26 26 ^maV H$m ^yJmob


3 ^maV H$m ^m¡{VH$ ñdê$n/^m¡{VH$ àXoe
[Physical Features of India/Relief Features]
{ddV©{ZH$ B{Vhmg, ñVa {dÝ`mg Am¡a ^y-AmH¥${V {dkmZ Ho$  India is generally divided into four physical parts on
AmYma na ^maV H$mo gm_mÝ`V… Mma ^m¡{VH$ ^mJm| _| ~m±Q>m OmVm the basis of tectonic history, stratigraphy and
geomorphology - Peninsular India, Great Himalayas
h¡ àm`Ûrnr` ^maV, _hmZ {h_mb` VWm AZwfJ§ r nd©V, CÎma and Allied Mountains, the Vast Plains of the North
H$m {demb _¡XmZ (qgYw-J§Jm-~«hmnwÌ _¡XmZ) VWm VQ>r` _¡XmZ (Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra Plains) and Coastal Plains
Am¡a Ûrn g_yhŸ& H$^r-H$^r _Ü`dVu CÀM ^y{_, Wma Ho$ _éñWb and Islands. Sometimes the intermediate highlands,
Thar deserts and islands are also considered as separate
Ed§ Ûrn g_yhm| H$mo AbJ ^m¡{VH$ àXoe ^r _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& physical regions.
1. àm`Ûrnr` ^maV (àm`Ûrnr` nR>mar àXoe) 1. Peninsular India (Peninsular Plateau region)
 `h ^maV H$m g~go àmMrZ Ed§ g~go ~‹S>m ^y-AmH¥${VH$ àXoe  It is the oldest and largest geographical region of
h¡, {OgH$m {Z_m©U Jm|S>dmZmb¡ÊS> Ho$ EH$ {hñgo Ho$ ê$n _| AmO go India, which was formed as a part of Gondwanaland
bJ^J 3.6 H$amo‹S> df© go ^r nyd© _| hþAm WmŸ& more than 3.6 billion years ago.
 According to geologists, this land was never remained
 ^yJ^©doÎmmAm| Ho$ AZwgma `h ^y-^mJ H$^r ^r nyU© ê$n _| gmJa
fully immersed or submerged in the ocean. At the same
_| _½Z `m Sy>~m hþAm Zhr ahmŸ& gmW hr `h joÌ nd©V{Z_m©UH$mar time, this area was also less affected by mountain-building
~bm| go ^r AnojmH¥$V H$_ à^m{dV hþAmŸ& forces.
 H$m~©Zr\$aog `wJ _| Bg àm`Ûrnr` nR>ma H$s Xm_moXa, gmoZ, _hmZXr  Coal was formed in the Damodar, Son, Mahanadi
Ed§ JmoXmdar Km{Q>`m| _| H$mo`bo H$m g§KQ>Z hþAmŸ& and Godavari valleys of this peninsular plateau in the
Carboniferous era.
 {H«$Q>oeg H$mb _| Vrd« Ádmbm_wIr {H«$`m Ho$ n[a_mUñdê$n XŠH$Z  The Deccan trap or lava plateau was formed as a
Q´>no `m bmdm nR>ma H$m {Z_m©U hþAmŸ& Bg bmdm nR>ma H$m A{YH$m§e result of intense volcanic activity in the Cretaceous
{hñgm _hmamï´> Ed§ _Ü`àXoe amÁ`m| _| {dñV¥V h¡Ÿ& period. Most of this lava plateau is widespread in the
states of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.
 àm`Ûrnr` ^maV (nR>ma) na {díd H$s àmMrZV_ MÅ>mZm| go boH$a
 From the oldest rocks in the world to the latest
hmobmogrZ `wJ H$s ZdrZV_ MÅ>mZ| nm`r OmVr h¢Ÿ& Holocene rocks are found on peninsular India (plateau).
 `hm± na Am{H©$`Z, Ymadm‹S>, Hw$S>ßnm, qdÜ`Z, Jm|S>dmZm, XŠH$Z  The rocks of Archaean, Dharwad, Cuddapah,
Q´>no , Q>{e©`ar Ed§ A{^ZyVZ H«$_ H$s MÅ>mZ| XoIZo H$mo {_bVr h¢Ÿ& Vindhyan, Gondwana, Deccan Trap, Tertiary are
 àm`Ûrnr` CÀM ^y{_ (nR>ma) bJ^J 16 bmI dJ© {H$._r. joÌ found here.
 The peninsular highland (plateau) is about 16 Lakh
_| {dñV¥V ^maV H$m g~go ~‹S>m ^y-AmH¥${VH$ àXoe h¡Ÿ& square kilometers. It is the largest geographical region
 `h joÌ amOñWmZ _| Aamdbr nd©V_mbm go boH$a {~hma _| hOmar ~mJ, of India, spanning the region.
{_{H$a nhm‹S>r (Ag_) go hmoVo hþE H$Ý`mHw$_mar (V{_bZmSw>) VH$ EH$  The area is spread in the shape of an irregular triangle
A{Z`{_V {Ì^wO Ho$ AmH$ma _| \¡$bm hþAm h¡Ÿ& from the Aravalli ranges in Rajasthan to Hazari Bagh
in Bihar, Mikir hills (Assam) to Kanyakumari
 àm`Ûrnr` ^maV H$m gdm}ÀM {eIa AZmB©_wS>r (2695 _r.) h¡ Omo (Tamilnadu).
V{_bZmSy _| AÝZm_bmB© H$s nhm{‹S>`m| _| pñWV h¡Ÿ&  The highest peak of peninsular India is Anaimudi (2695
 Eg.nr. MQ>Ou Zo àm`Ûrnr` ^maV H$mo AmR> ^y-AmH¥${VH$ joÌm| _| m) which is situated in the Annamalai hills in Tamil
~m±Q>m h¢ Nadu.
 S.P. Chatterjee has divided peninsular India into eight
1. CÎmar Ho$ÝÐr` CÀM^y{_Aamdbr, _mbdm H$m nR>maŸ&
geographical regions—
2. X. Ho$ÝÐr` CÀM^y{_qdÜ`mMb loUr, ~wX§ b o IÊS>, ~KobIÊS>, 1. North Central Highland-Aravali, Malwa Plateau.
gVnw‹S>m & 2. Southern Central Highland-Vindhyachal Range,
3. N>mQo >m ZmJnwa H$m nR>maPmaIÊS>, N>ÎmrgJ‹T>, n. ~§Jmb, Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand, Satpura.
3. Chota Nagpur Plateau - Jharkhand,
Amo{S>emŸ& Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Odisha.
 ^maV H$m ^yJmob 27
4._oKmb` H$m nR>ma Ed§ {_{H$a H$s nhm{‹S>`m± (Agmo_), a§J_m 4. Meghalaya plateau and Mikir hills (Assam),
nhm{‹S>`m± (Agmo_)Ÿ& Rangma hills (Assam).
5. CÎmar XŠH$Z `m _hmamï´> H$m nR>maŸ& 5. Plateau of North Deccan or Maharashtra.
6. Southern Deccan or Karnataka Plateau —
6. X{jUr XŠH$Z `m H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m nR>ma~m~m~yXZ nhm{‹S>`m±,
Bababudan Hills, Telangana Plateau, Tamil Nadu
Vob§JmZm nR>ma, V{_bZmSw CÀM ^y{_Ÿ& Highlands.
7. npíM_r KmQ> (gh`m{Ð) VmßVr Ho$ _whmZo go Hw$_mar A§Varn VH$ 7. Western Ghats (Sahyadri) from the mouth of Tapti
(1600 {H$bmo_rQ>a) to Kumari Antarip (1600 kilometers).
 npíM_r KmQ> Ho$ _hÎdnyU© Xa}  Important Passes of Western Ghats—
(A) WmbKmQ> (_hmamï´>) ZoeZb hmB©do-160_w§~B©-Zm{gH$ _mJ©, (A) Thalghat (Maharashtra) National Highway-160—
_w~§ B©-B§Xm¡a aob_mJ© Mumbai-Nashik Road, Mumbai-Indore Railroad
(B) Borghat (Maharashtra) -Mumbai-Pune Road,
(B) ^moaKmQ> (_hmamï´>)_w§~B©-nwUo _mJ©, ZoeZb hmB©do-48
National Highway-48
(C) nmb KmQ> `m nbŠH$m‹S> Xam© (Zrb{Jar AÝZm_bmB© nhm{‹S>`m| (C) Pal Ghat or Palakkad Pass (between Nilgiri
Ho$ _Ü`)H$mopÀM, H$moPrH$moS‹ >, {Ìeya (Ho$ab)-H$mo`§~Qy>a ZoeZb Annamalai Hills)—Kochi, Kozhikode, Thrissur
hmB©d-o 544 (Kerala) - Coimbatore National Highway - 544
(D) goZH$moQ>m Xam©{Ìd|Ð_² H$mo _XwaB© (am.am.-744) go Omo‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& (D) Senkota (Shenkottai) Pass - connects Trivandrum
 n{íM_r KmQ> _| h[aíMÝÐ loUr, H$bgw~B©, Hw$Ðo_wI, Zrb{Jar, to Madurai (NH-744).
 The hills of Harishchandra Range, Kalasubai,
nwînm{Jar, _hm~boída, AÝZm_bmB©, Ed§ Bbm`Mr H$s nhm{‹S>`m± Kudremukh, Nilgiri, Pushpagiri, Mahabaleshwar,
pñWV h¢Ÿ& Annamalai, and Cardamom are located in the Western
 X{jU Ho$ nR>ma H$s _hÎdnyU© nd©V ûm§¥IbmE±/nhm{‹S>`m± Ghats.
1. Aamdbr nd©V loUr (JwOamV, amOñWmZ, h[a`mUm, {Xëbr)  Important mountain ranges / hills of the southern plateau
2. qdÜ`mMb nd©V loUr (_Ü`àXoe, CÎma àXoe, {~hma) 1. Aravalli Range (Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana,
(i) _mbdm H$m nR>ma (_Ü`àXoe) Delhi)
(ii) ^mÊS>oa nR>ma (_Ü`àXoe) 2. Vindhyachal mountain range (Madhya Pradesh,
Uttar Pradesh)
(iii) nÝZm H$s nhm{‹S>`m± (_Ü`àXoe-CÎmaàXoe)
(i) Malwa Plateau (Madhya Pradesh)
(iv) H¡$_ya nhm{‹S>`m± (_Ü`àXoe, {~hma) (ii) Bhander Plateau (Madhya Pradesh)
(v) gmoZnwa nhm{‹S>`m± (_Ü`àXoe) (iii) Panna Hills (Madhya Pradesh-Uttar Pradesh)
3. gVnwS‹ >m nd©V loUr (iv) Kaimur Hills (Madhya Pradesh, Bihar)
(i) amOnrnbm H$s nhm{‹S>`m± (JwOamV-_Ü`àXoe-_hmamï´>) (v) Sonepur Hills (Madhya Pradesh)
(ii) ~¡Vyb nR>ma (_Ü`àXoe, _hmamï´>) Ed§ ½dmbrJ‹T> nhm{‹S>`m 3. Satpura mountain range
(i) Rajpipla Hills (Gujarat-Madhya Pradesh-
(_hmamï´>)
Maharashtra)
(iii) _hmXod nd©V (_Ü`àXoe) (ii) Betul Plateau (Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra)
(iv) _¡H$mb nhm{‹S>`m± (_Ü`àXoe, N>ÎmrgJ‹T>) and Gwaligarh hills (Maharashtra)
(v) am_J‹T> H$s nhm{‹S>`m± (N>ÎmrgJ‹T>) (iii) Mahadev Mountains (Madhya Pradesh)
4. N>moQ>m ZmJnwa H$m nR>ma (PmaIÊS>, C‹S>rgm, N>ÎmrgJ‹T>, npíM_r (iv) Maikal Hills (Madhya Pradesh)
~§Jmb) (v) Ramgarh hills (Chhattisgarh)
4. Chota Nagpur Plateau (Jharkhand, Orissa,
(i) hOmar ~mJ nR>ma (PmaIÊS>)
Chhattisgarh, West Bengal)
(ii) Ho$ÝÐnm‹S>m nR>ma (Amo{S‹ >em) (i) Hazari Bagh Plateau (Jharkhand)
(iii) XÊS>H$maÊ` nR>ma (N>ÎmrgJ‹T>) (ii) Kendrapara Plateau (Odisha)
(iv) nmagZmW nhm‹S>r (PmaIÊS>) (iii) Dandakaranya Plateau (Chhattisgarh)
(v) J«hOmV nhm{‹S>`m± (Amo{S‹ >em) (iv) Parasnath hill (Jharkhand)
5. amO_hb H$s nhm{‹S>`m± (PmaIÊS>) (v) Grahajat hills (Odisha)
5. Rajmahal Hills (Jharkhand)
6. gh²`m{X nd©V_mbm `m npíM_r KmQ (JwOamV, _hmamîQ´>, JmoAm,
6. Sahyadi ranges or Western Ghats (Gujarat,
H$Zm©Q>H$, V{_bZmSw>, Ho$ab>) Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Kerala)
(i) gV_mbm nhm{‹S>`m± (_hmamï´>) (i) Satmala Hills (Maharashtra)
 28 ^maV H$m ^yJmob
(ii) AOÝVm loUr (_hmamï´>) (ii) Ajanta Range (Maharashtra)
(iii) h[aíMÝÐ loUr (_hmamï´>) (iii) Harishchandra Range (Maharashtra)
(iv) ~mbmKmQ> loUr (_hmamï´>, H$Zm©Q>H$, AmÝY«àXoe) (iv) Balaghat Range (Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh)
(v) _mWoaZ nhm‹S>r (_hmamï´>)
(v) Matheran hill (Maharashtra)
(vi) bmoZmdmbm nhm‹S>r (_hmamï´>)
(vi) Lonavala hill (Maharashtra)
(vii) _hm~boída nhm‹S>r (_hmamï´>) (vii) Mahabaleshwar Hill (Maharashtra)
(viii)~m~m~yXZ H$s nhm{‹S>`m± (H$Zm©Q>H$) (viii) Bababudan Hills (Karnataka)
(ix) Zrb{Jar nhm{‹S>`m± (H$Zm©Q>H$, V{_bZmSw, Ho$ab) (ix) Nilgiris Hills (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
(x) AÝZm_bmB© nhm{‹S>`m± (V{_bZmSw>, Ho$ab) Kerala)
(xi) nmbZr nhm{‹S>`m± (V{_bZmSw) (x) Annamalai Hills (Tamil Nadu, Kerala)
(xii) Bbm`Mr `m H$mS>m}__ nhm{‹S>`m± (Ho$ab, V{_bZmSw>) (xi) Palani Hills (Tamil Nadu) - Kodaikanal
(xii) Cardamom Hills (Kerala, Tamil Nadu)
7. nyduKmQ>`o npíM_r KmQ> H$s Vah ûm§¥Ibm~Õ Zht {_bVo
7. Eastern Ghats—These do not form chain like
Š`m|{H$ _hmZXr, H¥$îUm, JmoXmdar, H$mdoar BË`m{X Z{X`m| H$s Western Ghats because the valleys of rivers like
Km{Q>`m± BZ_| A§Vamb n¡Xm H$aVr h¢Ÿ& Bg_| em{_b h¢ Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari, Kaveri etc. create
(i) CX`{J[a nhm{‹S>`m± (Amo{S>em) gaps in them. These includes—
(ii) H$moamnwQ> nhm{‹S>`m± (Amo{S>em) (i) Udayagiri Hills (Odisha)
(iii) _hoÝÐ {J[a nhm{‹S>`m± (Amo{S>em, AmÝY«) (ii) Koraput Hills (Odisha)
(iv) _bH$mZ{J[a nhm{‹S>`m± (Amo{S>em, AmÝY«) (iii) Mahendra Giri Hills (Odisha, Andhra)
(v) Bam©_mbm nhm{‹S>`m± (AmÝY«) Hy$Zy©b (iv) Malkangiri Hills (Odisha, Andhra)
(v) Irramala Hills (Andhra) Kurnool
(vi) Z„m_mbm nhm{‹S>`m± (AmÝY«)
(vi) Nallamala Hills (Andhra)
(vii) dobH$moÊS>m loUr (AmÝY«)
(vii) Velakonda Range (Andhra)
(viii) nmbH$moÊS>m loUr (AmÝY«) (viii) Palakonda Range (Andhra)
(ix) ZJmar nhm{S>`m± (AmÝY«) (ix) Nagari Hills (Andhra)
(x) _ob{Jar nhm{‹S>`m± (V{_bZmSw>-H$Zm©Q>H$) (x) Melagiri Hills (Tamil Nadu-Karnataka)
(xi) OmdmXr nhm{‹S>`m± (V{_bZmSw>) (xi) Zawadi Hills (Tamil Nadu)
(xii) eodam` nhm{‹S>`m± (V{_bZmSw) (xii) Shevarai Hills (Tamil Nadu)
8. _oKmb` H$m nR>ma 8. Meghalaya Plateau
(i) Garo Hills (Tura region)
(i) Jmamo nhm{‹S>`m± (Vyam joÌ)
(ii) Khasi Hills
(ii) Imgr nhm{‹S>`m±
(iii) Jaintia Hills (Jowai region)
(iii) O`§{V`m nhm{‹S>`m± (OmodB© joÌ) 9. Mikir and Rangma Hills (Assam)
9. {_{H$a Ed§ a§J_m nhm{‹S>`m± (Agmo_) Importance of peninsular plateau
àm`Ûrnr` nR>ma H$m _hÎd (i) Acquisition of metallic and non-metallic minerals.
(i) YmpËdH$ Ed§ AYmpËdH$ I{ZOm| H$s àmpßVŸ& (ii) Fertile soils (especially black and red).
(ii) CnOmD$ _¥XmE± ({deofH$a H$mbr Ed§ bmb)Ÿ& (iii) Forest resources (tropical wet deciduous and wet
(iii) dZ g§gmYZ (CîU H${Q>~Y § r` AmЩ nU©nmVr Ed§ AmЩ gXm~hma)Ÿ& evergreen).
(iv) Ob ànmV Ed§ nZ {~Obr CËnmXZŸ& (iv) Water falls and hydro power generation.
(v) nd©Vr` g¡aJmh (_m. Am~y, nM_‹T>r, _hm~boída, IÊS>mbm, D$Q>r )Ÿ& (v) Hill, Tourism (Mt. Abu, Pachmarhi,
Mahabaleshwar, Khandala, Ooty).
(vi) Am¡fYr` JwU dmbo nmXnŸ&
(vi) Plants with medicinal properties.
(vii) OZOmVr` Ð{d‹S> g§ñH¥${VŸ&
(vii) Tribal Dravidian Culture.
2. {h_mb` nd©V_mbm (CÎmar nd©Vr` joÌ) 2. Himalaya Ranges (Northern mountain region)
 {h_mb` nd©V_mbm H$m {Z_m©U àr-Ho$på~«`Z H$mb go àma§^ hþAm, Omo  The formation of the Himalayan ranges began from the
dV©_mZ _| ^r Omar h¡Ÿ& pre-Cambrian period, which continues even today.
 {h_mb`r joÌ _| àr-Ho$på~«`Z go B`mogrZ H$mb VH$ H$s MÅ>mZm| Ho$  The remains of rocks from the pre-Cambrian to Eocene
Adeof {_bo h¢Ÿ& Era have been found in the Himalayan region.
^maV H$m ^yJmob 29
 30 ^maV H$m ^yJmob
{h_mb` H$s CËn{Îm H$s ì`m»`m H$aZo dmbo à_wI {gÕmÝV Principles explaining the origin of Himalayas
1. H$mo~a Ed§ ñdog H$m "^y-A{^Z{VH$ {gÕmÝV' :– 1. ‘Geosyncline Theory’ of Kober and Suess :-
 AmO go bJ^J 20 H$amo‹S> df© nyd© n|{O`m ñWbIÊS> Ho$ {d^mOZ  About 200 million years ago, Tethys Sea (geosyncline)
was formed as a partition of the Panjia landfill.
ñdê$n Q>o{Wg gmJa (^ygÝZ{V) H$m {Z_m©U hþAmŸ&
 The deposition took place in the Mesozoic and
 _ogmoOmoBH$ Ed§ n¡{b`moOmoBH$ H$mb _| Bg_| {ZjonU hþAm, H$mbm§Va Paleozoic periods, and in the later Cretaceous period,
_| {H«$Q>oeg H$mb _| Q>o{Wg ^y-gÝZ{V Ho$ {Zjonm| _| dbZ H$s {H«$`m deposits of Tethys geology began to fold.
àma§^ hþB©Ÿ&  The three categories of the Himalayas have been formed
 dbZ H$s EH$ H«$_e… bå~r Ad{Y _| {h_mb` H$s H«$_e… VrZm| in a long period of folding in this way -
lo{U`m| H$m {Z_m©U Bg àH$ma hþAm (i) Great Himalaya - 6.5 crore years ago (Eocene
period).
(i) _hmZ {h_mb` - 6.5 H$amo‹S> df© nyd© (B`mogrZ H$mb)Ÿ&
(ii) Lower Himalayas - 4.5 crores years ago
(ii) bKw {h_mb` - 4.5 H$amo‹S> df© nyd© (_m`mogrZ H$mb)Ÿ& (Myocene period).
(iii) {edm{bH$ H$s nhm{‹S>`m± - 1.4 H$amoS‹ > df© nyd© (ßbm`mogrZ (iii) Shivalik Hills - 1.4 crores years ago (Pliocene
H$mb)Ÿ& period).
2. _m°J©Z H$m "ßboQ> {ddV©{ZH$s' na AmYm[aV {gÕmÝV … 2. Morgan’s theory based on plate tectonics:
 American geographer Morgan conceptualized the
 A_o[aH$s ^yJmobdoÎmm _m°J©Z Zo "hoZar hog' H$s "g_wÐVb {dñVmaU'
creation of the Himalayas based on ‘Henry Hess’
H$s AdYmaUm na AmYm[aV {h_mb` Ho$ {Z_m©U H$s g§H$ënZm XrŸ& concept of ‘sea level expansion’.
· ^maVr` ßboQ> H$m `yao{e`mB© ßboQ> _| AYmoJ_Z hmo OmZo go · Lateral compression in Tethys geosyncline began
Q>o{Wg ^ygÝZ{V _| nmpíd©H$ g§nrS>Z àma§^ (60 - 30 {_{b`Z (60–30 million years ago) before the Indian plate
df© nyd©) was subsumed into the Eurasian Plate.
 
· g§H$w MZ Ed§ dbZ Ho$ \$bñdê$n {h_mb` H$s VrZ lo{U`m| H$m · Formation of three ranges of Himalayas as a result
{Z_m©U of contraction and folding
 
· ^maVr` ßboQ> H$m CÎmaJm_r Ed§ CÎmanyd©Jm_r g§MbZ A^r ^r · The northward and northeastward movement of
Omar h¡Ÿ& the Indian plate is still in progress.

{h_mb` nd©V_mbm H$m _hÎd Importance of Himalayan ranges

(i) Helps in the arrival and stopping of monsoon.
(i) _mZgyZ Ho$ AmJ_Z Ed§ amoH$Zo _| ghm`H$Ÿ&
(ii) Protection from cold winds coming from Siberia
(ii) gmB~o[a`m (ê$g) go AmZo dmbr erVb ndZm| go à{VajmŸ& (Russia).
(iii) gXmdm{hZr Z{X`m| H$m ómoVŸ& (iii) The source of the everlasting rivers.
(iv) Cd©a _¥XmAm| (Obmo‹T>) H$m ómoVŸ& (iv) Source of fertile soil (alluvial).
(v) Rich forest resources.
(v) g_¥Õ dZ g§nXmŸ&
(vi) Hydroelectric generation.
(vi) nZ {~Obr (Ob{dÚwV) CËnmXZŸ& (vii) Fruits horticulture (apple, pear, nut, almond
(vii) \$bmoÚmZ (go~, ZmenVr, AIamoQ>, ~mXm_, OaXmby)Ÿ& apricots).
(viii) I{ZO g§gmYZ ({b½ZmBQ>, g|Ym Z_H$ BË`m{X)Ÿ& (viii) Mineral resources (lignite, rock salt etc.).
(ix) Natural beauty.
(ix) àmH¥${VH$ gm¡ÝX`©Ÿ& (x) Pilgrimage and tourism.
(x) VrWm©Q>Z Ed§ n`©Q>ZŸ&  The Karakoram, Ladakh and Zaskar ranges have
 H$amH$moa_, bÔmI Ed§ OmñH$a lo{U`m| H$s CËn{Îm ^maVr` ßboQ> na their origin on the Indian plate before the Himalayan
{h_mb` nd©V_mbm H$s CËn{Îm go nyd© _| hþB© h¡Ÿ& ranges.
 Faults of the Himalayan Region and Nearby
 {h_mb` joÌ Ed§ {ZH$Q>dVu à_wI A§e (Faults)—
1. IST (Indus Suture Thrust) :-
1. IST (Indus Suture Thrust) :-
Situated between the Indus River and the Trans
qgYw ZXr Ed§ Q´>m§g {h_mb` Ho$ _Ü` pñWVŸ& Himalayas.
2. MCT (Main Control Thrust) :- 2. MCT (Main Control Thrust) :-
_hmZ Ed§ bKw {h_mb` Ho$ _Ü` pñWVŸ& Situated between the Great and Lower Himalayas.
^maV H$m ^yJmob 31
3. MBF (Main Boundry Fault) :- 3. MBF (Main Boundry Fault) :-
bKw {h_mb` Ed§ {edm{bH$ Ho$ _Ü` pñWVŸ& Situated between the lower Himalayas and Shivalik.
4. HFF (Himalayan Front fault) :- 4. HFF (Himalayan Front fault)
Situated between Shivalik and the north plain.
{edm{bH$ Ed§ CÎma Ho$ _¡XmZ Ho$ _Ü` pñWVŸ& 5. GBF (Great Boundary Fault)
5. GBF (Great Boundary Fault) :- Situated between the Aravalli and Vindhyachal
Aamdbr Ed§ qdÜ`mMb nd©V_mbmAm| Ho$ _Ü` pñWVŸ& ranges.

{h_mb` H$m ^y-AmH¥${VH$ {d^mOZ Geographical division of Himalayas

1. nam-{h_mb` (Trans Himalayas) 1. Trans Himalayas
· Q>o{Wg gmJa Ho$ _b~o, {Vã~V {h_mb`/J«Zo mBQ>, ZXr Km{Q>`m| _| • Origin in cause of garbage of Tethys Sea, Tibet
Himalayas / granite, excessive silt deposition in
AË`{YH$ JmX {ZjonU go CËnÝZŸ& river valleys.
· {h_mb` go nyd© _| CËnÝZ H$amH$moa_, bÔmI, OmñH$a Ed§ • It contains Karakoram, Ladakh, Zaskar and
H¡$bme lo{U`m± Bg_| AmVr h¡Ÿ& Kailash ranges originating before the Himalayas.
2. Greater Himalayas
2. d¥hX² `m _hmZ {h_mb` (Greater Himalayas)
• Arched position from Nanga Parbat (J & K) in the
· npíM_ _| Z§Jm nd©V (J & K) go àmaå^ hmoH$a nyd© _| Zm_Mm west to Namcha Barwa (Arunachal) in the east.
~adm (AéUmMb) VH$ MmnmH$ma AdpñW{V& • Most of the highest mountain peaks in the world
· {díd H$s A{YH$m§e gdm}ÀM nd©V Mmo{Q>`m± (EdaoñQ>, (Everest, Kanchenjunga, Makalu, Dhaulagiri,
Nanga Parbat etc.).
H$§MZO§Km, _H$mby, Ym¡bm{Jar, Z§Jm nd©V BË`m{X ) & • Archean rocks in core portion and sedimentary
· H$moa ^mJ _| Am{H©$`Z VWm nmíd© _| AdgmXr (admH¥$V Am½Zo`) (Molten igneous) rocks in lateral.
MÅ>mZ| & • Areas with low rainfall and high physical
· H$_ dfm© Ed§ CÀM ^m¡{VH$ Anj` dmbm joÌŸ& weathering.
• Glaciers—Milam, Gangotri, Gemu (Sikkim).
· {h_ZX-{_bm_, J§JmoÌr, Oo_y ({gpŠH$_) & • Passes—Burjilla, Zojila, Baralacha, Shipkila,
· Xa}-~w{O©bm, Omo{Obm, ~mambmMm, {enH$sbm, Wm§Jbm, {bnwbI o , Thangala, Lipulekh, Mana and Niti, Nathula,
_mZm Ed§ Zr{V, ZmWybm, Oobßo bm & Jelepla.
3. Lesser Himalayas
3. bKw {h_mb` (Lesser Himalayas)
• These mountains are made up of pre-Cambrian
· `o nd©V àr-Ho$på~«`Z VWm n¡{b`moOmoBH$ MÅ>mZm| go {Z{_©V h¢Ÿ& and Paleozoic rocks.
· dZm| H$s H$Q>mB© Ed§ eharH$aU go AnaXZŸ& • Erosion from deforestation and urbanization.
· nran§Omb loUr (Oå_y-H$í_ra, {h_mMb àXoe) - nran§Omb • Pir Panjal Range (Jammu and Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh) - Pir Panjal and Banihal Passes.
Ed§ ~{Zhmb Xa}
• Dhauladhar Range (Jammu and Kashmir,
· Ym¡bmYa loUr (Oå_y-H$í_ra, {h_mMb àXoe) - {e_bm Himachal Pradesh) - Hill stations of Shimla,
ZJa, Hw$ëby, S>bhm¡Or BË`m{X ZJa/nd©Vr` g¡aJmhŸ& Kullu, Dalhousie etc.
· ZmJ loUr ({h_mMb àXoe) • Naag Range (Himachal Pradesh)
• Rewa Range (Himachal Pradesh)
· ardm loUr ({h_mMb àXoe) • Mussoorie Range (Himachal Pradesh)
· _gyar loUr ({h_mMb àXoe)  Deciduous forests are found here in the higher
 `hm± na CÀM nd©Vr` ^mJm| _| H$moUYmar dZ {_bVo h¢Ÿ& mountainous parts.
 nd©Vr` T>mbm| na nm`o OmZo dmbo Kmg Ho$ _¡XmZm| H$mo H$í_ra _| "_J©'  The grasslands found on the mountain slopes are called
‘Marg’in Kashmir and ‘Bugyal’or ‘Payar’in Uttarakhand.
VWm CÎmamIÊS> _| "~w½`mb' `m "n`ma' H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
 The valleys between the Great and Lower Himalayas-
 _hmZ Ed§ bKw {h_mb` Ho$ _Ü` H$s Km{Q>`m± A. Kashmir Valley (between Pirpanjal and Great
A. H$í_ra KmQ>r (nran§Omb Ed§ _hmZ {h_mb` Ho$ _Ü`): joÌ\$b- Himalayas): Area - 5000 km2, famous for saffron
5000 km2, Ho$ga Ed§ AIamoQ> H$s IoVr Ho$ {bE à{gÕŸ& and walnut cultivation.
B. Kangra Valley (Himachal Pradesh) - Situated
B. H$m§J‹S>m KmQ>r ({h_mMb àXoe)-Ym¡bmYa loUr Ed§ ì`mg ZXr
between the Dhauladhar Range and the Beas River,
Ho$ _Ü` pñWV, go~ H$s IoVr Ho$ {bE à{gÕŸ& famous for apple cultivation.
C. Hw$ëbw KmQ>r ({h_mMb àXoe) : àmH¥${VH$ gm¡ÝX`©Ÿ& C. Kullu Valley (Himachal Pradesh)–Natural Beauty.
D. Zonmb (H$mR>_mÊSy>) KmQ>r-Zonmb H$s A{YH$m§e Am~mXr H$m D. Nepal (Kathmandu) Valley–Abode of most of
{Zdmg ñWbŸ& Nepal’s population.
 32 ^maV H$m ^yJmob
4. {edm{bH$ `m ~mh²` {h_mb` (Shivalik/Outer) `m Cn-{h_mb` 4. Shivalik or Outer Himalayas or Sub-Himalayas.
· Oå_y go Agmo_ VH$ {dñV¥VŸ& · Extended from Jammu to Assam.
· Oå_y nhm{‹S>`m± (Oå_y-H$í_ra), {edm{bH$ loUr ({h_mMb · Jammu Hills (J&K), Shivalik Range (Himachal
àXoe, CÎmamIÊS>), Xm{O©qbJ nhm{‹S>`m± (npíM_r ~§Jmb) Pradesh, Uttarakhand), Darjeeling hills (Western
Bangal) Dafla, Miri, Abor, Mishmi Hills
S>m\$bm, {_ar, A~moa, {_e_r nhm{‹S>`m± (AéUmMb) & (Arunachal).
· _Ü` (bKw) {h_mb` Ed§ {edm{bH$ Ho$ _Ü` H$s Km{Q>`m± · Valleys between Middle Himalayas and Shivalik
* npíM_ _| XyZ-XohamXyZ, nmoQ>brXyZ & * In the west, Doon-Dehradun, Potlidun.
* nyd© _| Ûma-h[aÛma& * In the east Dwar-Haridwar.
· VrIo, ^«§{eV Ed§ Ag_{_V AnZ{V`m| go `wŠV "Owam Adg§aMZm' · The ‘Jura structure’ consisting of sharp, eroded
`hm± na {_bVr h¡Ÿ& and asymmetric appendages is found here.
3. CÎma H$m {demb _¡XmZ 3. The Great Plains of the North
 CËn{Îm Ho$ {gÕmÝV-  Principles of origin
A. AJ« JV© H$m Obmo‹T>rH$aU (ñdog Ho$ AZwgma) A. Alluvium deposit in foredeep (according to Suess)
B. Intermittent filling of rift valley (Himalaya /
B. ^«§e KmQ>r ({h_mb`/qdÜ`mMb) H$m A§V… ^aU (~wamS>© Ho$
Vindhyachal) (according to burard)
AZwgma) C. Degradation of the ocean (according to Clandford)
C. gmJa H$m AnJ_Z (Šb¢S>\$moS>© Ho$ AZwgma) D. Residual of Tethys Sea (according to plate tectonics)
D. Q>o{Wg gmJa H$m Ad{eï> (ßboQ> {ddV©{ZH$s Ho$ AZwgma) E. Recent Concept (Tethys Basin Shallow Area)
 The largest width is found in the Punjab region (500
E. A{^Zd _V (Q>o{Wg ~o{gZ H$m >Pmob joÌ)
km).
 gdm©{YH$ Mm¡‹S>mB© n§Om~ joÌ _| (500 km) {_bVr h¡Ÿ&  The highest depth is found in the Haryana region
 gdm©{YH$ JhamB© h[a`mUm joÌ _| (8000 _r.) {_bVr h¡Ÿ& (8000 m).
 {demb _¡XmZ H$m ^y AmH¥${VH$ {d^mOZ  Geographical division of Great Plains
1. ^m~a 1. Bhabar
· {edm{bH$ H$s nhm{‹S>`m| Ho$ X{jU _| pñWV H§$H$‹S> Ed§ ~Oar · An area of pebble and gravel-prone situated to
the south of Shivalik range where many small rivers
àYmZ g§aÝY« aMZm dmbm joÌ Ohm± na H$B© N>moQ>r Z{X`m± {dbwßV go extinct.
hmo OmVr h¢Ÿ& · Trees with long roots are the vegetation and animal
· b§~r O‹S>m| dmbo d¥j `hm§ H$s dZñn{V Ed§ ñWmZr` Kwå_H$‹S> husbandry is main occupation of the local nomidic
JwÁOam| Ûmam newnmbZ$ à_wI noem h¡Ÿ& Gujjars.
2. VamB© 2. Tarai
· ^m~a Ho$ X{jU _| pñWV XbXbr joÌ, Z_r`wŠV hmoZo go _ÀN>am| · The marshy area in south of Bhabar, mosquito
H$m àH$mon, dV©_mZ _| dZm| H$s H$Q>mB© Ho$ Cnam§V YmZ, Johÿ±, infestation due to being moist, is presently
cultivated for rice, wheat, maize and oilseeds after
_ŠH$m Ed§ {VbhZ H$s H¥${f H$s OmVr h¡Ÿ&
deforestation.
3. ~m§Ja (^m§Ja) 3. Bangar (Bhangar)
· nwamZo Obmo‹T> go {Z{_©V {demb CÀM ^y{_ Ohm± H$s _¥Xm _| · Large highlands created from old alluvial clay
øy_g H$s _mÌm Ho$ A{YŠ` Ho$ H$maU Cd©aVm A{YH$ nm`r where fertility is found more due to excess of
OmVr h¡Ÿ& humus content in the soil.
· ~m§Ja Ho$ AÝVJ©V bdUr` VWm jmar` ewîH$ joÌm| H$mo "aoh' · The saline and alkaline arid regions under Bangar
"H$ëba' `m "YwS‹ >' H$hVo h¢Ÿ& are called ‘Reh’, ‘Kallar’ or ‘Dhur’.
4. ImXa 4. Khadar
· ZXr H$s Ymam Ho$ XmoZm| Amoa ~m‹T> Ho$ _¡XmZm| _| {Z{_©V joÌ {Ogo · The area built in the flood plains on either side of
the river stream is also known as ‘Bet’ in the local
ñWmZr` ^mfm _| "~oQ>' ^r H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& language.
· `hm± na Z{X`m| Ûmam à{Vdf© ZdrZ {_Å>r {~N>m Xr OmVr h¡Ÿ& · Here new soil is formed by rivers every year.
· ImXa ^y{_ _| ~mby, JmX, {MH$Zr {_Å>r Ed§ H$sM‹S> {dX²`_mZ · Sand, silt, clay and mud are present in the Khadar
ahVo h¢Ÿ& land.
· dV©_mZ _| `hm± na JÝZm, Mmdb, Mmao BË`m{X H$s H¥${f H$s Om · Currently sugarcane, rice, fodder etc. are being
ahr h¡Ÿ& cultivated here.
 ^maV H$m ^yJmob 33
5. S>oëQ>m 5. Delta
· ImXa H$m g_wÐVQ>r` {dñVma Omo J§Jm Ho$ {ZMbo ^mJm| (n. · The coastal expansion of Khadar which is about 2
~§Jmb, ~m§½bmXoe) _| bJ^J 2 bmI dJ© {H$._r. joÌ na lakh square kilometers has found in the lower parts
{dñV¥V h¡Ÿ& of the Ganges plain (West Bengal, Bangladesh).
· ZXr H$m àdmh AË`§V Yr_m hmoZo Ho$ H$maU `h EH$ CÀM {ZjonU · Due to the very slow flow of the river, it has
dmbm joÌ ~Z J`m h¡Ÿ& become an area of high deposition.
· J§Jm H$m S>oëQ>m EH$ g§{H«$` S>ëo Q>m h¡ {OgH$m ~§Jmb H$s Im‹S>r · The Ganges delta is a active delta that continues
to expand towards the Bay of Bengal.
H$s Amoa {Za§Va {dñVma Omar h¡Ÿ&
· In Deltai area the high land is known as ‘Cher’
· S>oëQ>mB© joÌ _| CÀM ^y{_ H$mo "Ma' Ed§ {ZåZ XbXbr joÌ H$mo
and the low marsh area is known as ‘Bill’.
"{~b' Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡Ÿ&
4. Coastal Plain
4. VQ>r` _¡XmZ
 The coastal plains of India originated as a result of
 B`mogrZ H$mb _| àm`Ûrnr` nR>ma _| AdVbZ Ed§ ^«e § Z H$s {H«$`m concavity and fraction in the peninsular plateau during
Ho$ \$bñdê$n ^maV Ho$ VQ>r` _¡XmZm| H$s CËn{Îm hþB©Ÿ& the Eocene period.
 VQ>r` _¡XmZm| _| Z{X`m| Ûmam {ZjonU, gmJar` Va§Jm| Ûmam AnaXZ,  Deposits by rivers, erosion, immersion and release by
{Z_ÁOZ Ed§ {ZJ©_Z H$s {H«$`mE± ^r hþB© h¢Ÿ& sea waves have also taken place in the coastal plains.
1. JwOamV H$m _¡XmZ 1. Plain of Gujarat
· JwOamV amÁ` H$m A{YH$m§e joÌ (Aamdbr joÌ H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a) & • Almost area of Gujarat state (except Aravali
· gm~a_Vr, _mhr, byZr, n. ~Zmg, Z_©Xm BË`m{X Z{X`m| Ûmam region).
• Formed from the deposition of alluvial soil by
ObmoT‹ > _¥Xm Ho$ {ZjonU go {Z_m©U & Sabarmati, Mahi, Luni, W. Banas, Narmada etc.
· à_wI CÀM ^y{_`m± rivers.
(i) Aamgwa nd©V (nydu JwOamV) • Major highlands
(ii) amOnrnbm H$s nhm{‹S>`m± (~‹S>moXam) (i) Arasur Mountains (East Gujarat)
(iii) naZoam H$s nhm{‹S>`m± (dbgmS>) (ii) Rajpipla Hills (Vadodara)
(iv) {JaZma H$s nhm{‹S>`m± (OyZmJ‹T>) (iii) Parnera Hills (Valsad)
(iv) Girnar hills (Junagadh)
(v) H$m{R>`mdm‹S> H$m nR>ma
(v) Kathiawar Plateau
(vi) ~aXm H$s nhm{‹S>`m± (nmoa~ÝXa) (vi) Barda Hills (Porbandar)
· H$ÀN> H$m aZJwOamV _¡XmZ Ho$ CÎma-npíM_r ^mJ _| {dñV¥V  Rann of Kutch—a naked tidal muddy field
Z½Z Ádmar` n§H$`wŠV _¡XmZ, n[aË`ŠV Ed§ Or{dV H«$sH$ situated in the northwestern part of the Gujarat
({ga {H«$H$, H$moar H«$sH$, Z{b`m H«$sH$, Jmo{X`m H«$sH$ ), Z_H$ plain, abandoned and live creek (Sir crick, kory
`wŠV ~§Oa XbXbr joÌ & Creek, Naliya Creek, Godia Creek), barren
2. npíM_r VQ>r` _¡XmZ marshes with salt.
2. Western Coastal Plain—
· gh`m{Ð nd©V_mbm Ed§ Aa~ gmJa Ho$ _Ü` bJ^J 1400
 About 1400 km in length between the Sahyadri ranges
{H$._r. H$s b§~mB© _| EH$ g§H$ar nÅ>r Ho$ ê$n _| {dñV¥V Bg _¡XmZ and the Arabian Sea, the average elevation of the plain
H$s g_wÐVb go Am¡gV D±$MmB© 150 _r. h¡Ÿ& is 150 m.
· npíM_ VQ>r` _¡XmZ H$s à_wI ñWbmH¥${VH$ {deofVmE±/  Major topographic features / scenery / features of
Ñí`mdbr/bjU the West Coastal Plain -
(i) aoV Ho$ nw{bZ (Beach)Ÿ& (i) Sandy Pullin (Beach).
(ii) VQ>r` ~mbyH$mñVynŸ& (ii) Coastal sanddunes.
(iii) n§H$-_¡XmZŸ& (iii) Mud-plain
(iv) b¡JyZ Prb| (doå~Zm‹S>, Aï>_w{S>)Ÿ& (iv) Lagoon lakes (Vembanad, Ashtamudi).
(v) Alluvial region of rivers, the estuaries (Narmada,
(v) Z{X`m| Ho$ Obmo‹T> joÌ, EñMwA[a‹O (Z_©Xm, VmßVr)Ÿ&
Tapti).
(vi) boQ>oamBQ> ßboQ>\$m_©Ÿ& (vi) Laterite Platform.
(vii) Ad{eï> nhm{‹S>`m±Ÿ& (vii) Residual hills.
(viii)níMOb Prbo (H$`mb) BË`m{XŸ& (viii)Backwater lakes (Kayal) etc.
 34 ^maV H$m ^yJmob
 npíM_r VQ>r` _¡XmZ H$m Cn{d^mOZ/joÌr` Zm_H$aU  Subdivision / regional nomenclature of Western
1. JwOamV `m H$m{R>`mdm‹S> VQ> (JwOamV amÁ`) Coastal Plain
1. Gujarat or Kathiawar Coast (Gujarat State)
2. H$m|H$U VQ> (VmßVr Ho$ _whmZo go JmoAm VH$)
2. Konkan coast (from Tapti mouth to Goa)
3. H$Zm©Q>H$ VQ>/H$madma VQ>/H$ÝZ‹S> VQ> (JmoAm go _§Jbmoa VH$) 3. Karnataka Coast / Karwar Beach / Kannada
4. _mbm~ma VQ> (_§Jbmoa go H$Ý`mHw$_mar VH$) Coast (from Goa to Mangalore)
 Q>o[ag_mbm~ma VQ> Ho$ ~mbyH$mñVynŸ& 4. Malabar Coast (Mangalore to Kanyakumari)
 Terris—Sanddunes of the Malabar Coast.
 H$`mb_mbm~ma VQ> H$s {N>N>bo Ob dmbr b¡JyZ Prb|Ÿ&
 Kayal—The shallow lagoon lakes of Malabar coast.
 _mbm~ma VQ> H$s Z{X`m±-~onmoa, nmoÝZmZr, no[a`ma, n§~m Ed§ Jm`ÌrŸ&  Rivers of the Malabar Coast - Beypore, Ponnani,
3. nydu VQ>r` _¡XmZ Periyar, Pamba and Gayatri.
 dobm§Mbr joÌm| VWm Q>{e©`ar Ed§ A{^Zd H$mb Ho$ {díd Ho$ Hw$N> 3. East Coastal Plain
g~go ~‹S>o S>oëQ>mAm| Ho$ Obmo‹T> joÌ Ûmam {Z{_©VŸ&  Formed by the world’s largest deltas of the velancali
 aoV Ed§ H§$H$‹S> go ~Zo nw{bZ (_arZm ~rM-M¡ÝZB©)Ÿ& region and tertiary-recent Era’s alluvium.
 Pulin made of sand and pebbles (Marina Beach-
 b¡JyZ (AZyn) Prb|
Chennai).
(i) {MëH$m (_hmZXr S>oëQ>m)-J§Om_-Amo{S>em Ho$ {ZH$Q>Ÿ&  Lagoon lakes—
(ii) nwbrH$Q> (AmÝY« àXoe)Ÿ& (i) Chilika (Mahanadi Delta) - Ganjam - Near Odisha.
 joÌr` Zm_H$aU (ii) Pulicat (Andhra Pradesh).
(i) C‹S>rgm/CËH$b/H$qbJ VQ>J§Jm Ho$ _whmZo go H¥$îUm-  Regional Nomenclature—
JmoXmdar/CÎmar gaH$ma VQ>Ÿ& (i) Orissa / Utkal / Kalinga Coast - Krishna-
Godavari / North Sarkar Coast from the mouth
(ii) H$moamo_ÊS>b VQ>H¥$îUm-JmoXmdar S>oëQ>m go H$Ý`mHw$_mar of the Ganges.
VH$ (ii) Coromandal Coast - Krishna-Godavari Delta
to Kanyakumari
5. Ûrn g_yh
5. Island Group
1. AÊS>_mZ-{ZH$mo~ma Ûrn g_yh … à_wI {deofVmE±
• `h ^maV H$m g~go ~‹S>m Ûrn g_yh h¡ Omo ~§Jmb H$s Im‹S>r 1. Andaman-Nicobar Islands: Key Features
• It is the largest island group of India, situated
Ed§ AÊS>_mZ gmJa Ho$ _Ü` AdpñWV h¡Ÿ& between the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea.
• AÊS>_mZ-{ZH$mo~ma Ûrn g_yh _| Hw$b 572 Ûrn gpå_{bV h¢Ÿ& • The Andaman-Nicobar Islands comprise a total of
• Bg Ûrn g_yh H$m {Z_m©U {ddV©{ZH$ hbMbm| Ed§ Ádmbm_wIr 572 islands.
{H«$`m go hþAm h¡Ÿ& • The islands are formed from tectonic movements
and volcano eruption.
• {ddV©{ZH$ Ed§ Ádmbm_wIr {H«$`mAm| go {Z{_©VŸ&
• Tropical climate.
• CîU H${Q>~Y § r` Obdm`wŸ& • Covered with dense forests.
• KZo O§Jbm| go AmÀN>m{XVŸ& • Bird watcher’s paradise.
• njr {ZarjH$m| H$m ñdJ©Ÿ& • Earthquake Potential Zone (Zone I).
• Volcanic islands - Barren and Narcondam.
• ^yH$ån g§^m{dV joÌ (Zone I)Ÿ&
• Mineral - sandstone, limestone.
• Ádmbm_wIr Ûrn-~¡aZ Ed§ ZmaH$m|S>_Ÿ& • Crops - Rice, Coconut, Betel nut, Pineapple,
• I{ZO-~bwAm nËWa, MyZm nËWaŸ& Banana, Mango.
• \$gb|-Mmdb, Zm[a`b, gwnmar, AÝZmZmg, Ho$bm, Am_Ÿ& • Tribes - Onga, Jarwa, Santinelli, Nicobari and
Bandur.
• OZOm{V`m±-Am|Jm, Omadm, g¢Q>rZobr, {ZH$mo~ar Ed§ ~m§Sy>aŸ&
• Marine biosphere reserve area-robber crabs.
• g_wÐr O¡d_§S>br` Ama{jV joÌ-am°~a Ho$H$‹S>oŸ&  Cocoa Channel—Situated between Andaman-Nicobar
 H$moH$mo M¡Zb - AÊS>_mZ-{ZH$mo~ma Ûrn g_yh (^maV) Ed§ H$moH$mo Islands (India) and Cocoa Islands (Myanmar).
Ûrn (å`m§_ma) Ho$ _Ü` pñWV&  Duncan Passage—Located between South Andman
 S>§H$Z n¡goO - X{jU AÊS>_mZ Ed§ {bQ>b AÊS>_mZ Ho$ _Ü` pñWVŸ& and Little Andman.
 The kimios and campbell creeks are located in this
 {H${_`mog Ed§ H¡$ån~¡b H$s Im{‹S>`m± Bgr joÌ _| pñWV h¢Ÿ& area.
 nmoQ>© ãbo`a X{jUr A§S>_mZ Ho$ nydu VQ> na pñWV h¡Ÿ& `h ^maV H$m  Port Blair is located on the eastern coast of South
EH$ à_wI ~§XaJmh h¡Ÿ& Andaman. It is a major port in India.