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Database Concepts Explanation

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Database Concepts Explanation

Uploaded by

treading169
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database Concepts Explanation

1. Oracle View: Syntax & Example

A view in Oracle is a virtual table based on the result of a SQL query. It does not store data itself but

retrieves it from the underlying tables.

Syntax:

CREATE VIEW view_name AS

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name

WHERE condition;

Example:

CREATE VIEW emp_view AS

SELECT emp_id, emp_name, department

FROM employees

WHERE department = 'HR';

2. SQL Functions

SQL functions are built-in functions used to perform calculations or manipulate data. They can be

categorized as follows:

- Aggregate Functions: SUM(), AVG(), COUNT(), MAX(), MIN()

- String Functions: CONCAT(), SUBSTR(), LENGTH(), UPPER(), LOWER()

- Date Functions: NOW(), CURDATE(), DATE_ADD(), DATE_SUB()

- Numeric Functions: ROUND(), CEIL(), FLOOR(), ABS()

Example:
SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees;

3. GROUP BY & HAVING Clause

GROUP BY is used to group rows with the same values in specified columns, often used with

aggregate functions. HAVING is used to filter groups based on a condition.

Syntax:

SELECT column1, aggregate_function(column2)

FROM table_name

GROUP BY column1

HAVING condition;

Example:

SELECT department, AVG(salary)

FROM employees

GROUP BY department

HAVING AVG(salary) > 5000;

4. Oracle Operators

Operators in Oracle are used to perform operations on data. Some key types include:

- Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /

- Comparison Operators: =, !=, >, <, >=, <=

- Logical Operators: AND, OR, NOT

- Special Operators: IN, BETWEEN, LIKE, IS NULL

Example:

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary BETWEEN 3000 AND 5000;


5. Cursor & Its Attributes

A cursor in PL/SQL is a pointer to the result set of a query. It is used to process each row returned

by the query.

Attributes:

- %FOUND: Returns TRUE if the query returns a row.

- %NOTFOUND: Returns TRUE if the query does not return a row.

- %ROWCOUNT: Returns the number of rows affected by the query.

- %ISOPEN: Returns TRUE if the cursor is open.

Example:

DECLARE

CURSOR emp_cursor IS SELECT * FROM employees;

BEGIN

OPEN emp_cursor;

FETCH emp_cursor INTO emp_record;

CLOSE emp_cursor;

END;

6. SELECT Statement

The SELECT statement is used to retrieve data from one or more tables.

Syntax:

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name

WHERE condition;
Example:

SELECT emp_name, salary FROM employees WHERE department = 'IT';

7. Procedure Explanation

A procedure in PL/SQL is a named block of code that performs a specific task. Procedures can

accept parameters and can be reused.

Syntax:

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE procedure_name (parameter_name datatype)

AS

BEGIN

-- Code logic here

END;

Example:

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE increase_salary (emp_id NUMBER, increment NUMBER)

AS

BEGIN

UPDATE employees

SET salary = salary + increment

WHERE id = emp_id;

END;

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