Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions

and Quantities
6.1
Chemical Reactions

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Chemical Change
In a chemical change,
§ reacting substances
form new substances
with different
compositions and
properties
§ a chemical reaction
takes place

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Evidence of Chemical Change

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Chemical Reactions
In a chemical reaction,
§ a chemical change produces
one or more new substances
§ there is a change in the
composition of one or more
substances

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Chemical Reactions (continued)
In a chemical reaction,
§ old bonds are broken and new bonds formed
§ atoms in the reactants are rearranged to form one
or more different substances

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Chemical Equations
A chemical equation
§ gives the chemical formulas of the reactants on the
left of the arrow and the products on the right

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Symbols Used in Equations
Symbols used in chemical
equations show
§ the states of the reactants
§ the states of the products
§ the reaction conditions

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Chemical Equations are Balanced
In a balanced chemical
reaction,
§ atoms are not lost or gained
§ the number of atoms in the
reactants is equal to the
number of atoms in the
products

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 A Balanced Chemical Equation
In a balanced chemical equation,
§ there must be the same number of each type of
atom on the reactant side and on the product side
§ numbers called coefficients are used in front of
one or more formulas.
Al + S Al2S3 Not balanced
2Al + 3S Al2S3 Balanced

2Al = 2Al
3S = 3S
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Equation for A Chemical Reaction

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Checking a Balanced Equation

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry 11

Guide to Balancing Equations

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Balancing Chemical Equations
STEP 1 Write the equation with the correct formulas.
N2(g) + H2(g) NH3(g)
STEP 2 Determine if the equation is balanced.
No, not all of the atoms are balanced.
2N 1N
2H 3H
STEP 3 Balance with coefficients in front of formulas.
Balance N
N2(g) + H2(g) 2NH3(g)

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Balancing Chemical Equations
(continued)
STEP 3 (continued)
Balance H
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

STEP 4 Check that atoms of each element are equal in

reactants and products.
2N = 2N
6H = 6H

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Equations with Polyatomic Ions

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Balancing with Polyatomic Ions
STEP 1 Write the equation with the correct formulas.
Na3PO4(aq) + MgCl2(aq) NaCl(aq) + Mg3(PO4)2(s)

STEP 2 Determine if the equation is balanced.

No, not all atoms are balanced.
3Na+ 1Na+
1PO43- 2PO43 -
1Mg2+ 3Mg2+
2Cl- 1Cl-

STEP 3 Balance with coefficients in front of formulas.

Balance PO43- as a unit.
2Na3PO4(aq) Mg3(PO4)2(s)
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 Balancing with Polyatomic Ions
(continued)
STEP 3 (continued)
Balance Mg
3MgCl2(aq) Mg3(PO4)2(s)
Balance Na and Cl
3MgCl2(aq) + 2Na3PO4(aq) 6NaCl(aq) + Mg3(PO4)2(s)

STEP 4 Check that atoms of each element are equal in

reactants and products.
2PO43– = 2PO43–
3Mg2+ = 3Mg2+
6Na+ = 6Na+
6Cl- = 6Cl-
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Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions
and Quantities
6.2
Types of Reactions

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Types of Reactions
Chemical reactions can be classified as
§ combination reactions
§ decomposition reactions
§ single replacement reactions
§ double replacement reactions

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Combination Reaction
In a combination reaction,
§ two or more elements (or simple compounds)
combine to form one product

2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)

2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)
SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)
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Formation of MgO

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Decomposition Reaction
In a decomposition reaction,
§ one substance splits into two or more simpler
substances

2HgO(s) 2Hg(l) + O2(g)

2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g) 22
Decomposition of HgO

23
Single Replacement Reaction
In a single replacement reaction,
§ one element takes the place of a different
element in a reacting compound

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
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Zn and HCl Combine in a Single
Replacement Reaction

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Double Replacement Reaction
In a double replacement,
§ two elements in the reactants exchange
places

AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

ZnS(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2S(g)

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Example of Double Replacement

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Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and
Quantities
6.3
Oxidation–Reduction Reactions

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 Everyday Oxidation-Reduction
Reactions
An oxidation–reduction
reaction
§ provides us with energy from
food
§ provides electrical energy in
batteries
§ occurs when iron rusts
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)
2Fe2O3(s)
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Transfer of Electrons
An oxidation–reduction reaction
§ transfers electrons from one reactant to
another

Oxidation Is a Loss of electrons (OIL)

Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e-

Reduction Is a Gain of electrons (RIG)

Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s)
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Oxidation and Reduction

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Oxidized or Reduced?

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Zn and Cu2+

oxidation
Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e-
Silvery metal
reduction
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s)

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Electron Transfer from Zn to
Cu2+
Oxidation: electron loss

Reduction: electron gain

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Writing Oxidation and
Reduction Reactions
Write the separate oxidation and reduction reactions for
the following equation.
2Cs(s) + F2(g) 2CsF(s)

Each cesium atom loses an electron to form a cesium ion.

2Cs(s) 2Cs+(s) + 2e− oxidation

Each fluorine atom gains an electron to form a fluoride

ion.
F2(s) + 2e– 2F−(s) reduction
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Oxidation–Reduction in
Biological Systems
In biological systems, oxidation may involve
§ the loss of H
§ the gain of O

In biological systems, reduction may involve

§ the gain of H
§ the loss of O

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Summary of Oxidation and
Reduction

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