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Cognitive Big Data Intelligence with a
Metaheuristic Approach
This page intentionally left blank
Cognitive Data Science in Sustainable
Computing

Cognitive Big Data

Intelligence with a
Metaheuristic
Approach
Series Editor
Arun Kumar Sangaiah

Volume Editors
Sushruta Mishra
School of Computer Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial technology
(KIIT) University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Hrudaya Kumar Tripathy

School of Computer Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial technology
(KIIT) University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Pradeep Kumar Mallick

School of Computer Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial technology
(KIIT) University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Arun Kumar Sangaiah

School of Computer Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA,
Australia

Gyoo-Soo Chae
Division of ICT, Baekseok University, Cheonan, South Korea
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Contents

Contributors xiii
Preface xv

1. A discourse on metaheuristics techniques for solving

clustering and semisupervised learning models 1
Nishant Kashyap and Anjana Mishra
1. Introduction 1
2. Overview of clustering 2
2.1 K-means clustering 2
2.2 Hierarchical clustering 2
2.3 Fuzzy C-means 2
2.4 Model-based clustering 4
2.5 Particle swarm optimization 4
2.6 Clustering using PSO 6
2.7 Ant colony optimization 7
2.8 Clustering using ACO 9
2.9 Genetic algorithm 10
2.10 Differential evolution 13
2.11 Clustering using differential evolution 14
2.12 Semisupervised learning algorithms 15
2.13 PSO-assisted semisupervised clustering 15
2.14 Semisupervised clustering using GA 17
3. Conclusion 18
References 18

2. Metaheuristics in classification, clustering, and

frequent pattern mining 21
Hiren Kumar Thakkar, Hrushikesh Shukla and
Prasan Kumar Sahoo
1. Introduction 21
1.1 Introduction to metaheuristics 21
1.2 Classification of metaheuristic techniques 22
1.3 Working of some metaheuristic algorithms 24

v
vi Contents

2. Metaheuristics in classification 29
2.1 Use of ant colony optimization in classification 30
2.2 Use of genetic algorithms in classification 33
2.3 Use of particle swarm optimization in classification 37
3. Metaheuristics in clustering 40
3.1 Use of ant colony optimization in clustering 41
3.2 Use of genetic algorithms in clustering 45
3.3 Use of particle swarm optimization in clustering 49
4. Metaheuristics in frequent pattern mining 54
4.1 Use of ant colony optimization in frequent pattern mining 54
4.2 Use of genetic algorithms in frequent pattern mining 58
4.3 Use of particle swarm optimization in frequent
pattern mining 61
5. Conclusion 67
References 67

3. Impacts of metaheuristic and swarm intelligence

approach in optimization 71
Abhishek Banerjee, Dharmpal Singh, Sudipta Sahana and
Ira Nath
1. Introduction 71
1.1 Introduction of metaheuristic 71
1.2 Introduction of swarm intelligence 73
2. Concepts of Metaheuristic 73
2.1 Optimization problems 73
2.2 Classification of metaheuristic techniques 74
2.3 A generic metaheuristic framework 76
3. Metaheuristic techniques 76
3.1 Simulated annealing 77
3.2 Genetic algorithms 77
3.3 Ant colony optimization 78
3.4 Bee Algorithms 78
3.5 Particle swarm optimization 78
3.6 Harmony search 79
3.7 Tabu search 79
4. Swarm intelligence techniques 80
4.1 Bat Algorithm 80
4.2 Firefly algorithm 82
4.3 Lion Optimization Algorithm 85
4.4 Chicken swarm optimization algorithm 85
4.5 Social Spider Algorithm 86
4.6 Spider monkey optimization algorithm 88
4.7 African buffalo optimization algorithm 90
4.8 Flower pollination algorithm 91
 Contents vii

5. Impacts of metaheuristic and swarm intelligence approach in

optimization 94
5.1 Implication of the metaheuristic techniques in
optimization 94
5.2 Implication of the swarm intelligence techniques in
optimization 94
6. Conclusion 94
References 95
Further reading 99

4. A perspective depiction of heuristics in virtual reality 101

Moushita Patnaik and Angelia Melani Adrian
1. Introduction to virtual reality 101
2. Heuristics in brief 102
3. Virtual realityeenabled case studies 104
3.1 Virtual reality in crime scene evaluation 104
3.2 Virtual reality in assessing a chess game 107
3.3 Virtual reality in client assignment problem 110
3.4 Client assignment algorithms 111
4. Performance evaluation and discussion 113
5. Conclusion 115
References 115

5. A heuristic approach of web users decision-making

using deep learning models 117
Vaisnav Roy and Ankit Desai
1. Introduction 117
2. Analysis of user online behavior using deep learning models 120
2.1 Classic neural networks 120
2.2 Convolutional Neural Networks 121
2.3 Recurrent neural networks 122
2.4 Self-organizing maps 122
2.5 Boltzmann machines 123
2.6 Deep reinforcement learning 123
3. Greedy algorithm as the heuristic 123
4. Background study 124
5. Description of the dataset 125
6. Implementation and discussion 126
7. Conclusion 128
References 128
viii Contents

6. Inertia weight strategies for task allocation using

metaheuristic algorithm 131
Arabinda Pradhan and Sukant Kishoro Bisoy
1. Introduction 131
2. Related work 133
3. Standard PSO 136
4. Model of task allocation in VM 137
5. Inertia weight strategy 137
6. Performance evaluation 140
6.1 Experiment setup 140
6.2 Result and analysis 141
7. Conclusion and future work 144
References 144

7. Big data classification with IoT-based application

for e-health care 147
Saumendra Kumar Mohapatra and Mihir Narayan Mohanty
1. Introduction 147
2. State of the art 151
3. Big data in health care 153
3.1 Biomedical data mining 155
4. Classification techniques 156
5. IoT-based smart biomedical data acquisition and processing
system 160
5.1 IoT-based data communication framework 161
6. Multiagent system for biomedical data processing 162
7. Detection of cardiac abnormalities 165
7.1 Classification algorithm 165
8. Results and discussion 167
9. Conclusion 169
References 169

8. Study of bio-inspired neural networks for the

prediction of liquid flow in a process control system 173
Pijush Dutta, Korhan Cengiz and Asok Kumar
1. Introduction 173
2. Related work 176
3. Experimental setup 177
4. Preliminary details of the algorithm 177
4.1 Preliminary details of the neural network (NN) 177
4.2 Preliminaries of the firefly algorithm 179
4.3 Preliminaries of particle swarm optimization (PSO) 180
5. Proposed model 180
5.1 Modeling of the flow rate using a neural network 180
 Contents ix

6. Results and discussion 182

6.1 Computational efficiency test 183
6.2 Convergence test 183
6.3 Accuracy test 184
7. Conclusions and future work 187
References 188

9. Affordable energy-intensive routing using

metaheuristics 193
Priyom Dutta and B.S. Mahanand
1. Introduction 193
2. Literature survey 193
3. Problem description 195
4. Routing 196
4.1 Routers 196
4.2 Router paths 197
4.3 Router transmission 197
5. Routing algorithms 198
6. Routing table 199
7. Metaheuristics 199
7.1 Constructive metaheuristics 200
7.2 Population-based metaheuristics 201
7.3 Hybrid metaheuristics 201
8. Metaheuristics for efficient routing 201
9. Proposed solution using metaheuristics 202
9.1 Probability estimation of congestion 203
9.2 Memetic algorithms 204
10. Conclusion 207
References 208

10. Semantic segmentation for self-driving cars using

deep learning: a survey 211
Qusay Sellat, Sukant Kishoro Bisoy and Rojanlina Priyadarshini
1. Introduction 211
2. Semantic segmentation for autonomous driving 212
2.1 Autonomous driving 212
2.2 Semantic segmentation 213
3. Deep learning 215
3.1 Machine learning 215
3.2 Artificial neural networks 216
3.3 Deep learning 218
3.4 Learning process of deep neural networks 219
3.5 Challenges 224
3.6 Convolutional neural networks 226
3.7 Autoencoders 229
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4. Related work 230

5. Experimental results 233
6. Conclusion 236
References 236

11. Cognitive big data analysis for E-health and

telemedicine using metaheuristic algorithms 239
Deepak Rai and Hiren Kumar Thakkar
1. Introduction 239
1.1 Why E-health care? 240
1.2 Advantages of E-health care 242
2. Cognitive computing technologies for E-health care 243
3. Cognitive big data analytics for E-health care 243
3.1 Role of Hadoop and Apache Spark in E-health
care analytics 245
4. Need for cognitive big data analytics in E-health care 247
5. Advantages of cognitive big data analytics in E-health care 247
6. Challenges of cognitive big data analytics in E-health care 249
7. Metaheuristic approach for optimization of cognitive big
data healthcare 250
7.1 Benefits of metaheuristic approach over classical
optimization methods 250
7.2 Applications of metaheuristics in cognitive big
dataebased healthcare 251
8. Cognitive big data analytics use cases in E-health care 251
9. Future of cognitive big data analytics in E-health care 253
10. Market analysis of cognitive big data analytics in
E-health care 254
11. Cognitive big data players in E-health care 254
References 257

12. Multicriteria recommender system using different

approaches 259
Chandramouli Das, Abhaya Kumar Sahoo and
Chittaranjan Pradhan
1. Introduction 259
2. Related work 260
3. Working principle 262
3.1 Modeling phase 264
3.2 Prediction phase 264
3.3 Recommendation phase 264
3.4 Content-based approach 264
3.5 Collaborative filtering approach 265
3.6 Knowledge-based filtering approach 266
 Contents xi

4. Proposed approaches 266

4.1 K-nearest neighbor (KNN) 267
4.2 Support vector machine (SVM) 268
4.3 Artificial neural networks (ANNs) 270
5. Experimental data analysis 272
5.1 Data set 272
5.2 Confusion matrix 274
5.3 Recall value 274
5.4 Precision value 274
5.5 F1 score 275
5.6 Accuracy 275
6. Result 275
7. Conclusion 276
References 276

13. Optimization-based energy-efficient routing scheme

for wireless body area network 279
Aradhana Behura and Manas Ranjan Kabat
1. Introduction 279
1.1 Three-tier wireless body area network (WBAN)
architecture 280
1.2 Motivation and application scenario 283
2. Related work 285
3. Case study on an energy-efficient hybrid C-means
donkey-smuggler optimization-based routing technique for
a wireless sensor network 290
4. Analysis of the previous approach 291
4.1 Network configuration 291
4.2 Protocol approach 292
5. Conclusion 301
References 302

14. Livestock health monitoring using a smart

IoT-enabled neural network recognition system 305
Ricky Mohanty and Subhendu Kumar Pani
1. Introduction 305
2. System architecture 307
2.1 Monitoring and controlling system 307
2.2 Central monitoring unit 307
2.3 Functions of the central monitoring unit 307
2.4 Local monitoring unit 308
2.5 Functions of the local monitoring unit 309
2.6 Basic hardware requirements 309
2.7 Wearable device platform 310
2.8 Algorithm 311
2.9 Data collection and transmission 313
xii Contents

3. Recognition of a diseased bird by the central monitoring

unit using Raspberry Pi 313
4. Results and discussion 318
5. Conclusion 320
References 320

15. Preserving healthcare data: from traditional

encryption to cognitive deep learning perspective 323
Priyanka Ray and Sushruta Mishra
1. Introduction 323
2. Related works 331
2.1 PKE-based systems 331
2.2 SKE-based systems 332
2.3 ABE-based systems 333
2.4 Cognitive HE-based systems 334
3. Encryption algorithms 334
4. Performance evaluation 338
5. Future challenges of cognitive encryption models in
healthcare 340
6. Conclusion 341
References 342

Index 347
Contributors

Angelia Melani Adrian, Informatics Engineering Department, De La Salle Catholic

University, Manado City, Indonesia
Abhishek Banerjee, Pailan College of Management and Technology, Pailan, Joka,
Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Aradhana Behura, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Veer Surendra
Sai University of Technology, Burla, Odisha, India
Sukant Kishoro Bisoy, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, C.V.
Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Korhan Cengiz, Department of Telecommunication, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
Chandramouli Das, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be University,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Ankit Desai, Embibe, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Pijush Dutta, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Global
Institute of Management and Technology, Krishnagar, West Bengal, India
Priyom Dutta, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar,
Odisha, India
Manas Ranjan Kabat, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Veer
Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Odisha, India
Nishant Kashyap, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Asok Kumar, Dean of Student Welfare Department, Vidyasagar University, Medinipur,
West Bengal, India
B.S. Mahanand, Department of Information Science and Engineering, Sri Jayacha-
marajendra College of Engineering, JSS Science and Technology University,
Mysuru, Karnataka, India
Anjana Mishra, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Sushruta Mishra, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology Deemed to be University,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Ricky Mohanty, Department of Electronics & Telecommunication, Orissa Engineering
College, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Mihir Narayan Mohanty, ITER, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University),
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Saumendra Kumar Mohapatra, ITER, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be
University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

xiii
xiv Contributors

Ira Nath, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, West Bengal, India

Subhendu Kumar Pani, Krupajal Computer Academy, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Moushita Patnaik, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar,
Odisha, India
Arabinda Pradhan, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, C.V. Raman
Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Chittaranjan Pradhan, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be
University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Rojanlina Priyadarshini, Department of Computer Science and Information Tech-
nology, C.V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Deepak Rai, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of
Technology, Patna, Bihar, India
Priyanka Ray, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology Deemed to be University,
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Vaisnav Roy, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar,
Odisha, India
Sudipta Sahana, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
Abhaya Kumar Sahoo, School of Computer Engineering, KIIT Deemed to be
University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Prasan Kumar Sahoo, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineer-
ing, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
Qusay Sellat, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, C.V. Raman Global
University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Hrushikesh Shukla, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Dr. Vishwanath
Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Dharmpal Singh, JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
Hiren Kumar Thakkar, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of
Engineering and Sciences, SRM University, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India
Exploring the Variety of Random
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The works of the
Reverend George Whitefield, Vol. 3 (of 6)
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: The works of the Reverend George Whitefield, Vol. 3 (of 6)

Author: George Whitefield

Release date: February 21, 2024 [eBook #73012]

Language: English

Original publication: London: Printed for Edward and Charles Dilly,

etc, 1771

Credits: Brian Wilson, Richard Hulse and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive/American Libraries.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WORKS

OF THE REVEREND GEORGE WHITEFIELD, VOL. 3 (OF 6) ***
The Works of the Reverend
George Whitefield, M.A.

Transcriber’s Notes
The cover image was provided by the transcriber and is placed
in the public domain.

Punctuation has been standardized.

Most of the non-common abbreviations used to save space in

printing have been expanded to the non-abbreviated form
for easier reading.

This book was written in a period when many words had not
become standardized in their spelling. Words may have
multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in
the text. These have been left unchanged unless indicated
with a Transcriber’s Note.

Footnotes are identified in the text with a superscript number

and are shown immediately below the paragraph in which
they appear.

Transcriber’s Notes are used when making corrections to the

text or to provide additional information for the modern
reader. These notes are identified by ♦♠♥♣ symbols in the
text and are shown immediately below the paragraph in
which they appear.
 THE

WORKS
OF THE REVEREND

GEORGE WHITEFIELD, M.A.

Late of Pembroke-College, Oxford,
And Chaplain to the Rt. Hon. the Countess of Huntingdon.
CONTAINING

All his SERMONS and TRACTS

Which have been already published:

WITH

A Select COLLECTION of LETTERS,

Written to his most intimate Friends, and Persons of
Distinction, in England, Scotland, Ireland, and America,
from the Year 1734, to 1770, including the whole Period
of his Ministry.
ALSO

Some other Pieces on Important Subjects,

never before printed; prepared by Himself for the Press.
To which is prefixed,
 An ACCOUNT of his LIFE,
Compiled from his Original Papers and Letters.

VOLUME III.

LONDON:
Printed for Edward and Charles Dilly, in the Poultry;
and Messrs. Kincaid and Bell, at Edinburgh.
MDCCLXXI.
 LETTERS.
LETTER DCCCCLXV.
To Mr. J―― B――.

London, February 1, 1753.

My very dear friend,

T HOUGH I have had no answer to my last, yet I suppose it hath

reached your hands, and I am glad to hear that ♦ Ephrata
plantation is in some degree opened, and thereby a preparation
made for a future progress this spring. Mr. Fox not coming, and
going upon lumber, hath been a great loss to my poor family, but I
hope ere now all is settled, and the sawing carried on with vigour.
That seems to be the thing which providence points out at present,
and as so many negroes are ready, it will be a pity that Bethesda
should not do something, as well as the neighbouring planters. If it
was not that I am erecting a large place for public worship, eighty
feet square, and am called to preach to so many thousands in
various places, I would come over immediately myself. But perhaps
it will be best to stay till the new Governor is appointed and embarks,
or at least to come a little before him. I hear that Colonel
Vanderdison will in all probability be the man; they are determined I
find to have a military person. With this, I send your brother a power
to dispose of Providence plantation, and I hope to hear shortly that
Doctor B――, with your assistance, hath purchased more negroes,
—My dear friend, do exert yourself a little for me in this time of my
absence, and I trust the Orphan-house affairs will shortly be so
ordered, that none shall be troubled about its affairs, but my own
domestics. As Nathaniel P―― is so willing, and hath hitherto
behaved so faithfully, I have sent him a full power in conjunction with
Mrs. W―― to act under you. The man and woman that bring this,
are with their son indented to me, and I have an excellent school
mistress and a young student, engaged to come over shortly. Ere
long, I suppose we shall have a large family. Lord grant it may be a
religious one! I would have nothing done in respect to the building,
besides repairing the piazza, and what else is absolutely necessary,
till I come. Perhaps I may bring a carpenter along with me, who will
stay some years. I cannot tell what can induce me to take care of a
place, where the gospel is so little regarded, unless it be a principle
of faith. Surely it will not always be so. What difference is there
between Georgia, and several parts of England? Here thousands
and ten thousands run, and ride miles upon miles to hear the gospel.
—There—but I do not love to think of it. O my dear friend, whatever
others do, may you and your houshold serve the Lord! I see there is
no happiness, but in keeping near to Jesus Christ.—But this
prosperity,—this worldly mindedness,—how many fools hath it
destroyed; how many of God’s own children hath it awfully
bewildered! May the Lord keep all my dear friends clear of this
dangerous rock! My love to all. How is Mr. V――? Pray do your
utmost to bring about a reconciliation between him and Mr. B――. I
could give several particular and powerful reasons; at present I can
add no more. My dear friend, pray for us, and exert yourself for
Bethesda; Bethesda’s God will richly reward you.

Yours most affectionately in our common Lord,

G. W.

♦ “Ephratah” replaced with “Ephrata” for consistency.

LETTER DCCCCLXVI.
To Lady H――n.
 London, February 9, 1753.

Ever-honoured Madam,

I T gives me pain, when any of your Ladyship’s letters lie by me

unanswered,—I would always write immediately if I could. For
many days I have been much engaged, but can now refrain no
longer. Your Ladyship’s letter was immediately forwarded to
Philadelphia.—It will be an acceptable present to the good old
Governor. I wish Mr. T―― may not make too great compliances,—
but I fear instability is his weak side. I have not heard from South
Audley Street, since I wrote last to your Ladyship.—The Moravian’s
outward scheme, I am apt to believe will soon be disconcerted.
Strange! Why will God’s children build Babels? Why will they flatter
themselves, that God owns and approves of them, because he
suffers them to build high? In mercy to them, such buildings, of
whatever kind, must come down. I hope our new-intended
tabernacle is not of this nature. It would have pleased your Ladyship,
to have seen how willingly the people gave last Lord’s day. At seven
in the morning we collected fifty pounds, in the evening one hundred
and twenty-six pounds. Blessed be God, we have now near nine
hundred pounds in hand. He that hath begun, I trust will enable us to
go on, and bring out the top-stone, shouting Grace! Grace! Our
Lord still continues to work in our old despised place. I trust it hath
been a Bethel to many, many souls. This your Ladyship knows may
be any where. Clifton’s a Bethel when God is there. That your
Ladyship may enjoy more and more of the divine presence, and
increase with all the increase of God, is the continual prayer of,
ever-honoured Madam,

Your Ladyship’s most dutiful, obliged, and ready servant for

Christ’s sake,

G. W.
 LETTER DCCCCLXVII.
To Mr. G――.

London, February 19, 1753.

Reverend and very dear Sir,

I HAVE two of your kind letters lying by me unanswered.—I am not

usually so dilatory, but business and bodily weakness have
prevented me. At present, I have a cold and fever upon me, but I
preach on, hoping one day or another to die in my work. One Mr.
Steward, a dear minister of Christ, that began to be popular in the
church, entered into his rest last week. I saw him just before he
expired. Methinks I hear him say, “Love Christ more, and serve him
better.” O that I may do so in earnest! For indeed my obligations
increase continually. We have had a blessed winter. Many have
been added to our flock.—Next week I intend, God willing, to lay the
first brick of our new tabernacle. I am now looking up for direction
about my removal.—Which are the best seasons for the north? I
should be glad to know speedily. Have you the first account you
wrote of your conversion? Or have you leisure to draw up a short
narrative of the rise and progress of the work of God in your parts?
A dear christian minister in Scotland, is about to publish two
volumes, relative to the late awakenings in various places. Such
things should be transmitted to posterity; in heaven all will be known.
Thanks be to God that there is such a rest remaining for his dear
people. I am too impatient to get at it. But who can help longing to
see Jesus? What but a hope and prospect of furthering his glorious
gospel, can reconcile us to this aceldama, this wide howling
wilderness? If we had not our beloved to lean on, what should we
do? Go on, my dear Sir, in his strength; I wish you much, yea very
much prosperity. The Lord bless you, and all the dear souls in your
parts, with all spiritual blessings. I am glad you have received the
books. ♦ I am now publishing two more sermons, and a small
collection of hymns for public worship. Benedictus benedicat et
benedicentur. I commend you and all to his never-failing mercy, and
myself to your continual prayers, as being, my very dear friend,

Yours most affectionately in our common Lord,

G. W.

♦ duplicate word “I” removed

LETTER DCCCCLXVIII.
To C―― W――.

London, March 3, 1753.

My dear Friend,

I THANK you and your brother most heartily for the loan of the
chapel. Blessed be God, the work goes on well.—On Thursday
morning, the first brick of our new tabernacle was laid with awful
solemnity. I preached from Exodus the twentieth, and the latter part
of the twenty-fourth verse; “In all places where I record my name, I
will come unto thee and bless thee.” Afterwards we sung, and
prayed for God’s blessing in all places, where his glorious name is
recorded. The wall is now about a yard high. The building is to be
eighty feet square. It is upon the old spot. We have purchased the
house, and if we finish what we have begun, shall be rent-free for
forty-six years. We have above eleven hundred pounds in hands.
This I think is the best way to build. Mr. Steward’s death so affected
me, that when I met the workman that night to contract about the
building, I could scarce bear to think of building tabernacles.
Strange! that so many should be so soon discharged, and we
continued! Eighteen years have I been waiting for the coming of the
son of God; but I find we are immortal till our work is done. O that we
may never live to be ministered unto, but to minister! Mr. Steward
spoke for his Lord as long as he could speak at all. He had no
clouds nor darkness. I was with him, till a few minutes before he
slept in Jesus. I have good news from several parts; a door is
opening at Winchester. Surely the little leaven will ferment, till the
whole kingdom be leavened. Even so, Lord Jesus, Amen! Pray how
does our elect Lady? I hope to write to her Ladyship next post. Joint
love attends you and yours, and your brother and his houshold.—
That all may increase with all the increase of God, is still the earnest
prayer of, my dear Sir,

Yours most affectionately in our common Lord,

G. W.

LETTER ♦DCCCCLXIX.
To Mr. M――.

London, March 10, 1753.

My dear Mr. M――,

I AM glad you have had such good times. I was grieved that Mr.
E―― was taken from London, because Mr. M―― was taken ill,
and a carnal preacher put up in his room. But God’s thoughts are
not as our thoughts. Let this consideration reconcile you to my not
preaching at Mr. B――’s. I went as far as Mrs. S――’s, but so many
things occurred, that I went no further. You may hear more when we
meet again. I have preached at Spitalfields chapel twice. Both the
Mr. W――s are agreed, as the younger brother writes me word, in
answer to my letter. Let brotherly love continue! I do not like writing
against any body, but I think, that wisdom which dwells with
prudence, should direct you not to fill Mr. W――s people (who
expect you will serve them) with needless jealousies. He that
believeth doth not make haste.—I therefore wait, being assured of
this, that every plant which our heavenly Father hath not planted
shall be rooted out. I hope to see the time, when you will talk less of
persons and things, and more of Him, who is the common head of
his whole mystical body. This, and this alone can make and keep
you steady in yourself, and extensively useful to others. I am glad
you know when persons are justified. It is a lesson I have not yet
learnt. There are so many stony-ground hearers that receive the
word with joy, that I have determined to suspend my judgment, till I
know the tree by its fruits. You will excuse this freedom. I love you
with a disinterested love, I only wish you may be happy in Jesus.
This will make you see things with new eyes, and give you such a
freedom of heart as is unspeakable, and full of glory. For the present
I must bid you adieu. That the Lord of all Lords may confirm,
strengthen, stablish, and settle you in his love, is the earnest prayer
of, my dear Mr. M――,

Yours most affectionately in our common Lord,

G. W.

♦ “DCCLXIX.” replaced with “DCCCCLXIX.”

LETTER DCCCCLXX.
To Mr. S――.

London, March 21, 1753.

My very dear friend,

Y last Monday’s waggon there was sent a box of books. May the
Redeemer own and bless what is sent in it! Then all will be

B well. I know your prayers will not be wanting. I am glad you

have found out another thief, that lay hid in the chambers of
imagery, which are in your heart. Time and temptation will draw out
ten thousand more, which as yet, you know nothing of. Happy they,
who can discover, pluck out, and cut off their right hand and right eye
corruptions. This must be done, or we shall only take up with the
bare semblance of holiness. The Redeemer must sit as a refiner’s
fire upon our hearts, or we shall never be purified as gold or silver.
This is our comfort, when we are tried we shall come forth like gold.
The offences that we meet with in the church, are most trying;—
therefore they are permitted to come. I wish my dear Mr. G――, as
well as yourself, may learn experience from what hath happened,
and never run yourselves into needless difficulties. What is
happening to the Moravians is no more than I have long expected,
and spoken of to many friends. Their scheme is so antichristian in
almost every respect, that I am amazed the eyes of the English
brethren have not long since been opened, and the Babel stopt at
the first. But the glorious God generally suffers such buildings to go
high, that their fall may be more conspicuous. May the builders rise (I
mean as to spirituals) by their falls, and gain by their losses! That is
all the harm I wish them. My dear man, what a blessed thing it is to
live and walk in the simplicity of the gospel! How happy is that man,
who being neither fond of money, numbers, nor power, goes on day
by day without any other scheme, than a general intention to
promote the common salvation amongst people of all denominations.
Will you pray that I may be thus minded? I cease not to pray for you
and yours, and my other dear friends at Leeds; and I would set out
immediately for the north, was I not obliged to be here in about two
months, to attend and give further orders about our building. But
some time in the summer—What?—I hope to see the fields white,
ready unto harvest again, and to rejoice together with you in our
common Lord.—In the mean while, let us be busy for so blessed a
Master, and be continually pressing forward towards the mark for the
prize of our high calling. The Lord Jesus say Amen! Adieu. With
joint love to all, I subscribe myself, my dear friend,
 Yours most affectionately in our glorious Head,

G. W.

LETTER DCCCCLXXI.
To Mr. G――.

Norwich, April 17, 1753.

Dear Mr. G――,

I T hath given me concern, that your letter, with Mr. D――’s and
Miss A――’s, have lain by me so long unanswered. Business,
and not want of love, hath prevented my writing. Was it not sinful, I
could wish for a thousand hands, a thousand tongues, and a
thousand lives: all should be employed night and day, without
ceasing, in promoting the glory of the ever-lovely, ever-loving Jesus.
Thanks be to his great name for reviving his work in the midst of the
years. I trust that his people every where will be made to sing, “The
Winter is past, the rain is over and gone, the flowers appear on the
earth, and the voice of the turtle is heard in the land.” All things
promise well at London; and I hope you will yet see greater things
than ever in the North. Some time this Summer I hope to see you all
again. In the mean while, you must not fail to pray for me. I must now
begin to enter upon my Spring circuit. For these three days past, I
have been preaching here twice a-day. In the mornings we have
been quiet, but in the evenings the sons of Belial have been
somewhat rude. The place built here for public worship, is much
larger than yours at Newcastle; and, I believe, hundreds of truly
awakened souls attend. What cannot God do? What will the end of
this be? The destruction of Jericho.—The rams-horns must go
round, till her tow’ring walls fall down. Who would but be one of
these rams-horns? My dear Sir, let us not be ashamed of the cross
of Christ: it is lined with love, and will ere long be exchanged for a
crown. Jesus himself will put it on our heads. I am called away, and
therefore cannot enlarge. To-morrow, God willing, I return to London,
and hope soon to get time to answer my other Newcastle
correspondents. In the mean while, pray remember me to them and
all in the most cordial manner, and beg them never, never to cease
praying for, my dear Sir,

Their and your most affectionate friend and ready servant

for Christ’s sake,

G. W.

LETTER DCCCCLXXII.
To Mr. R―― K――n.

Norwich, April 18, 1753.

My very dear Friend,

H OW does God delight to exceed even the hopes, and to

disappoint the fears of his weak, though honest-hearted
people! In spite of all opposition, he hath caused us to triumph even
in Norwich. Thousands attend twice every day, and hear with the
greatest eagerness. I hope it will appear yet more and more, that
God hath much people here. I am greatly importuned to stay over
Lord’s-day, but I hope to be in Spitalfields on Saturday evening, and
to spend the holydays in London. O that they may prove glorious
days of the Son of Man! Thanks be to God, it is the christian’s
privilege to keep holyday all the year round. “Christ, our passover,
is sacrificed for us,” and we are called to keep a perpetual feast.
Happy, happy they, who know what it is to banquet on the love of
Jesus. Surely it passeth all understanding. Of this happiness, you
and yours have been made partakers. What need have we then to
cry out, “What shall we render unto the Lord for all his mercies!” O
my dear Sir, let us keep close to our loving Lord, and not suffer the
noise and hurry of business, to rob us of one moment’s communion
and fellowship with the ever-blessed God. I commend you both to
his never-failing mercy; and wishing you, from my inmost soul, the
very best of blessings, even the sure mercies of David, I subscribe
myself, my dear friend,

Yours most affectionately in our common Lord,

G. W.

LETTER DCCCCLXXIII.
To Mr. D――.

London, April 27, 1753.

Dear Sir,

O N Saturday evening a never-failing Redeemer brought me safe

to London, where I have been indisposed ever since. But I
shall little regard the weakness and indisposition of my body, if I can
but have the pleasure of hearing, if not before, yet at the great day,
that good was done to one precious soul at Norwich. Blessed be
God for the seed sown there. I doubt not but it will be watered with
the dew of his heavenly blessing, and bring forth a divine increase. O
that it may spring up, and bear fruit abundantly in the heart of you
and yours! My poor prayers shall not be wanting in your behalf. This
is the only return I can make to you both, for the great kindnesses
conferred on me at your house. You know who hath promised, “That
a cup of cold water, given for his name’s sake, shall not lose its
reward.” What a Saviour is this! Who would but love and serve him!
Surely his service is perfect freedom! I hope all my dear Norwich
friends will find it so every day. Be pleased to salute them all most
affectionately, as they come in your way. I trust they will remember
me at the throne of grace. You all know my name: I am the chief of
sinners, and less than the least of all saints, but

Their and your obliged friend, and ready servant for

Christ’s sake,

G. W.

LETTER DCCCCLXXIV.
London, May 1, 1753.

My dear David,

D O you enquire where I am? I answer, in London, longing to

come to Leeds, and yet withheld hitherto by His providence
who ordereth all things well. Let us have a little more patience, and
then in a few weeks I hope to have a blessed range in the North.
God’s time I have always found to be the best time in the end. Ere
now, I suppose, Mr. L―― hath received my letter from Norwich. The
word ran and was glorified there. Preaching so frequently, and riding
hard, almost killed me; but what is my body in comparison of
precious and immortal souls? O that this Spring may prove a Spring-
time every day! Indeed I want to begin to begin to do something for
Jesus. At present I am engaged in a very ungrateful work; I mean, in
writing against the leading Moravian brethren. When you see it, you
will know whether there was not a cause: a second edition of the
pamphlet is just come out. I fear the third part of the Journals cannot
be procured: perhaps it is not much matter. I am sick of all I do, and
stand astonished that the Redeemer still continues to make use of
and bless me. Surely I am more foolish than any man; no one
receives so much, and does so little. If you was here, we would
weep together: friends know what it is to exchange hearts. May the
common friend of sinners keep both our hearts near himself, and
then all will be well. I cannot think of Leeds without weeping. I love
that people, and pray that they may increase with all the increase of
God. “Brethren, pray for us,” is still the earnest request of my poor
heart. I am weaker than the weakest, less than the least of all. Write
to me; I do not like your sending such round-about ways: friends
letters always pay postage. O let us send often by post to heaven; I
mean, on the wings of faith and love: from thence we shall assuredly
receive good answers, though not always in our own way or time.
For the present, farewel. My hearty love to all the true followers of
the Lamb. I hope to write to all in time. In great haste, but much
greater love, I subscribe myself,

Yours, &c.

G. W.

LETTER DCCCCLXXV.
To Mr. S――.

Haverford-west, May 27, 1753.

My dear Man,

T HOUGH my wife hath not sent me the letter, yet she writes me,
“That you have sent me a threatening one.” I thank you for it,
though unseen, and say unto thee, if thou art thus minded, “What
thou doest, do quickly.” Blessed be God, I am ready to receive the
most traiterous blow, and to confess before God and man, all my
weaknesses and failings, whether in public or private life. I laid my
account of such treatment, before I published my expostulatory
letter.—And your writing in such a manner, convinces me more and
more, that Moravianism leads us to break through the most sacred
ties of nature, friendship, and disinterested love. But my wife says