some years ago some labourers were at work in a field
on the hill side in view of the bay; and one of them, happening to
cast his eyes seaward, saw the city in all its splendour emerge from
the deep. He called to his companions to look at it; but though they
were close to him, he could not attract their attention: at last, he
turned round to see why they would not come; but on looking back,
when he had succeeded in attracting their attention, the city had
disappeared.

The Welsh legend of the Islands of the Blessed, which can only be
seen by a person who stands on a turf from St. David's churchyard,
bears a curious coincidence to the above. It is not impossible that
there may have been some foundation for the vision of the
enchanted city at Moher in the Fata Morgana, very beautiful
spectacles of which have been seen on other parts of the coast of
Ireland.
Francis Robert Davies.

Moon Superstitions (Vol. viii., p. 79.).—In this age of fact and

science, it is remarkable that even with the well-informed the old
faith in the "change of the moon" as a prognostic of fair and foul
weather still keeps its hold. W. W. asks "have we any proof of" the
"correctness" of this faith? To suppose that the weather varies with
the amount of illuminated surface on the moon would make the
change in the weather vary with the amount of moonshine, which of
course is absurd, as in that case the clouds would have much more
to do with the question than the moon's shadow. But still it may be
said the moon may influence the weather as it is supposed to cause
the tides. In answer to this I beg to state the opinion of Dr. Ick, who
was for upwards of ten years the curator of the Birmingham
Philosophical Institute, an excellent meteorologist, geologist, and
botanist. He assured me that after the closest and most accurate
observation of the moon and the weather, he had arrived at the
conclusion that there is not the slightest observable dependence
between them.
C. Mansfield Ingleby.

Birmingham.
Warwickshire Folk Lore.—The only certain remedy for the bite of an
adder is to kill the offending reptile, and apply some of its fat to the
wound. Whether the fat should be raw or melted down, my
informant did not say, but doubtless the same effect would be
produced in either case.

If a pig is killed in the wane of the moon, the bacon is sure to shrink
in the boiling; if, on the other hand, the pig is killed when the moon
is at the full, the bacon will swell.
Erica.

Warwick.

Northamptonshire Folk Lore.—There is a singular custom prevailing

in some parts of Northamptonshire, and perhaps some of your
correspondents may be able to mention other places where a similar
practice exists. If a female is afflicted with fits, nine pieces of silver
money and nine threehalfpences are collected from nine bachelors:
the silver money is converted into a ring to be worn by the afflicted
person, and the threehalfpences (i. e. 13½d.) are paid to the maker
of the ring, an inadequate remuneration for his labour, but which he
good-naturedly accepts. If the afflicted person be a male, the
contributions are levied upon females.
E. H.

Slow-worm Superstition (Vol. viii., p. 33.).—As a child I was always

told by the servants that if any serpent was "scotched, not killed," it
would revive if it could reach its hole before sunset, but that
otherwise it must die. Hence the custom, so universal, of hanging
any serpent on a tree after killing it.
Seleucus.

A Devonshire Charm for the Thrush.—On visiting one of my

parishioners, whose infant was ill with the thrush, I asked her what
medicine she had given the child? She replied, she had done nothing
to it but say the eighth Psalm over it. I found that her cure was to
repeat the eighth Psalm over the infant three times, three days
running; and on my hesitating a doubt as to the efficacy of the
remedy, she appealed to the case of another of her children who
had suffered badly from the thrush, but had been cured by the use
of no other means. If it was said "with the virtue," it was, she
declared, an unfailing cure. The mention, in this Psalm, of "the
mouths of babes and sucklings," I suppose led to its selection.
W. Fraser.

Tor-Mohun.

OLD JOKES.
Every man ought to read the jest-books, that he may not make
himself disagreeable by repeating "old Joes" as the very last good
things. One book of this class is little more than the copy of another
as to the points, with a change of the persons; and the same joke,
slightly varied, appears in as many different countries as the same
fairy-tale. Seven years ago I found at Prague the "Joe" of the
Irishman saying that there were a hundred judges on the bench,
because there was one with two cyphers. The valet-de-place told me
that when the Emperor and Metternich were together they were
called "the council of ten," because they were eins und zero.

It is interesting to trace a joke back, of which process I send an

example. In the very clever version of the Chancellor of Oxford's
speech on introducing the new doctors (Punch, No. 622.) are these
lines:

"En Henleium! en Stanleium! Hic eminens prosator:

Ille, filius pulchro patre, hercle pulchrior orator;
Demosthenes in herbâ, sed in ore retinens illos
Quos, antequam peroravit, Græcus respuit lapillos."
Ebenezer Grubb, in his description of the opposition in 1814, thus
notices Mr. F. Douglas:

"He is a forward and frequent speaker; remarkable for a

graceful inclination of the upper part of his body in advance of
the lower, and speaketh, I suspect (after the manner of an
ancient), with pebbles in his mouth."—New Whig Guide, 1819,
p. 47.

In Foote's Patron, Sir Roger Dowlas, an East India proprietor, who

has sought instruction in oratory from Sir Thomas Lofty, is
introduced to the conversazione:—

"Sir Thomas. Sir Roger, be seated. This gentleman has, in

common with the greatest orator the world ever saw, a small
natural infirmity; he stutters a little: but I have prescribed the
same remedy that Demosthenes used, and don't despair of a
radical cure. Well, sir, have you digested those general rules?

Sir Roger. Pr-ett-y well, I am obli-g'd to you, Sir Th-omas.

Sir Thomas. Did you open at the last general court?

Sir Roger. I att-empt-ed fo-ur or five times.

Sir Thomas. What hindered your progress?

Sir Roger. The pe-b-bles.

Sir Thomas. Oh, the pebbles in his mouth: but they are only put
in to practise in private: you should take them out when you are
addressing the public."

I cannot trace the joke farther, but as Foote, though so rich in wit,
was a great borrower, it might not be new in 1764.
H. B. C.
Garrick Club.

AN INTERPOLATION OF THE PLAYERS:

TOBACCO.
I have witnessed the representation of the Twelfth Night as often,
during the last five-and-forty years, as I have had an opportunity;
and, in every instance, Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, and the Clown, in their
rollicking orgies, smoke tobacco. Now, this must be an "interpolation
of the players;" for not only was tobacco unknown in Illyria, at the
period of the story, but Shakspeare does not once name tobacco in
his works, and, therefore, was not likely to give a stage-direction for
the use of it. The great poet is freely blamed for anachronisms; it is
but fair he should have due credit when he avoids them. The stories
of his plays are all antecedent to his own time, therefore he never
mentions either the drinking of tobacco, or the tumultuous scenes of
the ordinary which belonged to it, and which are so constantly met
with in his cotemporary dramatists. I see there is a note in my
commonplace-book, after some remarks upon Green's Friar Bacon
and Friar Bungay, "that this play, though written by a pedant, and a
Master of Arts, contains more anachronisms than any one play of
Shakspeare's."

Can any of your correspondents learned in stage traditions say when

this "smoking interpolation" was first made?

But, Sir, I think I shall surprise some of your readers by pointing out
another instance of the absence of tobacco or smoking. In the
Arabian Night's Entertainments, which are said to be such faithful
pictures of oriental manners, there is no mention of the pipe. Neither
is coffee to be met with in those tales, so delightful to all ages. We
with difficulty imagine an oriental without his chibauk; and yet it is
certain they knew nothing of this luxury before the sixteenth
century. At present, such is the almost imperious necessity felt by
the Turk for smoking and coffee, that as soon as the gun announces
the setting of the sun, during the fast of the Ramada, before he
thinks of satisfying his craving stomach with any solid food, he takes
his cup of coffee and lights his pipe.—As I think it dishonest to deck
ourselves with knowledge that is not self-acquired, I confess to the
having but just read this "note" in the last number of the Revue des
Deux Mondes, in a fine work upon America by the celebrated savant,
M. Ampère.
W. Robson.

Stockwell.

Minor Notes.
Curious Epitaph.—In the Diary of Thomas Moore, Charles Lamb is
said at a certain dinner party to have "quoted an epitaph by Clio
Rickman, in which, after several lines in the usual jog-trot style of
epitaph, he continued thus:

'He well perform'd the husband's, father's part,

And knew immortal Hudibras by heart.'"

There is an epitaph in the churchyard of Newhaven, Sussex, in which

the last of these two lines occurs, but which does not answer in
other respects to the character of the one quoted by Lamb. On the
contrary, it is altogether eminently quaint, peculiar, and consistent.
The stone is to the memory of Thomas Tipper, who departed this life
May the 14th, 1785, aged fifty-four years; and the upper part is
embellished with a representation, in bas-relief, of the drawbridge
which crosses the river, whence it might be inferred that the
comprehensive genius of Mr. Tipper included engineering and
architecture. The epitaph runs thus:

"Reader, with kind regard this grave survey,

Nor heedless pass where Tipper's ashes lay.
Honest he was, ingenuous, blunt and kind,
And dared do what few dare do—speak his mind.
Philosophy and History well he knew,
Was versed in Physick and in Surgery too:
The best old Stingo he both brew'd and sold,
Nor did one knavish act to get his gold.
He play'd through life a varied comic part,
And knew immortal Hudibras by heart.
Reader, in real truth this was the man:
Be better, wiser, laugh more if you can."

Is there any reason for supposing this epitaph to have been written
by Clio Rickman; and is anything known of Mr. Tipper beyond the
biography of his tombstone?
G. J. De Wilde.

Enigmatical Epitaph.—I offer for solution an enigma, copied from a

tomb in the churchyard of Christchurch in Hampshire:

"WE WERE NOT SLAYNE BUT RAYSD;

RAYSD NOT TO LIFE,
BVT TO BE BVRIED TWICE
BY MEN OF STRIFE.
WHAT REST COVLD ᵀᴴ LIVING HAVE,
WHEN DEAD HAD NONE?
AGREE AMONGST YOV,
HERE WE TEN ARE ONE.
HEN. ROGERS DIED APRIL 17, 1641.

I. R."

The popular legend is, that the ten men perished by the falling in of
a gravel-pit, and that their remains were buried together. This,
however, will not account for the "men of strife."
Is it not probable that, in the time of the civil wars, the bodies might
have been disinterred for the sake of the leaden coffins, and then
deposited in their present resting-place?

The tomb may have been erected some time afterwards by "I. R.,"
probably a relative of the "Henry Rogers," the date of whose death
is commemorated.
T. J.

Bath.

Books worthy to be reprinted (Vol. vii., pp. 153. 203.).—In addition

to those previously mentioned in "N. & Q.," there is one for which a
crying necessity exists for a new edition, namely, The Complaynt of
Scotland. It is often advertised and otherwise sought for; and when
found, can only be had at a most extravagant price. It was originally
written in 1548; and in 1801, a limited impression, edited by Dr.
Leyden, was published; and in 1829, "Critiques upon it by David
Herd, and others, with observations in answer by Dr. Leyden," to the
number of seventy copies. The Complaynt of Scotland and Sir
Tristrem, an edition of which was edited by Sir Walter Scott, and
published in 1804, are two of the oldest works of which the literature
of Scotland can boast.
Inverness.

Napoleon's Thunderstorm.—The passage of the Niemen by the

French army, and its consequent entry on Russian territory, may be
said to have been Napoleon's first step towards defeat and ruin. A
terrible thunderstorm occurred on that occasion, according to M.
Ségur's account of the Russian campaign.

When Napoleon commenced the retreat, by which he yielded all the

country beyond the Elbe (and which, therefore, may be reckoned a
second step towards his downfall), it was accompanied by a
thunderstorm more remarkable from occurring at such a season.
Odelben says: