-

8
Algebralu Expressions

IN f BODUC J'ION
111 n, IU1111rlll', wr d,·111 wtH1 ,,,,,,,,111, 111111,lw, ,. 111111 Uf;O' llw Hy111'1,,1,, tJ , I , :I. , ' i , ,1 , l1, i,, 7, ,~ 'J to
1rp1•0,:o,11I ll1N11 W1• mw llu• 111111 lt111d1u1w1d1d 111w11111,,,w, 111m1dy, 11dt1111,,,, <IJ, t+111,1,:,, 11,,11 ( ,,
11111lllpllc uf 10111 .,~ J 111111 dlvl,ill,11 I 1 ) 1111 ri p1 •1 Ill, 11111,tlw, 111 11,d rJl1l11l11 1111111/w, 11 Y/111°;•,/1n,•1

( >11 llu• l,11 '1 1,c 111 c·c•1l11l1111l11w1 v11ll11w1 , WI ' 1111111111 II w·w111I H 'ff llll , 1•1 dl1•d II 1,,,,,,11111
1
< 1111Rldo1 I h11 l11ll11wl 11~ ,·xn 111 pit):
'1'111· 1w1 l1111·lt·1 11111 m1111u ,. It' glvrn 1,y ,,,., ,,,,,,,,,, • !J Y. •,t,J,,
II wr 11·p1,•111•11I lli1 • Ill'' l1111.i ll•1 l,y 1111· 11'11,., ,, 111111 llw J, ·1114111 vi Hw uJd, by Hre kW,
.,, we· 1'1111 WI lit· ,, /I .. ll,
'l'hl~ 111k 1~1 11111· 1111 1111 tt y111t·11111 111' 111111 » 111111 /q, 1111 J"''•••lhl, v:dw-. ,,J Ilic J, nglt1 ,,t the a1d~ ,1
1

llu• a q11111 •1• .

Whr11 s ■ i, wr ~••I /J ■ '1 X :l ■ Ii ,
Wlu-11 1'. :,. WI' gf'I JJ . II >< :1. I !i., 111111 tll) (Ill,

,.;1.-111 ly, /> 111,d 'f l'l'f )I 1•1.u- 111 1111111lu-1 "·
'I hu~. Uu• ~••111·1·11lli1·d ,nmllH "' 111 fl 111,wl It • 1111• J<11nw11 :1!4 lot rn11l;tr'.
h1 ft hu 111ul11, IIH' 11~1• 1,,11,,," In ,,,,n,·•w11/ 1111111IJ1 1
1"I,
,'1111·/1 /(•lft•r-. {1ft' /WOii/fi ON 1/11•/rJ/ fl/11/IIWU,,

ALO!BRA
Alg,•brn ltJ ll''"'''"lli,•rl mflllf111•11, fr, wl1fd1 n11r111,,,,., ru,· "'I'"-'V'lllnl tHJ /,.f/nt,, known o·,
lft•ral numb•r• m «.tr,11>111 literal•.
Stnre lltcrule fll ~ olt,o 1111111fwr,j, llwy olwy nll llw r11lt•9 of nddllJrm, t' t1bln1< firm rn111tfr>11' :.it1on
ond clM81ou .

OPERATIONS ON LITERALS AND NUMBERS

1, ADDITION
(I) Th~ 8Um of a IHcrul x uml !1 t111mhrr 5 ls .x + 5.
(II) y more thrm x h1 wrlltt•u n~ x • y.
(Ill) For any lltcrnl8 a, IJ, r., we huvr. :
a ➔ IJ • I, ➔ ri : ri .. 0 • 0 ·• " • a : am.I (n ➔ bJ I c • a ➔ (h .+ r ·)

2, IUIT,.ACTION
(I) S ltH than 8 lttrral X 18 x - 5.
(ti) 11 lt11 then x II x - y.

I MULTl,UCATION
(0 4 Umn x 11 4 xx, wrsttrn u 4x.

128
 Al~d>1Hl• lit/Jtf~I// #
1111 '1llf' )1111cl111 1 'II A rrnd I
, 11 ,u I l/d trJJlf1 II 010 ll o, JJI
11111 l•nt r111y 1111•1nlw!'I 1, , I , , 1 w, litu•
( I - () () - I I II, I,,
(,1l1), tl(/1, )
" ,, I I~ I/ IJ IJ I ,, J,
,,11, , , J ol, . ,11
4,0IVISION
II) ,I( dtvldc·d hy !I hi w, lfl,•t1 :tij?..
(II) X dlvldt•d hy '/ ir• Jr !J
'/
(II) !\() dlvldt•d liy > Jt• :SC)
X

5, POWERS OF A LITERAL
x x x Iii Wl Hlt•11 ut, x 'I, < al11 ,J >' :,,p,a,, ,t:
1

xx xx xiii WJ Hlt'JJ as :x S. , all, d /, ut,, (J;

xx xx xx xiii wrl1t1•11 w-i x• , all, tJ 1 ,:;f;.1_ ,J f,> tfi ,., f/.'/11.' . 4
xx xx x ;< x xx l•i wdt t~n :i•; :/1 . , :,11"1;,. p,Jv '~1, ) 1:1.tq.1:mt.,; ~, ~ ,; (b ' "
1
Instead o{ writing x • we wr 111 7 <)rily,

In xn, we <'all X lht: f)(J•,,~aud '>, tJ,,.. '!IJ1<1rtt~,u t,; 1r 1),: /

SJmllarly, In y 7 the haoc l•1 'J :md H1!.! ,,;;,: 1 x, ,~11. ,.., 7
11

EXAMPLE 1. Wrcte the Jollowfnq u·,trrq nurof1,,,.> • t,.. lf, 1 ·., ,, , ,J s>''trm qj f/.,,t,, (,, ";pe;c·.. "'~ ,j.
(t) 3 mor,~ tfuin r1 numfJn /
{{{} y Les~ tharr 6
(Lt(} One-thfrd oj thfl wm <Jj / fJN.J '1
(tu) 5 less than the 4uotf,1nt ,Jj / 'JY y
(v} The quottrmt oj x by y otJd~rJ ,,; th~ jJT{JOJ.l!..'l l-t/ y. (Jf, 1 g
(v(} 7 takPn away from the bum <d:,: and y
I z
(1) X + 3 (Jf J (j - y UH) (x -y; (h - - 5
Solution
X
3 1:J
(V) xy +- fvt) X +y - 7
y
EWIP1.E2. Write the Jollou,tng 'itatemeru ustng number:S. Ut.e;r.m; ar.,;: ~::Ii C;j bGn
operattons: '7 time~ a number x Is y less than a rnurJJel z•,,
Solutton The given statement can be wnuen as 7x = z - y.

EXAIPLE1 Wrtte thefollowtng ln the expon_"1111Dlfcmn:

(l) ax a x a x ... 12 times (UJ 5 ~ x Y, xx x Y yr. g

Solution We can write:

2
(l) a x a x a x ... 12 times =- a •
I J r
(11) 5 X X X X X X X y Y. y = :>X g .

Write down each of the Jollawtng tn the produ.aJ~ --

(IJ a 2 b 7 HO 9b 3c (ill} 6a:b!c~

We can write:
(l) a 2 b 7 =axaxb xbxbxbxbxb,:b
(U) 9b 3 c = 9 x b x b x b x c
(W) 6a. 2 b 3 c' = 6 x ax a x b Y. bx bx c Y c x. c ~ c..
 180
Mathematics for Cius 6

EXERCISE 8A
1· WrJtc the follow
Jng uc;lng Jfterals, numb ers and signs of basic opera tions
:
CJ) x f ncr~a &:d hy 12 filJ y decre ased by 7
(Hf) The dlfferene;e of a and b, when a .> b
(Jv) 'J he prod uct of x and y adde d to their sum
fvJ Onc- thJrd of x multi plied by the sum of a and
b
f vlJ 5 Ume.<; x adde d to 7 times y
fvJJJ Sum of x and the quoti ent of y by 5
{vJJJJ x taken away from 4
(JxJ 2 Jess than the quoti ent of x by y
(xJ x mu1Up1Jed by itself (xi) Twice x incre ased by Y
(xJJ J Thric e x adde d toy squa red (xill) x minu s twice Y
(xJv) x cube d less than y cubed (xv) The quoti ent of x by 8 is multi plied by
Y
2 • HanJJt ~core s 80 mark s 1n
Engli sh and x mark s in Hind i. What is bis total score
two subje cts? in the

3. WrJte the foJJowing 1n the expon entia l form:

(I) b / h x b / ... 15 times (ii) y x y x y x ... 20 times
(111) 14 ,;,< a_,,, a/ ax a x bx bx b (iv) 6 xx xx x y x y
(V)3Y Z X Z / Z X y X y XX
4. Write down the following 1n the prod uct form:
(1) x 2 y 4 (ti) 6y 5 (ill) 9xy 2 z

ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
VARIABLES AND CONSTANTS In algebra. we come
acros s two types of symb ols, namely,
cons tants and varia bles.
A ~ymb ol havin g ajl.xe d nume rical value ts called
a cons tant. And. a symb ol whic h takes on
vario us nume rical values ts known as a varia ble.
Cons ider the following examples:
The diam eter d of a circle of radiu s r 1s gtvcn by the form
ula d = 2r.
Here, 2 ts a fixed numb er and. therefore. a const ant, wher
eas the literal numb ers d
and r depe nd upon the size of the circle and. there fore.
they may take on various
values. So, d and r are variables.
Similarly. the perim eter p of a squa re of side s ts given
by the form ula p = 4s.
Here 4 Is a const ant. wher eas p ands are varia bles.
REMARK In some situa tions literal numb ers are also treate d as cons tants . In such situa tions .
ft Js presu med that the parU cular Itteral numb er
will only take a fixed value.
ALGIIRAIC !XPAESSION A comb inatio n of constants and
varia bles connected by any one or
more of the symb ols +. -. x and+ is calle d an algeb
ratc expression.
The seve ral parts oJ the expression. sepa rated by
the sign + or -. are calle d the
term s of the expression.
(I) the expre ssion 3x + Sy - 2xyz has three terms
. name ly, 3x, Sy and -2xy z.
the expre ssion 5x 2 -
3
6x y + 8xy z - 9 has four terms . name ly, 5x!2. -6x 3
3
end- 9. y, Bxy 3 z
 131
- A~ff31CE~
yarJOU# ty~~ o1 ;Jjv._, bt i.dt t"'/.
pr~~7J,n-m are as f ,lk .
(nM()HOMIALS: Au e-Y.p,,
'I bu·,, ·~.:,;, ~:.-:
.,
,.,. ,,!jrr vm1( b ,
/ ,
! 7115.
umtaJu:., ,mly ,me term is kn.!rJ;-n as a monmmaL
II • M;t.J, _ ~
etc,. ~re aJJ mrmomiaJs
·• u,
(If) 9tH()MIALS: An '7..pret,,sJ,,r1 .
Thu1, f i. _ ,. u.mt~frJJng 111") 11:rm.s Is called a btnom!at
, 1 'J £/ • :~ ,! - •
!J • r. - D%y .c z "re all binomials.
(ti» TRINOMIALS: An t~pr t&Sf!m cor ,
rJl • , . Hafnfr~ thr,;e terms is called a trtnc,mial.
IU,'2•X -/','''J.
, • • rJ
-· - Y ~ ... z""'.. . 6 .... xyz - x ~~. eu-.• are all uinO~·
1.. • r X •~ - •~• ..

(,v} QUADRINOMIALS:
, -i.. ;,
An C"/.;f)r ~skm
'/, • VJntafnJng four terms is called a quadrtnomial.
1 • IJ • 7. ,1
• - /!JZ / , .t. y ~ - z ) - 3xyz. ete .. are quarl.rinomials-
uU',. y •

,
(V) POLYNOMIALS: An t'",,;prc;,sfcm u:,ntc1JnJng two or more rerms is known as a pocynomial.
FACTORS Whtm wo r1,r mo re numbers and literals are multiplied then each one of them ts
r·o//l.1rJ faj
- - r11 ,or oj lhe prorluc,t
A '(;W>U:tnt
/ftµ,raf factor f5 CoJI cr:J a numencaljactor. \\'hile a literal one is known as a
f~cff;r.
7 2
(f} In 5 x J/, we have 5 as th!: numerical factor whereasx andy are the literal factors.
(U) In -xy, the numerical fattor fs -i while x and y are literal factors.
COEFFICIENTS In a prr;d11,t rJjrumbers a.rrd literals. any of the factors ls called the coefficient
of the prr;dur t of otrer factor 5 .
EXAWL£S {JJ In 5xy. the coc:fficJent of y ls 5x, and the coefficient of x Is 5y.2
(HJ Jn - 7xy 2 • the wcffJcfcnt of x Is -7y 2 , and the coefficient of y is -7x.
(UO In -x. the cocfflcfcnt of x Is -L

CONSTANT TERM A term oj the expression having no llteralfacwr ls called a constant term.
(t) In the expression 3x ... 5. lhc constant term ts 5.
2 4 4
{UJ In the expression x "'"y - . the constant term ls - 5 ·
5
UK! TERMS The terms having the same llteralfaclors are called like or slmllar terms.

UNLIKE TERMS The terms not having the same llteralfactors are called unlike or dlssim{lar
terrns.
2 2
2
IIMl'lU (t) In the expression 6x 2y + 5xy 2 - 8xy - 7yx we have 6x y and -7yx as like
terms. whereas Sxy 2 a11d -8xy are unllke terms.
{II) 3y-i. - sy·. 80 1 are Uke terms.
1

(Ht) 5xy J ond 5x J arc unlJke terms.

PINDINQ THIE VALUE OF AN ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION lf the values of all ltteral numbers
appearing tn a gli en expresston are known. on replacing these literals by thetr
numerical i alucs e obtain an arithmetic expression which can be eualuated.
1'lllltl. Sor the given numcrtca1 \ alucs of the literals. we obtain the corresponding value of the
r\f hlie exprcssJon
TIie proceu of rtplaclm! thr Ii'< rals by their numerical values ls called substltutton.
■■II. Ux _ 1 y - 3.jlnd the value of
2
(I) x + y - z - Jxyz (It} 3xy" - 15x y + 4z
 ,.1,I ;;r<- ,~
"~ ..__ · •__-=
___ •~--I---A - --~---------
M11th•-,rll,t,,,. >r_' ,lo#i, ,i f1
-Y,,t,,11,111 (I) S11l 11 111
' ,.., 1111~ x J. 1; :t aud x -~ 111 rtw g,vcn vxr,t• "i--..1,,,,, wt ~
XI I 1/ 1 f 7, ax117, (J J ➔ ( ✓.. , . , ,;~, ' - ~3 / J / ' %1 / ';
Jo; :.!7 . I !i ;~,-j.
:t ;ir1d ;,; '.} Jn th• ~vcti '/.f1i' ,~1,,1, we ~1-:
:j / J / I 'LJ' 1 ·, / {J , ~ / f 41 , 4 / ';
:j / 1 / J f1 ., 'j<J .. 1:t 411 'T' :~<> · J % 'iO,

I. EXAMPLE 2.
lr(ent!Ju tl'--U)fU)m[of~. rJ(n<)m((.J/<, onrJ trftir,mtr;lc,jrt)ffl tfw f1,11 1,,1; 1rr11 ,~,;:pr<:J,f,fhru.
((} ;}xyz (lf} 4X;,1J7, t r1 OX {LU) 7
(lu) x'J, + y:1. + _,,:i p "' fu) x., 5 {vl) e,a ·t.,
Solution
<:1carly, cacJ1 of th,• c:xpn;<,<,J<m~ 4tven w (J} , Off) ;,,wJ (vi, v,nthfm5 only one terrn
:30, each one ot them 1-, a m<mfJml8L
fhc cxprc:-,.,ton given Jn (vJ conl.alm:i tw,, t,.:rmH, ~n<J th!:rdon:, ft f;,.:, 1-,'1n<,'T.rtfh1.
The expression given Jn (fJJ crml~Jns thn.;(! term ">, :Jnd th!..-r!:f<,rc , ft 19 h trlnr,rnf:;l.
The exprc<,~Jon Jsfvcn Jn flvJ <,cml2Jn r, four terms. bf> ft i s rv,m.: ,;f tht gfv(..--rJ l.;,TA;,
EXAMPLE 3.
Write down the coejfkfent of
{l) x tn 9xy {tt) a fn 7ahc mt) yyz tn - /1.JZ
Solutton
OJ The coeffJcJent of x 1n 9xy J~ 9y
(JO The coeffJctcnt of a 1n 7abc l'> 7bc
(111) The coefflc.Jcnt of xyz 1n xyz 1<:> l
(tvJ The coeffJcJent of b 1n abc b ar.

EXERCISE 8B
1. If a 2 and b = 3, find the value of
::a

(J) a + b {JJ J a • ab ah - a 2
(IU)
(Iv) 2a - 3b fvJ 3a 2ao M) a - b .:a
2. If x ::c: 2 and z · 5. fJnd the valu e o f
1, y =
(1) 3x - 2y+ 4z (JJ ) x 2 ... y 2 - z ' UJJJ 2 x 2 - 3 y 2 - z"'
(tv) xy + yz zx (v ) 2x "'y - 5 yz - xy ... (\1) X -y'.J z
3. If p = - 2, q - - 1 and r = 3 , find t11c val ue of
(I) p2 ..,. q;i - ri {Jl ) 2p 1 - q - -3r 2 (110 p - q- r
(1v) p' + q' +r 3 +3pqr (v) 3p 2 q + 5pq i "- 2pqr (vt) p ' -q" - r•
•· Write the coeffJcJcnt of
(1) x 1n 13x (H) y Jn -5y (IU ) a In 6ab (lv) z fn -7xz
2
p 1n -2pqr
(vJ (vf) y fn Bxy " z (\11 ) x ll In x 3
(\1JJ J 2 In - x~
x
5. Write the numerical c.ocffJcJent of
(J) ab (IJJ -6bc (til) 7xyz {fvJ - 2x 1 y £z
~ Write the const.ant term of
8
(fiJJ 4 y 2 - oy- -3
2 2
(fJ 3x + 5x + 8 (tJ J 2x - 9 - (fv) z -a -2z· •Z- -
5 3
7. Identify the monomJaJs. binomials and trfnomials in the following=
U) -2xyz (UJ 5 + 7x ' y z fUH -5x
UvJ a+ b - 2c (vJ xy + yz - zx h11 x"
2
(VU) ax'+ bx +ex+ d (vUJ) -14 UxJ 2x "'"t
 1tl
ll '', 111 ,,11 Iii, 1,,,,, I~ 111 IIH I
'"111 •111 1111 lil1t 111 1
1 1
1111 l1111 11
" I\
1111, ,1u ' 11 11
1 i ' 11 ,, II ~ 111 11 111. ,I 1II I ,1,111111 11
P,, hh'tllll\l '"'' llh l' ,,,, 1 Ill) II I
~
ll I II ~ II I 11 II I II
111,t , ,, I ~II ~ ,,~ I II 11\V lltMI
I I II

lllll ~ \IJ ll, ' u,, 11 11 \1 ,

I I \
~ ij III I II \ I 11'I/, fl Y,, '
'),
1,//
11 y l I I, II I I I) I I
I I I
I II I I I ' I II , }' I>' ()I • I I I IJ( ' I (JI/'

OP[H IA1 IONA

ADDITION ot Al or rn IAIC lJ ON Ale01Jl311AIC EXPHl:188ION8
XI 'I II OtilUNU
l'hr lu1~l• p, 111, •lph, 111 1uldlll 111111 111IK1'l11 11
1

wr l<t111\\' thul Ii l11'11t,,, 1 l'X ptt•10, l1111 1J 1,~ lli td 111dy llkt• 1,•i,11 1• , ·1 111 Jw, :Jddt·d.
1
'
1 7 1II 11I l 'r] I ~~ I11hlt•t1
11111 , ·1, t11hll'~ I 7 ,·hr,lt ~· dn,•i• ,, II 1 1111111 I:.>. 1111
•t'hlt ~ 1111• l411111 ol 1w11 1111 111 ' 1 1 1·11 111· Ii d11111 ti ,
'' \ I' 1l' I III M 1'11 11 1111 I.Y I H• l11dlc•11 l1•d ,

RUL! Ofi ADDlrtON l'l1, • ,, 11111 t1/ ~ 1, 11

-.,1111 n/ flll' ,•w•/II , ,· : 'rn/ 111" ' 11•1111•1 /•1 w1111/1t •1 1/lw /1•1111 ,,,1,,,.,,. , •01 /jf, fr•t1I l•J fir <:
1

1 11 lll 'l o/ 11,, , I/fl, , 111 ,,, t,,,

, exAMPLe t. :\tic/ tl\11 1. .1"' \ ,\1/ ~, ih ,, ~,
t,.c1/111/c111 l'ht• 1c·q111t·1•d tt lltll ■ (h i/ 1 1 I I J,\IJ ~ I 1(1/ 'J. I f>X IJ ~
1

■ (U 1
1 I I I h )\ t/ ' Hic tJ ~

exAMPLE 2, <'n/lc 'd fl1cJ· Ill~,·

1
t,•,
111 ~ <1t1</ ~/lllfJ//fJJ :
' l,\ - :l,\ I 7 0 I 7 \ :h- ~ I '1 X ~ - X I l

S(l/11tlt1t1 lfr:11·1·1111 ~1.11g lllHI ('Oll1•1·ll11g 1111' like· 11•11119, WI " wt

fis :i - !l.,·
I 7 H 1 7x :J\'
01
1 '1 x x II 2

!l ,. 11 - : Ix J l 11x ~ :lx 1 7 '< x 1 7 CJ 1- 1

If> • :1 I· ~t )X :i I ( '.l I 7 I )>. I (7 0 I I )
• nx J 1 '1x - I.
COLUMN METHOD ln 111/s 11wllwd, < nd1 1 xpu•s~ /ot1 ts rurlll mt ln a SC'parat e row such that
1 1

th eir ltlu• t,,,.,,,i; ""' "" mu1,·cl ow • l>l'lm 11 tlw oth er In n column , Then, addttton or
s111>tractfo11 o/ llw ,,,,,,,~ i', rlmw rn lw1111 w l!-it',

!XAMPLE 3. Add tl lt'j<> ll011 ,t11s1 e...., , ,.('4,.4,(()II ',: 2

5x 2 ♦• 7y - Gz 2 , lt/ 1 ax :1 , Hx
2 2
1 27. - 91J nncl 2y 2x
Column met hod: We writ<' the expressions so that the like terms are in a column•
Solution
shown b elow und acid coltnnnwlsc.
2
5x 2 + 7y - 6z
+ 3x 2 + 4y
2
➔ 9x 2 - 9y ➔ 2z
2
- 2x + 2y
2
l5x 2 -+ 4y - 4z
Mlamttve method The sum of U1c given expressions 2 2
2
= (5x 2 + 7y - 6z 2 ) + (4y + 3x 2 l + (9x + 2z - 9y) + (2y2 - 2x 2)
= (Sx 2 + 3x 2 + 9x 2 - 2x 2 ) + (7y + 4y - 9y + 2y ) + (- 6z2 + 2z ) 2
2
= (5 + 3 + 9 - 2)x 2 + (7 + 4 - 9 + 2)y + (-6 + 2)z = 15x + 4y - 4z •
 a.,,..,,_,,.,.
~.from llfjcoh
8ukract bf, - 4.1 1 - 11• - 2,-x• - S.V +71 1
♦&
Amnglng the De terms ~
elprllllon to be nbtracted and
c,,,.,,.
dleD--. we ,et:
tbe .... al . . . . Of tilt

x• - S,cy + 71,9 + !5
- 4x 1 + 8xy - y• - 2 (changt the sf&b of each term ad add)
+ + +
1 1
5x - 9xy + 8y +7

...,., From the sum qf6x' - Sx 1 + 7x 1 - Sx +1 and-3x' + k

1
- ar• + 7x - 2•ubtract
2x' - 5x 1 +2x 1 -6x- 8.
tell t1t,n We haft:

6x' - 3x 1 + 7x 2 - 5x + I
Plua - Sx 4 + 5x 1 - 9x 2 + 7x - 2
3x' +2x 1 -2x 1 +2x-l
Mtnua 2x' - 5x' + 2x 1 - 8x - 8
+ + +
x• + 7x' - 4x' + 8x + 7

1. MIiii
~••ec
7x (U) 7y. -811

·-·-•
.-a.•, 7a 1
(IY) k2a,
,..,1.-.-a..a.p.-a.p
.--•.10a•. _... (di) x -••.-a.• +s.•.--• +'8'
1

II)
....... _,
--··---•
m• -4m +I
 ,-._1 2
*SI I I

P ♦ .. , & 8p ip 8p 2 + 8p + 8
e.., ..., 5--v 4 ♦ 3y
2.t 7x .t • 2 ••
alb a.. 2 a. l.llillllliatu k+7
9v 8 adC 4t, S. .._._...., ...

'-addldto.
p • b
• Nlllbaltd

•
....

1110,Mt& 111eau
-
•t 7 -· ...
1111-IB . . . 0
_._
 th ymbol 15 present in an expression, we remove the lnnerrn
UUJ If more anb onleflgrotupidng smbine the Uke terms, if any. We continue the process outw• ')lit
grouping sym o rs an co d ctr,1
11
untH all the grouping symbols have been remove .
2
EXAMPLE 1. Simplify: (a 2 - Bab - SJ+ (3 ab - 4 a + 8)
Solution Clearly, a '+, sign precedes the second parenthesis, so we remove it Withc1u1
changing the signs of the terms within it.
(a 2 - Bab - 5) + (3ab - 4a 2 + 8)
= a 2 - Bab - 5 + 3ab - 4a 2 + B
= (1 - 4 )a 2 + (-8 + 3 )ab + (-5 + 8)
=- 3a 2 - 5ab + 3.

EXAMPLE 2. Simplify: (X 2 - Y
2
+ 2xy + 1) - (x 2 + Y 2 + 4xy - 5)

solution Here, a '-' sign precedes the second parenthesis, so we remove it and change the stgn
of each term within.
2 2 2
(x - y + 2xy + I) - (x + y 2 + 4xy - 5)
2 2 2
=x y + 2xy + I - x - y 2 - 4xy
- +5
2
= (I - I )x - 2 y 2 + (2 - 4 )xy + 6
= - 2y 2 - 2xy + 6.

EXAMPLE 3. Simplify: 2x - [3y - {2x - (y - x)}]

Solution We first remove the innermost grouping symbol (), then { }, and then [ ].
Thus, we have:
2x - [3y - {2x - (y - x)}]
= 2x - [3y - {2x - y + x}]
=2x - [3y - {3x - y}J
= 2x - [3 y - 3x + y l
= 2x - [4y - 3xJ
= 2x - 4y + 3x
= 5x - 4y.

EXAMPLE 4. Simplify: 2a - [3b - {a - (2c - 3b) + 4c - 3(a - b - 2c)}]

Solution We first remove the innermost grouping symbol ( ). then { }, and then [ ].
Thus, we have:
2a - [3b - {a - (2c - 3b) + 4c - 3(a - b - 2c)}]
= 2a - [3b - {a - 2c + 3b + 4c - 3a + 3b + 6e}]
= 2a - [3b - {- 2a + 6b + Be} l
= 2a - [3b + 2a - 6b - Be]
= 2a - f- 3b + 2a - Be]
= 2a + 3b - 2a + Be
= 3b + Be.

EXERCISE 80
SlmplCfll:
1. a - (b - 2a) 2. 4x - (3y - x + 2zJ
2 2
S. (a + b +2ab)- (a 2 + b 2 - 2ab) 4. -3(a + b) + 4(2a - 3b) - (2a - b)
I. -4x 2 + {(2x 2 - 3) - (4 - 3x 2 )} 8. -2(x2 - y2 + xy) - 3(x 2 + y 2 - xyJ
1. a -12b - {3a - (2b - 3c)}J 8. -x + (5y - {x - (Sy - 2x)})
 137
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _!_A~l~~,~•h~r1~1i,:_c~E~xp~r=ro~ss~io~n~s--- -----------
5 7 6
l
9. 86 - 11 x - ( x - 9) - 2{1 Ox 5(2 3x)}J
10. 12X - l3 x :' + Sx:l { 7x 'J. - (4 3x - x l + 6x -~} -3x1
2
2 aO -
a -+ 4a :1. ) 3a(a - 5a - 3)}) - 8a
11 • 5a -- [a - { 1

12. 3 - [x - {2y - (5x 1-!J-3)+2x2}-(x2 - 3y)l

1s. xy - [yz - zx -· {yx - (3y - xz) - (xy - zy)}J
14• 2a - 3b - {3a - 2b - {a - c - (a - 2b)}]
15 . - a - la + {a + b - 2a - (a - 2b)} - bl
16. 2a - (4b - {4a - (3b - 2a + 2b)})
17 . 5x - (4y - {7x - (3z - 2y) + 4z - 3(x + 3y - 2z )}]