5.

4 The Second Agricultural Revolution

EQ: What are the advances and impacts of the second agricultural revolution?
First Agricultural Revolution: Neolithic Revolution (When farming started, about
12,000 years ago)

Intro:
- The second agricultural revolution happens at the same time as the Industrial
Revolution
- This revolution has higher yields and more efficient farming

Impact of the Second Agricultural Revolution:

- Increased the variety and the amount of food which increased life expectancy

Property Rights ad Farming Advances:

- The Enclosure Acts: first started happening in the UK. They allowed you to buy
land to do what you want with it.

- Pros of the Second Agricultural Revolution

- Growing Population
- Life expectancy is longer
- Better diets
- More people working in factories
- Farming is mechanized so it becomes more efficient
- Cons of the Second Agricultural Revolution:
● Fewer farmers and farm laborers
● Farmers were forced off their land
● Cities become overcrowded
○ Things are more expensive and every member of the family must
work
- Irrigation: man-made watering systems
● Controls the water amounts
- Transportation Improvements
● Faster transportation
● Refrigeration
● Trade distance expands
Agricultural changes and shifting demographics
- Less farms, but they’re more efficient and larger
- Urbanizes the United States

Vocabulary
5.1
- Subsistance Agriculture
● To grow enough food or raise enough livestock to meet the immediate
needs of the farmer and his or her family.
○ Example: If a farmer were to grow enough grain to bake into
enough bread to only feed their family.
● To grow enough food to feed only you or your family, and nothing extra to
sell.
- Commercial Agriculture
● To grow enough crops or raise enough livestock to sell for profit. It exists
in all countries but is more common in developed countries,
however, it is becoming more common in semiperiphery counties
like China, Mexico, and Brazil.
○ Example: People that grow food only to sell the food for profit
● To grow crops or raise livestock to sell.
- Intensive Agriculture
● Intensive agricultural practices are those in which farmers or ranchers use
large amounts of inputs, such as energy, fertilizers, labor, or machines to
maximize yield.
○ Example: Using fertilizer or using machinery to harvest crops
● Intensive Agriculture is when farmers use large amounts of fertilizers,
labor, and machines to get high yields.
 - Capital: The money invested in land
- Extensive Agriculture
● Extensive agricltural practices are those in which farmers or ranchers use
small amounts of input, such as

Norman Borlock is the father of green revolution. He started making

GMOS.

5.7 Spacial Organization of Agriculture

EQ: How do economic forces influence agriculture practices?

Intro:
● Less family farms
● Agribusiness: Corporations are doing the farming
● Crops: Less variety, new crops in new places

Commercial agriculture and agribusiness

● Transnational corporations: businesses across multiple countries
● Agribuisness includes:
○ Research/Development
○ Processes/production
○ Transportation and marketing/retail
Impact of large-scale farms
 ● Large farms purchase small farms
○ Small farms are dying
○ Late 1900s
● Verticle integration
○ Agribusiness company owns all the steps of seed to sale
■ Increase profits
Large-Scale Replacing Small-Scale Farms
● Monoculture: specialize in one crop or animal
● Economies of scale;
○ More efficient, less production cost, and more profits
○ More land, vertically integrate, specialize
○ Makes it hard for small farms to compete with prices
● Agribuisness are coming to developing countries (funded by
World Bank)
○ Farming technology is too expensive

Commodity Chains and Consumption

● Food is globalized
● Commodity chain: get resources, make something, get them to
customers
Technological Improvement
● Carrying capacity has increased
● Cool Chains: transportation that keeps food refrigerated the
whole time
● Environmental impacts
● Ap human geo is stupid, id rather fail

5.6
Agriculture: Von Thumen Model
● Developed in 1800s Germany, so think historically
● Relationship between cost and distance from market.
○ TRANSPORTATION COSTS!
 ○ 5 ‘zones’: Market → zone 1 → zone 2 → zone 3 → zone 4
○ Closer to market you are intensive farming
○ Closer to market the more expensive the land is
○ Further means cheaper and extensive farming
● Distance from market also talks about types of goods
○ Historical context
○ Zone 1, most perishable goods and high transportation costs
○ Zone 2: forest, historically needed to be close for cost efficiency
○ Zone 3: grains, because cheap, and light, and stays fresh longer
○ Zone 4: Livestock, can move themselves

■ M = Shops, Businesses, and some homes

■ 1 = perishable - Amount of money to transport (Dairy, fruits,
veggies) - Intensive
■ 2 = forest (need wood for everything → easy access) - Just
there
■ 3 = Grains (light, cheap, needs land) - Extensive
■ 4 = livestock (needs lots of space, moves itself) - Extensive

Von Thunen Continued

● Assumptions
○ Land was equal
○ Land was flat
○ Single market
○ Cost solely based on distance
● Today this is very different
○ Market, roles of goods, costs, and technology have all evolved
○ Ring have changed
■ Market → dairy → produce → crops → livestock
5.9
● Global System of Agriculture
○ Global supply chain
○ Not restricted to growing seasons
○ Benefit MDC the most
■ Cheaper crops from LDCs → Neocolonialism
● LDC has to grow luxury crops to support the economy

5.10
● Consequences of Agricultural Practices
○ Green Revolution = more chemicals and faster growth
■ Pollution and expanding farmland
■ Desertification & salinization of soil
■ After landscape: slash and burn, terrace farming, irrigation, draining
wetlands
5.11
● Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture
○ Less diversity in crops
○ Animals bred in worse conditions to meet standards
○ Food deserts
■ Means that you live more than 1 mile away from a grocery store
with fresh produce
○ Sustainability and fish farming
5.12
● Women in Agriculture
○ Participation varies across the world
■ As countries develop opportunities for women develop
● LDC countries see more women in agriculture and manual
labor

6.1
Settlement:
● A place with a permanent human population
○ Example; Towns, cities, or villages.
Urbanization:
● The process of developing towns and cities. It doesn’t end once a city is formed,
its an ongoing process.

● 6.1 Origins and Influences

○ Site: Describes the characteristics of the place
○ Situation: describes the relationship to other places
○ Change over time
■ Transportation, and technology
● 5.2 Cities across the World
○ Mega vs Meta
■ Mega: 10 million people or more
● NYC
■ Meta: 20 million people or more
● Tokyo
○ Suburbanization and sprawl in the US
■ Starts in the U.S
■ People move out of cities because of highways
■ Causes urban sprawl → unrestricted growth of cities
○ Boomburb
■ Rapidly growing suburban area
● Example: Frisco
○ Edge City
■ Economic centers on the outskirts of the urban areas (beltway)
● Example: Downtown Dallas
○ Exurb
■ Past the suburbs

● 6.3 Cities and Globalization

○ World city (or Global City): influence their region and the world
■ Example: Tokyo, New York, London, Paris

● 6.4 Size and Distribution of Cities

○ Primate City: One major city in a country (2x as many people as the next
largest city)
■ Example: France
■ Most resources and infrastructure located within the primate city
■ Uneven development across the country
○ Rank Size Rule: Each city is ½ of the city bigger than in
■ Resources and infrastructure spread throughout the country
○ Gravity Model: the likelihood of 2 places interacting with each other
■ The larger the population in the city the more likely to interact with
■ Has things people want or need so they are ‘pulled’ to larger cities
○ Christaller’s Central Place Theory
■ Threshold bs Range
■ Threshold: How many people it takes to sustain the business
 ■ Range: Distance people are willing to travel to for specific goods
(usually time)
■ Hexagons are the range

■
■

6.1-The origin and Influences of Urbanization

6.2- Cities Across the World
-Mega vs Meta
10 vs 20 million people
-Suburbanization and Sprawl in the US
-People move out of cities because of highways
-Cause urban sprawl- unrestricted growth of cities
-Boomburb: rapidly growing suburban area
-Edge City- Economic centers on the outskirts of the urban areas (beltways)
-Exurb-Past the suburbs

6.3- Cities and Globalization

-World City (or Global City): influence their region and the world. Examples are NYC, London,
Paris, and Tokyo
6.4- Size and Distribution of Cities
-Primate City: One major city in a country (2x as many people as the next largest city)
-Most resources and infrastructure located within the primate city
-Uneven development across the country
-Rank Size Rule: Each city is ½ of the city bigger than it
-Resources and infrastructure spread throughout the country
-Gravity model: The likelihood of 2 places interacting with each other
-The larger the population in the city the more likely to interact with
-Has things people want or need so they are ‘pulled’ to larger cities
-Chirstaller’s Central Place Theory’
Threshold vs Range
-Threshold: How many people it take to sustain the business
Range: Distance people are willing to travel for specific goods (usually time).

6.5 Internal structure of Cities

Functional zonation: idea that portions of an urban area-regions, or zones, within the city- have
specific and distinct purposes. The various zones fit together like a puzzle to create the entirety
of the city.
Central Business District (CBD): Is a commercial heart of a city. Often located near the physical
center of a city, or the crossroads where to city was founded, the CBD is the focus of
transportation and services.
Bid rent theory: explains agricultural land use, just as it helps explain land use in central
business districts.

Industrial/Commercial Zone: the zone outside the central business district is dedicated to
industry. These industrial zones may include manufacturing, warehousing, and transportation.
Are generally separated from residential areas because they are associated with air and noise
pollution.
Commensal relationship: which is when commercial interests benefit each other For example,
restaurants and theaters benefit by being in the same zone, as do clothing stores and show
stores.
Residential Zone: All cities have residential areas where people live. These are generally
separate from the CBD and industrial zones either legally-through government zoning-or simply
by the choices of inhabitants. Are distinct from one another.
Concentric zone model: describes a city as a series of rings that surround the central business
ess district. It is known as the Burgess model because sociologist E. W. Burgess proposed it in
the 1920s.
1930s, Hoyt’s model (or sector model): uses land-use rings that grow outward from the CBD,
describes how different types of land use and housing were all located near the CBD early in a
city’s history.
Harris and Ullman multiple-nuclei model: by studying changes in cities in the 1940s. This model
suggested that functional zonation occurred around multiple centers, or nodes.
Peripheral model: a variant of the multiple-nuclei model, describes suburban neighborhoods
surrounding an inner city and served by odes of commercial activity along a ring road or
beltway.
Vocabulary terms (has all of 6.1):
Ecumene- is a variety of community types with a range of population densities.
-Rural areas (farms and villages) with low concentrations of people
-Urban areas (cities) with high concentrations of people
-Suburbs that are primarily residential areas near cities.
A settlement is a place with a permanent human population.
-The process of developing towns and cities is known as urbanization
-involves the causes and effects of existing cities' growth.
-Percent urban- an indicator of the proportion of the population that lives in cities and towns
compared to those that live in rural areas.
-Site describes the characteristics at the immediate location, for example, physical features,
climate, labor force, and human structures.
-Situation refers to the location of a place relative to its surroundings and its connectivity to other
places.
City-State: consisted of an urban center (the city) and surrounding territory and agricultural
villages. A city-state has its own political system and functions independently from other city-
states.
Urban hearth; Early city-states emerged in several locations around the globe.
Exs: the Tigris-Euphrates Valley (Mesopotamia) in modern Iraq
The Nile River Valley and Nile Delta in modern Egypt
The Indus River Valley in modern Pakistan
The Huang-He floodplain in modern china.
Metropolitan area, sometimes called a metro area: a collection of adjacent cities economically
connected, across which population density is high and continuous.
Metropolitan statistical area (MSA), is another way to define a city; consists of a least 50,000
people, the county in which it is located, and adjacent counties that have a high degree of social
and economic integration, or connection, with the urban core.
Micropolitan statistical areas; more than 10,000 but less than 50,000
Morphology, or physical characteristics, such as the buildings, streets, public places, and
homes, can also describe an urban area.
Social heterogeneity is particularly high in cities; because of the same cultural
interests, sexual orientations, languages spoken, professional pursuits, and other
characteristics are present in cities to a much larger degree than in small towns or
rural areas. You like social things→ you go there.
Immigration- one reason cities are diverse is because they are the center of immigration. For
example, in several large cities around the world, 40 percent of the population is foreign born.
Ex: Miami, San Jose (usa), Toronto, Vancouver (canada), Sydney and Melbourne in Australia.

Time-space compression- improvements in transportation and communication have aided the

growth of cities in size and number. Urban areas have expanded as trains, buses and cars have
enabled people to move farther from the center of the city, but still visit or work in the city.
Borcherts transportation model- describes urban growth based on transportation technology.
Each new form of technology produces a new system that changed how people moved
themselves and goods between urban areas. He divided urban history into four periods which
he called epochs.
Pedestrian cities; earliest urban centers, or cities shaped by the distances people could walk
Streetcar suburbs, communities that grew up along rail lines, emerged. Often creating a
pinwheel shaped city.

Infastructure

gentrification noun the process whereby the character of a poor urban area is changed
by wealthier people moving in, improving housing, and attracting new businesses,
typically displacing current inhabitants in the process. "an area undergoing rapid
gentrification" the process of making someone or something more refined, polite, or
respectable. "soccer has undergone gentrification"
7.2
Economic Sectors and Patterns
- Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quinary.
Primary
● The primary sector is gathering raw materials
○ Examples: Lumberjack, miner, farmer
● This sector is mostly in LDS (Least developed countries) or periphery countries
○ Examples: Sub-saharan africa
Secondary
● The secondary sector is processing or creating things from raw materials
○ Examples: Bakers, construction workers, ceramists
● This sector is mostly in NDC (Newly industrialized countries) or semi-periphery
countries.
○ Examples: Mexico, china, vietnam
Tertiary
● The tertiary economy is service based, you are providing a service.
○ Example: Retail workers, Marketing, cashier, teacher
● This economy is in MDCS (Most developed countries) or core countries.
○ Example: America
Quaternary
● The Quaternary sector is Research developing and thinking, you’re creating
things, and researching things
○ Examples: Scientists, computer scientists, real estate agents, biologist
● This sector is in MDCS (Most developed countries) or core countries.
○ Example: America
Quinary
● The Quinary sector is making big ideas in policy.
○ Examples: The president, ceos, cfos, government workers
● This sector is in MDCS (Most developed countries) or core countries.
○ Example: America

7.3 Measures of Development

Formal vs. Informal Economy
Formal Economy:
● Regulated or monitored by the government →can be measured
○ Examples: If you pay taxes, you’re in the formal economy
Informal Economy:
● Not monitored or taxed by the government
○ Example: Babysitting or being a nanny
How we measure Formal Economy
Gross Domestic Product (GDP):
● Total value of goods/services produced within a country's borders in a year.
● This is only goods/services produced within the country’s borders.
■ GDP growth means the economy is doing well. Decline means
struggle.
Gross National Product (GNP):
● Total value of goods/services produced by a country’s citizens (Domestic and
abroad)
● This is only goods/services produced abroad by U.S citizens
Gross National Income (GNI):
● Shows standard of living, factors income of country and population.
 ■ ‘Per capita’ = per person, shows standard of living
Gender Inequality Index (GII):
● Reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation to look at how
equal society is.
Human Development Index (HDI):
● Life expectancy, expected years of school, & GNI per capita on scale 0-1.0 (1.0
is the ‘best’).

7.7 Changes in the World Economy

- Most factories are located in semi-periphery and periphery countries because
labor is cheaper, and there are less restrictions.
- When you take production and take it to another country is called Outsourcing
or Offshoring
Fordist Production
● When you use an assembly line for production.
Post-Fordist Production
● When machines and robots do the production
- In core countries, secondary sector is decreasing
- The Middle Class is growing globally
Special Economic Zone
● Area within a country that has their own special rules about business and trade
Free-Trade zones
● An area where goods can be stored, manufactured, or handled without paying
extra fees.
Export Processing zone
● An area that promotes economic growth, by offering incentives to foreign entities.
Economies of scale
 ● When companies increase their population and also lower their costs.
Just-in-time Delivery
Shipments of parts and materials are sent to a factory moments before they are
needed.
Agglomeration
● Companies with similar products or interests cluster together to reduce costs and
promote economic gains.
Containerization
● They’re why international trade is faster and more efficient

7.1- The industrial Revolution

Industry: the process of using machines and large-scale processes to convert raw materials
into manufactured goods, has stimulated social, political, demographic, and economic changes
in societies at all scales.
Industry Requires Raw materials, the basic substances such as minerals and crops needed to
manufacture finished goods

Market: Place where goods/products are sold

Cottage industries: These industries depended on intensive human labor since people used
simple spinning wheels, looms, and other tools.
Industrial Revolution: Resulted in more complex machinery driven by water or steam power
that could make products faster and at lower costs than could cottage industries.
Industrial belt: Integral components of conveyor systems that transport items from one area to
another without the assistance of workers.
Deindustrialize: a process of decreasing reliance on manufacturing jobs. As a result of
improved technology, companies needed fewer employees to produce the same quantity of
goods.
Rust belts: Regions that have large numbers of closed factories.

7.2- Economic Sectors and Patterns

More Jobs and diversity- Categorize jobs now and there are different sectors.
Primary: Manual labor (farming + fishing + mining). Gather raw materials. Mostly in LDC’s and
periphery countries.

Secondary: Processing or creating things from the raw materials (ceramist, baker, woodcarver).
Stage 3, NIC-newly industrialized city-Semi-periphery. China, Vietnam, and Southeast Asia.

Tertiary (service based): Providing a service, (cashier, marketing Scoutmaster, waiter, teacher,
lawyer). MDC’s-Core country (stage 4). Offices

Next 2 are fancy services

Quaternary: Service through research, development, and creating things (scientist, engineer,
computer scientist, real estate agents, biologist, medical research). MDC’s

Quinary: Making big ideas and policies (President, government worker, Ceos, CFO).

Least cost theory: trying to make stuff cheaper and more efficient.
Minimizing transportation and labor costs
Maximizing agglomeration costs: The spatial grouping of several businesses to share costs,
such as an access road to a public highway or development of a workforce with special skills.

Multiplier effect; The potential of a job to produce additional jobs. The Secondary sector has
the greatest multiplier effect of all the sectors. For example, when an auto manufacturer
expands a plant and adds 100 new jobs in a community, the new workers will have more money
to spend on food, clothes, and movies, leading to the expansion of other businesses and jobs.

Locational triangle: The three points of the triangle are the market for a good and two
resources needed to make the good

Bulk and Industrial Location: Transportation costs were often closely related to the bulk
(weight and size) of the objects being transported
Bulk Reducing industry- These types of industry are also known as weight-losing, raw
material-oriented, or raw-material-dependent industry.
Bulk gaining industries- weight gaining, market oriented or market dependent industries.
Labor-oriented Industy/Labor-dependent industry: Is highly dependent on a workforce and
will want to be near a source of those workers. Companies more dependent on a large quantity
of labor will try to locate near a community with an available potential workforce.

Containerization: The system in which goods are loaded into a standardized shipped unit. The
containers are:
Intermodal, meaning that they can be carried on a truck, train, ship, or plane. Might be loaded
in a computer factory in China and not unloaded until after it has been carried by train to a port
on the coast.

Online Businesses- the development of high-speed internet service greatly increased online
retail selling.

Footloose-meaning they can pack up and leave for a new location quickly and easily

Prestige-To signal its prominence and wealth, a corporation might want to locate its main office
for its top executives on the expensive upper floors of a skyscraper in a large city.

SDGs
● United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
● They were written in 2015, to be achieved in 2030
● They were made for ESPN
Ecotourism
●