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 Access, Resource Sharing
and Collection Development
Taylor & Francis
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Access, Resource Sharing
and Collection
Development

Sul H. Lee
Editor

0
-·----­
~!~F~~~~~"P
Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Access, Resource Sharing and Collection Development has also been published as Joumal of
Library Administration, Volume 22, Number 4 1996.
© 1996 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilm and recording, or by any
information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America.

Reprinted 2009 by CRC Press

The development, preparation, and publication of this work has been undertaken with great care.
However, the publisher, employees, editors, and agents of The Haworth Press and all imprints of
The Haworth Press, Inc., including The Haworth Medical Press and Pharmaceutical Products Press,
are not responsible for any errors contained herein or for consequences that may ensue from use of
materials or information contained in this work. Opinions expressed by the author(s) are not neces­
sarily those of The Haworth Press, Inc.

The Haworth Press, Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580 USA

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Access, resource sharing and collection development I Sul H. Lee, editor.

p. em.
"Access, resource sharing and collection development has also been published asJoumal of
library administration, volume 22, number 4 1996"-Verso t.p.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-56024-811-4 (alk. paper)
I. Collection development (Libraries)-United States-Congresses. 2. Document delivery­
United States-Congresses. I. Lee, Sui H.
Z687.2.U6A28 1996
025.2'1--dc20 96-23321
CIP
 INDEXING & ABSTRACTING
Contributions to this publication are selectively in­
dexed or abstracted in print, electronic, online, or
CD-ROM version(s) of tbe reference tools and in­
formation services hsted below. This list is current as
of the copyright date of this publication. See the end
of this section for additional notes.

• Actulemk Abstl'tlcts/CD-ROM, EBSCO Publishing, P.O. Box

2250, Peabody, MA 01960-7250

• Academic Search: data base of2,000 selected llCademic serials;

updated monthly, EBSCO Publishing, 83 Pine Street, Peabody,
MA01960

• AGRICOLA. Database, National Agricultural Library, 10301

Baltimore Boulevard, Room 002, Beltsville, MD 20705

• Cambridge Scitmtljlc Abstl'llcts, Health & Safety Science

.Abstracts, Environmental Routenet (accessed via
INTERNET), 7200 Wisconsin Avenue #601, Bethesda, MD
20814

• CNPIBC Reference Guide: Chinese National Directory of

Foreign Periodicals, P.O. Box 88, Beijing, People's Republic
ofChina ·

• Current Articles on Libi'III'J' Literature ad Senices (CALLS),

Pakistan Library Association, Quaid-e-Azam Library,
Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore, Pakistan

• Current Awareness BuUetha, Association for Information

Management, Information House, 20-24 Old Street, London
EClV 9AP, England

• Current Index to Journals in Education, Syracuse University,

4-194 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse, NY
13244-4100
(continued)
• Educational Administl'ation Abstracts (BAA), Sage Publications,
Inc., 2455 Teller Road, Newbury Park, CA91320

• Higher EduCIItion Abstracts, Claremont Gmduate School, 231

East Tenth Street, Claremont, CA 91711

• IBZ International Bibliography ofPeriodical Litemture, Zeller

Verlag GmbH & Co., P.O.B. 1949, d-49009 Osnabrock,
Germany

• Index to Periodical Articles Related to Law, University of Texas,

727 East 26th Street, Austin, TX 78705

• lnfo,.,ation Reports & Bibliographies, Science Associates

International, Inc., 6 Hastings Road, Marlboro, NJ 07746-1313

• Information Science Abstracts, Plenum Publishing Company,

233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013-1578

• Informed Llbmrlan, The, Infosources Publishing, 140 Norma

Road, Teaneck, NJ 07666

• INSPEC lnfo,.,ation Services, Institution of Electrical

Engineers, Michael Famday House, Six Hills Way, Stevenage,
Herts SG12AY, England

• INTERNET ACCESS (& additional networks) BuUetin Board

for Libmries ("BUBL'?, covemge ofinformation resources
on INTERNET, JANET, and other networks.
• JANET X.29: UK.AC.BATH.BUBL or 00006012101300
• TELNET: BUBL.BATH.AC.UK or 138.38.32.45 login
'bubl'
• Gopher: BUBL.BATH.AC.UK (138.32.32.45). Port 7070
• World Wide Web: http: // www.bubl.bath.ac.uk.IBUBU
home.html
• NISSWAIS: telnetniss.ac.uk (for the NISS gateway)
The Andersonian Library, Curran Building, 101 St. James
Road, Glasgow G4 ONS, Scotland

(continued)
• Journal ofA.cadtmdc Llb,.,.,.,.shlp: Guide to Professional
Lltertlture, The Belmont Group, 1700 E. Elliot Road, 6-512,
Tempe,AZ

• Konyvtllrl Flgyelo-Librt1ry Review, National Szechenyi Library,

Centre for Libmryand Information Science, 4-1827 Budapest,
Hungary

• Llbrt~ry &
lnfo,.,lltlon Science A.bstl'tlcts (USA.), Bowker-Saur
Limited, Maypole House, Maypole Road, East Grinstead,
West Sussex RH19 1HH, England

• Llbrt1ry Lltert1ture, The H. W. Wilson Company, 950 University

Avenue, Bronx, NY 10452

• MaterFILE: updated datllbtlse fro"' BBSCO Publishing, 83

Pine Street, Peabody, MA 01960

• Newsletter ofLlbrt~ry t111d lnfo,.,fltlon Servlcss, China Sci-Tech

Book Review, Library of Academia Sinica, 8 Kexueyuan Naolu,
Zhongguancun, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China

• OT BibSys, American Occupational Therapy Foundation, P.O.

Box 31220, Rockville, MD 20824-1220

• PA.SCA.L International Blbllogrt~phy T205: Sciences de

l'lnfo,.,lltlon Docu111enttltlon, INIST/CNRS-Service Gestion
des Documents Primaries. 2, Allee du Pare de Brabois,
F-54514 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, Cedex, France

• Public Affairs lnfo,.,ation Bulletin (PA.IS), Public Affairs

Information Service, Inc., 521 West 43rd Street, New York,
NY 10036-4396

• RefertltiVIIyl Zhurnal (A.bstl'tlcts Journal ofthe I11Stltllte of

Sclentljlc lnfo,.,atlon ofthe Republlc ofRurslll), The
Institute of Scientific Information, Baltijskaja ul., 14, Moscow
A-219, Republic ofRussia

• Tnule & Industry Index, Information Access Company, 362

Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404
(continued)
.
SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES
related to special joumalisslle.J (separates)
and indexing/abstracting

0 indexing/abstracting services in this list will also cover material in any

"separate" that is co-published simultaneously with Haworth's spe­
cial thematic journal issue or DocuSerial. Indexing/abstracting usually
covers material at the article/chapter level.
0 monographic co-editions are intended for either non-subscribers or li­
braries which intend to purchase a second copy for their circulating
collections.
0 monographic co-editions are reported to all jobberslwholesalerslap­
proval plans. The source journal is listed as the "series" to assist the
prevention of duplicate purchasing in the same manner utilized for
books-in-series.
0 to facilitate user/access services all indexing/abstracting services are
encouraged to utilize the co-indexing entry note indicated at the bottom
of the first page of each article/chapter/contribution.
0 this is intended to assist a library user of any reference tool (whether
print, electronic, online. or CD-ROM) to locate the monographic ver­
sion if the library has purchased this version but not a subscription to
the source journal.
0 individual articles/chapters in any Haworth publication are also avail­
able through the Haworth Document Delivery Services (HDDS).
For Melissa
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 ABOUT THE EDITOR

Sui H. Lee, Dean of the University Libraries, University of Okla­

homa, is an internationally recognized leader and consultant in the
library administration and management field. Dean Lee is a past
member ofthe Board ofDirectors, Association ofResearch Libraries,
the ARL Office of Management Services Advisory Committee, and
the Council for the American Library Association. His works include
The Impact of Rising Costs of Serials and Monographs on Library
Services and Programs,· Library Material Costs and Access to
lriformation,· Budgets for Acquisitions: Strategies for Serials, Mono­
graphs, and Electronic Formats,· Vendor Evaluation and Acquisition
Budgets; Collection Assessment and Acquisitions Budgets,· The Role
and Future ofSpecial Collections in Research Libraries; Declining
Acquisitions Budgets,· and Access, Ownership, and Resource Shar­
ing. He is also Editor of the Journal ofLibrary Administration and
Collection Management. ·
 Access, Resource Sharing
and Collection Development

CONTENTS

Introduction 1
Sui H. Lee

Fueling the Fires of Scholarship in the 90's 3

George W. Shipman

Collection Development in the Access Age: All You Thought

It Would Be and More! 15
Connie Kearns McCarthy

Redesigning Research Libraries: First Step

Toward the 21st Century 33
Charles A. Hamaker

Delivery of Documents and More: A Viewof Trends

. Affecting Libraries and Publishers 49
Rebecca T. Lenzini

The Current National Copyright Debate; Its Relationship

to the Work of Collections Managers · 71
Ann 0/cerson

Document Delivery in the Electronic Age:

Collecting and Service Implications 85
Anthony W. Ferguson
Collecting and Accessing "Free" Internet Resources 99
Julia Ann Kelly

Document Delivery for the 90's and Beyond 111

Joseph J. Fitzsimmons

Index 125
 Introduction

For over a decade the University of Oklahoma Libraries in con­

junction with the University of Oklahoma Foundation have spon­
sored an annual conference examining the important library issues
of the day. On March 2 and 3, 1995 this tradition was continued with
the conference entitled, "Access, Resource Sharing and Collection
Development." This conference extended the investigation and dis­
cussion of issues about the role of libraries in acquiring, storing and
disseminating information in different formats.
George Shipman, University Librarian at the University of Ore­
gon, begins the discussion with an examination of challenges facing
academic libraries and the library profession. The competition for
limited resources and the need to develop competent librarians are
two major issues facing our profession. Connie McCarthy, Associate
University Librarian at Duke University, continues with an article
reflecting on the current issues in collection management. She high­
lights some of the changes in collection management and the future
role of the bibliographer.
Charles Hamaker, Assistant Dean for Collection Development at
Louisiana State University, offers insight into the role and activities
of the research libraries using studies from LSU. Mr. Hamaker sees
the changing role of the Academy having significant influence on
how libraries conduct business. Rebecca Lenzini, President of
CARL Corporation, follows with an analysis of trends in document
delivery. Her article presents an interesting discourse on many of
the issues relatedto document delivery.
Ann Okerson, Director, Association of Research Libraries Office

[Haworth co-indexing entry note]: "Introduction." Lee, Sui H. Co-published simultaneously in

Jo11ma/ of Libmry Administration (The Hawollh P1ess, Inc.) Vol. 22, No.4, 1996, pp. 1-2; and: Access,
Reso11rceSharingandCollection Development (ed: Sui H. Lee) The Hawmth Press, Inc, 1996, pp. 1-2.
Single or multiple copies of this article are available limn The Haworth Document Delivery Serviee
[1-800-342-9678, 9.00 a.m. -5:00pm. (ESn. E-mail address: [email protected]].

© 1996 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. 1

2 Access, Resource Sharing and Collection Development

of Scientific and AcademicPublishing, examines the issue of copy­

right focusing on the work of the Nil Working Group on Copyright
and the Texaco copyright court case. Ms. Okerson discusses the
current law and looks at the impact of electronic access upon it.
Anthony Ferguson, Associate University Librarian at Columbia
University, explores the use of commercial document delivery ser­
vices in libraries. He discusses a multitude of issues including the
speed of delivery, the breadth of coverage, access versus ownership,
and responsibility for cost recovery. Julia Ann Kelly follows with a
description of "free" resources available on the Internet. In her
article she discusses how resources are discovered and methods of
evaluation. Joseph J. Fitzsimmons, Chairman ofUMI~ concludes the
conference presentations with descriptions of the different options
for document delivery and considerations in selecting document
delivery products. He outlines some of the developments in remote
access and CD-ROM products and puts forth selection criteria.
The success of the conference might well be judged by the reac­
tion to the papers presented in this volume. The conference sessions
included wonderful discussion, that unfortunately is not recorded in
this publication. It is hoped continued debate and further investiga­
tion will continue as a result of this volume.
I would like to thank Donald Hudson for his efforts as Coordina­
tor of the University of Oklahoma Libraries Conference, Wilbur
Stolt for his editorial assistance, and Melanie Davidson for her
secretarial contributions. Their help has made this conference and
publication a much easier task.

SulH Lee
 Fueling the Fires of Scholarship
in the 90's
George W. Shipman

When Sul Lee first asked that I speak at this meeting, I confess
that I was both flattered and a bit awed at the prospect of speaking
to this gathering. I hope to share with you a perspective that you
will find reasonable and one that will augment the wisdom you gain
from the speakers who follow me in this program. It is a distin­
guished group that I have joined for this program and I am grateful
for the opportunity to participate. Sul and I talked at some length
over a pleasant dinner about the subject matter for this event:
Access, resource-sharing and collection development in the twenty­
first century. As we talked about the conference my mind began to
race about graphic illustrations I might use in my presentation. I
don't use overhead projections, but since they seem to be manda­
tory these days I brought one quote I thought appropriately matched
the subject of this conference:
More than any other time in history, mankind faces a cross­
roads. One path leads to despair and utter hopelessness. The
other, to total extinction. Let us pray we have the wisdom to
choose correctly.
-Woody Allen

George W. Shipman is University Librarian at The University of Oregon in

Eugene, OR.
[Haworth co-mdexing entry note]: "Fueling the Fires of Scholarship m the 90's." Shipman, George
W. Co-published simultaneously in Journal of Lib1my Administration (The Haworth Pless, Inc.) Vol. 22,
No.4, 1996, pp. 3-13; and: Access, Resource Sharing and Collection Development(ed: Sui H. Lee) The
Haworth Press, Inc., 1996, pp. 3-13. Single or multiple copies of this artiCle are avmlable from The
Haworth Document Delivery Service [1-800-342-9678, 9:00a.m.- 5:00p.m. (EST). E-ma1l address: getinfo
@haworth. com].

© 1996 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. 3

4 Access, Resource Sharing and Collection Development

After agreeing to serve as the "warm up act" for the remaining

speakers I made a flurry of notes that I hoped would guide me in the
writing of my presentation. That process consumed most of my
return flight in the confinement of a coach class seat winging my
way back to Oregon. I was rather proud of my degree of organiza­
tion and smugly put my notes aside for a few days' germination.
Those notes served as the precis contained inthe flyer used to drum
up attendance at this conference. Later, I called Sul and asked for a
list of the participants and the drafts of their precis, just for back­
ground information. After receiving his return mail and reading the
tantalizing descriptions, I realized that I probably ought to be the
wrap-up speaker if I was going to live and die by my original
outline of organization because each of the speakers had listed (in
their precis) most of the elements that I had planned on using in my
remarks.
At first I was crestfallen to make this discovery, but then I real­
ized that (1) Sui had simply put together all of the right ideas to be
covered by this meeting, and (2) he had assembled a group of
speakers who possessed an amazing level of prescience or perspi­
cacity because they were obviously on the same wavelength as I! I
might add that after thinking about the situation just a little more,
this would be the first time that I have had the chance to introduce
elements that ensuing speakers intend to address insteadof the other
way around. I don't think anything I say will deter my fellow
speakers from their well-considered comments, but it is a comfort­
able position to be in for a change.
For the last few years we have heard a great deal of rhetoric about
the library of the twenty-first century and the many marvels that we
librarians will proffer to our patrons when we cross that momentous
point in time. I agree with most of these prophesies and look for­
ward to a delightful and fruitful future-a future based on the
groundwork our profession has laid over the last twenty years.
However, I contend that we have ten years of work to do during the
remaining five years of this century, and I'd like to take this oppor­
tunity to talk about some ofthe things librarians needto accomplish
during this crucial window of opportunity.
Of course I'm speaking to you as a director of a research library.
This coming spring I will have completed twenty-eight years as a
 George W. Shipman 5

librarian. All of my service has been in the research library sector.

With the exception of almost four years at the Library of Congress,
all of my time has been spent as an academic library administrator.
Over the course of this conference you will hear about specific
strategies for information sharing. My main concern is to put
together a complete plan of action to move library services for­
ward into the next century, and then to figure out how to transform
such an ambitious plan into reality. My thoughts today will focus
on the challenges of how to get from strategic plan to real accom­
plishment. These challenges include the politics of scarce resource
allocation, the struggle to redefine our profession and to broaden
our vision, and finally, the need for a strong and effective program
of advocacy.
Before I talk about hurdles, pitfalls, and other obstacles in the
road, I'd like to take a few minutes to acknowledge the strong and
forward-thinking work many of you have contributed to get us
where we are today. Research libraries now offer greatly improved
forms of access to locally-held, traditionally formatted library mate­
rials. We have used evolving technologies to make available our
holdings and those of other libraries. Additionally, we have pro­
vided access to material beyond the traditional formats out there on
the wonderful World Wide Web. In spite of the fact that we often
complain bitterly to one another that we have been hindered bythe
absence of resources, campus leaders who don't understand us,
vendors who are slow to respond, etc., etc., I believe that librarians
have made extraordinarily good use of time and resources to plan
and implement remarkably effective information service tools. We
have collaborated in consortia to utilize technology to link our
holdings and to create protocols for service--all of which have
served citizens, faculty and students well. The point of all of this is
to suggest that the technological applications we have created have
established an extraordinarily solid platform from which to launch
each successive campaign of achievement and innovation. Addi­
tionally, these activities have created a profession that is highly
literate and functional from a technological point of view.
And so we enter into the last few years of this century with two
decades of solid work behind us. Now to the challenges I spoke of.
The first challenge comes under the heading of "allocating
6 Access, Resource Sharing and Collection Development

scarce resources." The university research library is often engaged

in a struggle to remain the primary repository for information
resources. In the age of electronic media this will be truer than ever.
In the near future we will confront again and again an old adversary
dressed in new hi-tech togs-the cyber-version of the "boot leg"
library-that is, the maverick collection now in electronic form,
created and maintained by the academic department. This maverick
is feared and loathed because it is typically outside the control of
those who understand the care and feeding of library collections­
namely, librarians. Time and again we have fought its creation,
pointed out its redundancy, taken it over when we could, and, hav­
ing taken it into our fold, smugly made it into an honest library. I've
done this a few times myself, and if I have made light of attitudes
and behavior, I'm merely pointing my finger at myself. Why did we
feel so strongly about the bootleg library? Because we embrace the
article of faith that the information business in the academy has
rightfully been the responsibility of the Library and we know that
most institutions can't afford to support redundant collections.
Unfortunately, these maverick collections are almost always mis­
construed by patrons to represent the institution's primary collec­
tion serving the discipline. Since they are usually duplicative as
well as incomplete, it's inevitable that the library is criticized for
their flaws and deficiencies. There are, of course, exceptions to this
rule.
The cybernetic version, the "bootleg information or data center,"
presents a more formidable challenge. Information was "discov­
ered" in the late eighties or early nineties by faculty, computing
centers, and university administrators, and now we have to worry
about a proliferation of data centers which duplicate library-based
resources and programs. They almost always, like their predeces­
sors, serve very narrow slices of the institutional community, mini­
mizing the value of the investment for broader constituencies. Such
electronic information centers are justified by some members of the
academy because they no longer believe in the "gateway" role of
the library (or have forgotten about our successes!). Some see easy,
quick solutions to short-term needs and have less concern than the
Library for the long-term effects on overall institutional commit­
ment to these expensive and valuable commodities.
 George W. Shipman 7

And so we must restate all the old arguments defending the

library as the logical central manager and repository for all forms of
information. In some respects I see this as an uphill battle, since the
possession of such glamorous electronic resources usually repre­
sents a badge of honor for its possessor, and since some provosts
may have difficulty biting the bullet and placing the bulk of these
resources under the aegis of the library. But in the face of these
realities, the battle is winnable. We must remain steadfast in our
claim that the institution's first obligation is to fund the larger
enterprise, the library. We serve the largest possible clientele, the
faculty and student body on a global scale. The library must remain
the central repository for these expensive resources in order to
optimize the institutional investment. After the library's claims
have been met, other information requirements can be considered.
This decision rests upon the consciences of its decision makers! I
realize that I'm preaching to the converted-but this battle will heat
up even more in the next five years. Now I must-we must-bring
this message back to campus-persuasively, persistently, and with­
out delay!
The battle for the electronic resource dollar will be fought in a
series of skirmishes against the backdrop of the ongoing struggle to
preserve the library's basic budget for operations and capital invest­
ment. In brief, we have successfully sold information technology as
a way to leverage scarce materials resources. In fact we have been
too successful. In the coming five years we must defend the library
facility against the charge of obsolescence. We will do this by
defending the value of printed materials and other, less than cutting
edge, formats, both as the record of our culture and as an enduringly
attractive format for communication. And we will also redefine the
library as a teaching center for informationliteracy.
Library collections and resource managers have had a rocky ride
for a long time now. In spite of the fact that most of our acquisitions
budgets continue to grow in terms of real dollars, we have experi­
enced a declining buying power because of inflation, a weakened
dollar in foreign markets, increased publishing costs and, in at least
some cases, excessive price increases. At the same time publishing
in practically all disciplines has expanded, and new disciplines have
emerged to swell scholarly production. This groundswell of creativ­
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8 Access, Resource Sharing and Collection Development

ity is naturally fueled by the promotion and tenure process. I haven't

forgotten the compounding effect of the phenomenal increases in
costs for scholarly journals, which far outstrips rate increases for
monographs. The cumulative effect of these phenomena has been
devastating over the course of the past two decades.
Unfortunately, or fortunately, depending upon your perspective,
we have not seen a decline in demand from our patrons that might
reduce the sting of these developments! Indeed, all reports show
continued demand from our clientele. None of this is news to you.
You are the ones who have been charged with figuring out how to
use technology to share scarce resources, and to connect communi­
ties and collections. And in the process, you have helped to reshape
our profession. We have become a cadre of well informed and
supremely well organized professionals who are not intimidated by
heretofore unknown or nonexistent information service issues.
But while we have used technology so successfully to leverage
our resources, inevitably there is a cost. We have created an expecta­
tion that technology will replace the traditional library. There is an
element of wishful thinking in this. Most of our buildings are either
full or have predictable life spans and it's only natural that many
academic administrators will be tempted to claim that we no longer
need building programs because technology will render the book
and journal obsolete. Further, technology has neatly dealt with the
problems of time and space in that scholars can now obtain access
to literature, data, and information at any time of any day from any
telecommunications link. If you hear words to that effect, tell the
speaker to take another, more responsible or objective look at the
library and its staff. The current holdings of the University of Ore­
gon Library have a replacement value of more than $130 million
dollars, not counting our special collections. The scholarly value of
any library collection is probably impossible to quantify. This rep­
resents a major cultural and economic investment, and most man­
agement types understand that you don't walk away from that level
of capital investment.
Furthermore, we aren't at all sure when or if that technological
marvel, the book, will be truly and completely replaced by newer
forms of technology. We will continue to purchase traditionally
formatted materials because they continue to be invaluable to most
 George W. Shipman 9

of our users. Moreover, many disciplines are still very poorly

served by evolving technology. In short, we can predict our rate of
growth in collections, and therefore spatial requirements, for at least
ten plus years-and must plan for it accordingly.
And so this in summary is challenge number on~a thorny politi­
cal problem. Libraries are expensive things to run, and getting more
expensive with each passing year. Our management successes,
achieved through sleek information technologies, have set up
expectations of cost savings whichwe cannot meet. The Dean of the
Library is therefore the bearer of bad news to the university presi­
dent and the provost. We have a lot of explaining to do, and we must
be persuasive. And so we promote, defend, and advocate for what is
to all librarians and many, if not most of our patrons, the most vital
component of any rational plan for the coming information age: the
Library as the academy's primary information resource.
The second challenge I want to talk about is a challenge to our
profession. Our facilities must now accommodate the equipment,
systems, and people necessary to fulfill an expanded role in teach­
ing information technology. Not long ago it was easy to say that
your "generic" academic reference librarian was responsible for a
combination of desk, or reference, service, book selection by virtue
of some degree of subject specialization and subsequent liaison
responsibility with academic departments, and perhaps, a share of
instruction in the fine art of using the catalog and the reference
collection. Today's picture is quite different in most of our libraries.
Subject specialization has been expanded beyond knowledge of spe­
cific disciplines to include knowledge ofthe "map" of the techno­
logical universe and awareness of the resources serving those disci­
plines within that universe. Possession of this knowledge is imperative
if we are to fulfill our traditional role within the scholarly process­
that of gatekeeper. But now we art:H>r should b~more than gate­
keepers, we are teachers. Libraries that have been successful in
maintaining their position in the minds and hearts of the faculty and
students they serve have eagerly embraced responsibility for teach­
ing information technology. Our successful library models boast
electronic classrooms in which librarians teach both students and
faculty to use information resources. Additionally, they support
10 Access, Resource Sharing and Collection Development

library technology centers which provide direct access to network­

ing, multimedia, and whatever got marketed yesterday afternoon.
Librarians remain aware of "it," they teach "it," they provide
access to "it," they possess "it," they organize "it," and they
market "it." Of course there is always the handful of academicians
precariously perched on the horizon sneering at the rest of the world
because they have made use of the most recently discovered black
hole in this information-techno-universe. Let them have their arro­
gance. We have an obligation as librarians to provide the broadest
possible means of access for our patrons to the farthest reaches in
our information-techno-universe as possible. We must always strive
to nudge higher our threshold of access, as well as that of our users.
We are the broad brush painting the largest possible canvas.
But while we foster the evolution of an expanded role for librari­
ans as teachers of information technology, we should not overlook
the graduate library and information science programs which gener­
ated most of us. Some of these programs have been engaged in a
profound revision of the curriculum. We should pay close attention
to these efforts and strive to influence the proposed changes in
creative and visionary ways, at the same time we improve and
expand the staff development and continuing education programs
for current practitioners. I am personally concerned about the need
to systematically ascertain our professional continuing education
needs and to do more for our current cadre in this respect. We can't
encourage our professional graduate programs to modify the skills
and training of their graduates if we are not committed to the formal
retrofitting of current professionals in order to maintain equitable
relationships and professional capacities.
At the same time, as our profession evolves in response to a chang­
ing information environment, it will be crucial for us to maintain the
broadest possible vision of the future of information. The debate
about "whither librarianship in the 21st century" is taking place
concurrently with a far-reaching economic debate-"whither pub­
lishing?" Each of the following speakers will deal with subject
matter that could be, and has, individually been the basis for sepa­
rate conferences. While each of these subjects is of major interest
for all of us, the sum comprises the basis for defining our current
status in our countdown to the twenty-first century. If we are able to
 George W. Shipman 11

recognize that no technology of the past or the foreseeable future is

important enough to become the sole driving force of information
science and, instead, accept the premise that they all must coexist to
provide our recipe for success, we will have succeeded in avoiding
the current simplistic premise of the day, whatever the date. I know
of no technological format that has replaced another format. I know
of many that have the potential to do so, but the costs of conversion
and the barrier of copyright have always forced us to continue to
maintain the old and embrace the new. Even if conversion costs
were not an issue, copyright has been the most formidable barrier of
all. As technology makes it easier to achieve some sort of effortless
conversion, the issue of intellectual property and the militancy of
some publishers, or information entrepreneurs, as I now call the
larger enterprise, has grown almost proportionately. If you think the
twenty-first century holds uncertainty for us, imagine the fears of
this important component of the scholarly communications partner­
ship whose fears are based on the ambiguity of their future market.
How do they get a fair return for a product that is so easily shared?
I know, I know, the Xerox copier was ubiquitous when the 1976
Copyright Law was passed, but the new "Great Unknown" and the
potential for the not-so clear-cut, documentable violations cause
their paranoia. Pricing and relationships among publishers, libraries,
and scholars should be based on a need to encourage the exchange
of creativity. I believe that is what Mr. Jefferson and his friends had
in mind when they were doing their creative thinking and acting a
couple of centuries ago. In any case, the library will need to
improve collections and services across technologies during the
next decade. Realistic library directors and managers will maintain
a broad and inclusive vision of the information horizon.
My final topic is politely termed "advocacy." In other words, the
getting of money. Despite the high level of thinking that went into
organizing this conference, the program does not touch upon this
one significant element that I must lay claim to-that is, the high
tariff for taking on the agenda that I have suggested to you. Informa­
tion has always been an expensive commodity and is even more so
today. It wasn't cheap when monks copied books by hand, even at
their wages! Gutenberg dropped the unit cost briefly, but prices
have been climbing ever since. The price for all of these splendid
12 Access, Resource Sharing and Collection Development

ideas is far more than any Provost would countenance at first blush.
What are we to do?
The answer must come from the University Librarian. Generally
speaking, the academic library of this era is run on a consultative
basis. While a successful library director will stimulate creative think­
ing and discussions among the library's staff and constituents, he or
she must ultimately make the final decisions and, more signifi­
cantly, use the rhetoric and the substance of the discussions in
packaging and selling the range, underline range, of products. Sel­
ling means raising the money necessary to provide the mix of prod­
ucts, services, staff and technology that is most sellable at that time,
in that institution. There are three fundamental pies for the director
to lust for in this endeavor: the institutional recurring budget, pro­
gram improvement budgets which might or might not be recurring,
and external funding (that is, grants, gifts, endowments, etc.). The
director must use the rhetoric and substance at his/her command to
craft a creative advocacy campaign. Not only will such advocacy
generate resources, but it also can and should be used in defining
the domain of the Library in the highly competitive campus envi­
ronment.
To sum up: In recent years it has been de rigueur to say that the
industrial age has ended and that the information age is upon us.
Music to a librarian's ears! However, while it doesn't always feel
like these words are entirely true, I believe that at this point the
battle is close to being won, by and large. What I've been trying to
posit is that librarians have steadily built collections and services
employing the technology of each successive moment and main­
taining each of these elements of service. Time and again, we have
demonstrated that we have the right to the assignment by meeting
and exceeding our constituents' expectations. The substance of our
component services, our consortia, our advocacy, our technology,
our mix of offerings, the character of our skills, and the scope of our
facilities must all add up to the best possible response to the scholarly
needs of our students, faculty and citizens. However, we've still got
five years ofwork to do (and as I said earlier, we've probably got 10
years' work to do in five!) to meet the political, economic and
professional challenges I've outlined today. If we are successful, we
will have completed a strong platform from which to launch libraries
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